ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The incidence, prevalence, and molecular epidemiology of urea cycle disorders (UCDs) in Argentina remain underexplored. The present study is the first to thoroughly assess the clinical and molecular profiles of UCD patients examined at a single reference center in Argentina. RESULTS: Forty-nine UCD cases were collected. About half (26/49, 53%) manifested neonatally with classical presentation and had a high mortality (25/26, 96%). Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD) was the most common UCD (26 patients). Argininosuccinate synthetase deficiency (ASSD) was detected in 19 cases, while argininosuccinate lyase deficiency (ASLD) was diagnosed in 4 cases. Molecular genetic analysis revealed 8 private OTC mutations and two large deletion/duplication events in the OTC gene. Most mutations in the ASS1 and ASL genes were recurrent missense changes, and four alterations were novel. The clinical outcome of our UCD cohort was poor, with an overall mortality of 57% (28/49 cases), and a 28% (6/21) disability rate among the survivors. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients in our case series showed severe neonatal onset, with high morbidity/mortality. We detected in total 19 mutations, most of them recurrent and of high frequency worldwide. Noteworthy, we highlight the presence of a geographic cluster with high prevalence of a point mutation in the ASS1 gene. This study suggests that these disorders may be more frequent than commonly assumed, and stresses the need for increased awareness amongst health professionals and greater availability of diagnostic tools for accurate identification, early diagnosis, and timely treatment.
Subject(s)
Urea Cycle Disorders, Inborn/epidemiology , Urea Cycle Disorders, Inborn/genetics , Urea Cycle Disorders, Inborn/pathology , Argentina/epidemiology , Argininosuccinic Aciduria/epidemiology , Argininosuccinic Aciduria/genetics , Argininosuccinic Aciduria/pathology , Child , Child, Preschool , Citrullinemia/epidemiology , Citrullinemia/genetics , Citrullinemia/pathology , Female , Humans , Hyperammonemia/epidemiology , Hyperammonemia/genetics , Hyperammonemia/pathology , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Mutation/genetics , Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase Deficiency Disease/epidemiology , Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase Deficiency Disease/genetics , Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase Deficiency Disease/pathologyABSTRACT
Classical citrullinemia type I (CTLN1) is an autosomal recessive disorder encoded by the ASS1 gene, which codes for argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS), the rate-limiting enzyme in the urea cycle. Previously, we identified the mutation p.G390R in patients with CTLN1 in the San Luis Province of Argentina. Here, we report the results of p.G390R analysis in a larger number of probands, relatives of involved families and additionally, a population study to identify carriers. Altogether, we analyzed 420 alleles, belonging to 12 probands, 26 relatives, and 172 healthy volunteers. All the probands were homozygous for the mutation, and 21 of 26 relatives were carriers. The occurrence of the disease in descendants of couples at risk was 57% showing a preferential transmission of the mutant allele compared to the normal allele. The carrier frequency in the general San Luis Province population was 4.1%, suggesting the incidence of CTLN1 to be 1:2,427, which is approximately 20 times higher than for the general population. This work suggests that there should be an increased awareness of preconceptual screening of CTNL1 among individuals/couples who are at risk in the San Luis Province in order to better inform them of their reproductive options.Cascade/family and population molecular screening for carrier identification were performed in an Argentinean province with high incidence of CTLN1, a first step to preconceptional screening.
ABSTRACT
Repeated evaluation of biotinidase (BTD) activity was carried out for a long-term follow-up in patients with hepatic glycogen storage diseases (GSDs). The results indicated inter-intra variability among the GSD-Ia, GSD-III and GSD-IX patients. In addition, a c.1330G>C transversion in the BTD gene, resulting in a p.Asp444His substitution was detected in one allele of a GSD-Ia patient with sustained normal enzyme activity. Thus far, it is necessary to be cautious in the interpretation of the results of BTD activity as a presumptive GSD diagnostic element. It is not known why plasma BTD activity increases in GSDs patients, or the clinical importance of the increment. When viewed from a global perspective, there are some lines of biotin biology that could indicate a relationship between BTD´s behavior and GSDs.
