ABSTRACT
We demonstrate the hohlraum radiation temperature and symmetry required for ignition-scale inertial confinement fusion capsule implosions. Cryogenic gas-filled hohlraums with 2.2 mm-diameter capsules are heated with unprecedented laser energies of 1.2 MJ delivered by 192 ultraviolet laser beams on the National Ignition Facility. Laser backscatter measurements show that these hohlraums absorb 87% to 91% of the incident laser power resulting in peak radiation temperatures of T(RAD)=300 eV and a symmetric implosion to a 100 µm diameter hot core.
ABSTRACT
The beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) is considered responsible for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Despite the magnitude of reports describing a neurotoxic role of extracellular Abeta, the role for intracellular Abeta (iAbeta) has not been elucidated. We previously demonstrated that in rat pheochromocytoma cells expression of moderate levels of Abeta results in the up-regulation of phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1)/2 along with an elevation of cyclic AMP-response element (CRE)-regulated gene expression; however, the effect of high intracellular levels of Abeta were not examined. Towards this goal we generated constructs that endogenously produce different expression levels of iAbeta in a human cell line. We show a bimodal response to Abeta in a neural human cell line. A moderate increase of endogenous Abeta up-regulates certain cyclic AMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) responsive genes such as presenilin 1, presenilin 2, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and mRNA and protein levels by CREB activation and Synapsin 1 nuclear translocation. On the other hand, high-loads of iAbeta resulted in sustained hyper-phosphorylation of CREB that did not translocate to the nucleus and did not stimulate activation of CRE-regulated gene expression. Our study suggests that variations in levels of iAbeta could influence signaling mechanisms that lead to phosphorylation of CREB, its nuclear translocation and CRE-regulated genes involved in production of Abeta and synaptic plasticity in opposite directions.
Subject(s)
Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism , Cell Nucleus/metabolism , Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism , Intracellular Fluid/metabolism , Active Transport, Cell Nucleus , Amyloid beta-Peptides/genetics , Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/genetics , Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/metabolism , Animals , Gene Expression Regulation , Gene Transfer Techniques , Humans , Mutation , PC12 Cells , Phosphorylation , RatsABSTRACT
Time-resolved images of the magnetization switching process in a spin transfer structure, obtained by ultrafast x-ray microscopy, reveal the limitations of the macrospin model. Instead of a coherent magnetization reversal, we observe switching by lateral motion of a magnetic vortex across a nanoscale element. Our measurements reveal the fundamental roles played independently by the torques due to charge and spin currents in breaking the magnetic symmetry on picosecond time scales.