Subject(s)
Biotinidase/blood , Glycogen Storage Disease/enzymology , Liver/enzymology , Argentina , Biomarkers/blood , Biotinidase/genetics , Case-Control Studies , DNA Mutational Analysis , Genotype , Glycogen Storage Disease/blood , Glycogen Storage Disease/diagnosis , Glycogen Storage Disease/genetics , Glycogen Storage Disease Type I/enzymology , Glycogen Storage Disease Type III/enzymology , Humans , Mutation , Phenotype , Up-RegulationABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Citrullinemia type I (CTLN1) is an urea cycle defect caused by mutations in the argininosuccinate synthetase gene. We report the first identification in Argentina of patients with CTLN1 in a limited geographic area. DESIGN AND METHODS: Molecular analysis in patient/relatives included PCR, sequencing and restriction enzyme assay. RESULTS: The studied families showed the same mutation: ASS~p.G390R, associated with the early-onset/severe phenotype. CONCLUSION: We postulate a possible population cluster. A program to know the carrier frequency in that population is in progress.
Subject(s)
Amino Acid Substitution/genetics , Argininosuccinate Synthase/genetics , Citrullinemia/enzymology , Citrullinemia/genetics , Genetics, Population , Mutation/genetics , Argentina , Family , Female , Genotype , Geography , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , PedigreeABSTRACT
A new splicing site substitution (c.985-1G>C) in the glucose-6-phosphate translocase (G6PT1) gene was detected in both alleles of an Argentinean patient. This mutation was associated with an unusual GSD-Ib phenotype without neutropenia. A PCR-based cDNA analysis showed that the c.985-1G>C mutation produced two abnormal spliced G6PT1 transcripts both encoding hypothetical truncated proteins.
Subject(s)
Glucose-6-Phosphate/metabolism , Glycogen Storage Disease Type I/genetics , Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics , Adolescent , Adult , Alternative Splicing , Amino Acid Sequence , Base Sequence , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Molecular Sequence Data , Neutropenia/genetics , Point Mutation , RNA Splice Sites/geneticsABSTRACT
Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD-Ia) is caused by deleterious mutations in the glucose-6-phosphatase gene (G6PC). A molecular study of this gene was carried out in 11 Argentinean patients from 8 unrelated families. Four missense (p.Gln54Pro, p.Arg83Cys, p.Thr16Arg, and p.Tyr209Cys) and one deletion (c.79delC) mutations have been identified. Two novel mutations, p.Thr16Arg (c.47C>G) located within the amino-terminal domain and p.Tyr209Cys (c.626A>G) situated in the sixth transmembrane helix, were uncovered in this study. Site-directed mutagenesis and transient expression assays demonstrated that both p.Thr16Arg and p.Tyr209Cys mutations abolished enzymatic activity as well as reduced G6Pase stability.
Subject(s)
Gene Deletion , Gene Expression , Glucose-6-Phosphatase/genetics , Glycogen Storage Disease Type I/genetics , Mutation, Missense/genetics , Animals , Argentina , Blotting, Western , COS Cells , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , DNA Mutational Analysis , DNA Primers , Female , Glucose-6-Phosphatase/metabolism , Glycogen Storage Disease Type I/metabolism , Humans , Male , Mutagenesis, Site-Directed , Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/metabolismABSTRACT
Recientemente, una marcada y aparente específica elevación de la actividad de la chitotriosidasa plasmática (Ch-PI) fue demostrada en pacientes con Enfermedad de Gaucher (EG) Tipo 1 (Mc Kusick 230800); este indicador bioquímico contribuiría además, en la detección de la patología y en la valoración de la terapia de suplementación enzimática (TSE). Datos subsecuentes sugirieron que el incremento de la Ch-PI también era marcador de otras patologías de atesoramiento lisosomal (PAL), aunque las actividades fueron menores que los valores más bajos de la EG Tipo 1. Aquí presentamos nuestra experiencia en la investigación de la actividad de la Ch-PI en una población argentina distribuida en tres grupos: a) 25 controles sanos; b) individuos relacionados con la EG: 3 pacientes con EG Tipo 1, 3 heterocigotas obligadas y 1 pacientes con una variante atípica de EG; c) 42 pacientes con precisa definición nosológica de una Enfermedad metabólica Hereditaria (EMH) y 5 pacientes presumibles de padecer una PAL aunque sin confirmación enzimática. La actividad de la metilumbelliferil tri-N-acetilchitotriosa hidrolasa fue de 600-2000 veces mayor en la plasma de las pacientes con EG Tipo 1 respecto del valor medio normal autóctono (17 nmoles/min/ml; rango de 6-60, 4 nmoles/min/ml); en el paciente con EG atípica el incremento de la Ch-PI fue alrededor de 100 veces. El efecto de la TSE en 2 de las pacientes con EG Tipo 1, una de forma moderada y la otra severa, se manifestaron con un descenso del 50 por ciento de la actividad de la Ch-PI a los 10 meses de tratamiento a la dosis de 30 U/kg/mes de alglucerase. En las heterocigotas obligadas de EG Tipo 1 y en la del Tipo 2 como asimismo en el grupo de pacientes con diferentes EMH, la actividad de la Ch-PI resultó normal. Una deficiencia total de la Ch-PI se demostró en el 8 por ciento de los controles sanos y un 10,6 por ciento en el grupo patológico. La relación entre el incremento de varios cientos de veces de la Ch-PI uy la fisiopatología de la EG no está elucidada como tampoco los posibles efectos de la relativamente común deficiencia de la enzima en el ser humano. La demostración del rol de la enzima en la degradación de patógenos contentivos de chitina, la purificación y clonación de cADN de la enzima, abren interesantes aspectos a investigar en este nuevo capítulo de la genética médica.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Hexosaminidases/metabolism , Metabolism, Inborn Errors/enzymology , Argentina , Biomarkers , Gaucher Disease/enzymology , Hexosaminidases/blood , Lysosomal Storage Diseases/enzymologyABSTRACT
Recientemente, una marcada y aparente específica elevación de la actividad de la chitotriosidasa plasmática (Ch-PI) fue demostrada en pacientes con Enfermedad de Gaucher (EG) Tipo 1 (Mc Kusick 230800); este indicador bioquímico contribuiría además, en la detección de la patología y en la valoración de la terapia de suplementación enzimática (TSE). Datos subsecuentes sugirieron que el incremento de la Ch-PI también era marcador de otras patologías de atesoramiento lisosomal (PAL), aunque las actividades fueron menores que los valores más bajos de la EG Tipo 1. Aquí presentamos nuestra experiencia en la investigación de la actividad de la Ch-PI en una población argentina distribuida en tres grupos: a) 25 controles sanos; b) individuos relacionados con la EG: 3 pacientes con EG Tipo 1, 3 heterocigotas obligadas y 1 pacientes con una variante atípica de EG; c) 42 pacientes con precisa definición nosológica de una Enfermedad metabólica Hereditaria (EMH) y 5 pacientes presumibles de padecer una PAL aunque sin confirmación enzimática. La actividad de la metilumbelliferil tri-N-acetilchitotriosa hidrolasa fue de 600-2000 veces mayor en la plasma de las pacientes con EG Tipo 1 respecto del valor medio normal autóctono (17 nmoles/min/ml; rango de 6-60, 4 nmoles/min/ml); en el paciente con EG atípica el incremento de la Ch-PI fue alrededor de 100 veces. El efecto de la TSE en 2 de las pacientes con EG Tipo 1, una de forma moderada y la otra severa, se manifestaron con un descenso del 50 por ciento de la actividad de la Ch-PI a los 10 meses de tratamiento a la dosis de 30 U/kg/mes de alglucerase. En las heterocigotas obligadas de EG Tipo 1 y en la del Tipo 2 como asimismo en el grupo de pacientes con diferentes EMH, la actividad de la Ch-PI resultó normal. Una deficiencia total de la Ch-PI se demostró en el 8 por ciento de los controles sanos y un 10,6 por ciento en el grupo patológico. La relación entre el incremento de varios cientos de veces de la Ch-PI uy la fisiopatología de la EG no está elucidada como tampoco los posibles efectos de la relativamente común deficiencia de la enzima en el ser humano. La demostración del rol de la enzima en la degradación de patógenos contentivos de chitina, la purificación y clonación de cADN de la enzima, abren interesantes aspectos a investigar en este nuevo capítulo de la genética médica. (AU)
