Trends in and Correlates of Short-Acting Contraceptive Stock-Outs: Multicountry Analysis of Performance Monitoring for Action Agile Platform Data.

Understanding trends in contraceptive stock-outs, as well as their structural and demand-side correlates, is critical for policymakers and program managers to identify strategies to further anticipate, reduce, and prevent stock-outs. We analyzed trends as well as supply- and demand-side correlates of short-acting contraceptive method stock-outs by using data from multiple rounds of Performance Monitoring for Action Agile surveys. These data longitudinally measured contraceptive availability over 2 years (between November 2017 and January 2020) across 2,134 public and private service delivery points (SDPs) from urban areas of 5 countries (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of the Congo [DRC], India, Kenya, and Nigeria). For each country, we analyzed the trends and used multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression to model the odds of short-acting contraceptive stock-outs, adjusting for key structural and demand-side factors of the SDPs. Stock-outs in short-acting contraceptive methods were common in health facilities and varied markedly, ranging from as low as 2.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.7%, 5.1%) in India to 51.0% (95% CIs=46.8%, 56.0%) in Kenya. During the observation period, stock-out rates decreased by 28% in the SDP samples in India (aOR=0.72, P<.001) and 8% in Nigeria (aOR=0.92, P<.001) but increased by 15% in DRC (aOR=1.15; P=036) and 5% in Kenya (aOR=1.05, P=003) with each round of data collection. Correlates of stock-out rates included the facility managerial authority (private versus public), whether the facility was rated high quality, whether the facility was at an advanced tier, and whether there was high demand for short-acting contraceptives. In conclusion, stock-outs of short-acting contraceptives are still common in many settings. Measuring and monitoring contraceptive stock-outs is crucial for identifying and addressing issues related to the availability and supply of short-acting contraceptives.

Family planning service disruptions in the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from health facilities in seven low- and middle-income countries.

Many speculated that COVID-19 would severely restrict the delivery of essential health services, including family planning (FP), but evidence of this impact is limited, partly due to data limitations. We use cross-sectional data collected from regional and national samples of health facilities (n = 2,610) offering FP across seven low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) between 2019 and 2021, with longitudinal data from four geographies, to examine reported disruptions to the FP service environment during COVID-19, assess how these disruptions varied according to health system characteristics, and evaluate how disruptions evolved throughout the first two years of the pandemic, relative to a pre-pandemic period. Findings show significant variation in the impact of COVID-19 on facility-based FP services across LMICs, with the largest disruptions to services occurring in Rajasthan, India, where COVID-19 cases were highest among geographies sampled, while in most sub-Saharan African settings there were limited disruptions impacting FP service availability, method provision, and contraceptive supplies. Facility-reported disruptions to care were not reflected in observed changes to the number of FP clients or types of stockouts experienced in the first two years of the pandemic. Public and higher-level facilities were generally less likely to experience COVID-19-related disruptions to FP services, suggesting policy mitigation measures-particularly those implemented among government-operated health facilities-may have been critical to ensuring sustained delivery of reproductive healthcare during the pandemic.

HIV and viremia prevalence in non-migrating members of migrant households in Rakai region, Uganda: A cross-sectional population-based study.

Introduction: In sub-Saharan Africa, migrants are more likely to be HIV seropositive and viremic than non-migrants. However, little is known about HIV prevalence and viremia in non-migrants living in households with in- or out-migration events. We compared HIV outcomes in non-migrating persons in households with and without migration events using data from the Rakai Community Cohort Study (RCCS), an open population-based cohort in Uganda. Methods: We analyzed RCCS survey data from one survey round collected between August 2016 and May 2018 from non-migrating participants aged 15-49. Migrant households were classified as those reporting ≥1 member moving into or out of the household since the prior survey. A validated rapid test algorithm determined HIV serostatus. HIV viremia was defined as >1,000 copies/mL. Modified Poisson regression was used to estimate associations between household migration and HIV outcomes, with results reported as adjusted prevalence ratios (adjPR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Analyses were stratified by gender, direction of migration (into/out of the household), and relationship between non-migrants and migrants (e.g., spouse). Results: There were 14,599 non-migrants (7,654, 52% women) identified in 9,299 households. 4,415 (30%) lived in a household with ≥1 recent migrant; of these, 972(22%) had migrant spouses, 1,102(25%) migrant children, and 875(20%) migrant siblings. Overall, HIV prevalence and viremia did not differ between non-migrants in migrant and non-migrant households. However, in stratified analyses, non-migrant women with migrant spouses were significantly more likely to be HIV seropositive compared to non-migrant women with non-migrant spouses (adjPR:1.44, 95%CI:1.21-1.71). Conversely, non-migrant mothers living with HIV who had migrant children were less likely to be viremic (adjPR:0.34, 95%CI:0.13-0.86). Among non-migrant men living with HIV, spousal migration was associated with a non-significant increased risk of viremia (adjPR:1.37, 95%CI:0.94-1.99). Associations did not typically differ for migration into or out of the household. Conclusions: Household migration was associated with HIV outcomes for certain non-migrants, suggesting that the context of household migration influences the observed association with HIV outcomes. In particular, non-migrating women with migrating spouses were more likely to have substantially higher HIV burden. Non-migrants with migrant spouses may benefit from additional support when accessing HIV services.

Is experience of the HIV/AIDS epidemic associated with responses to COVID-19? Evidence from the Rural Malawi.

INTRODUCTION: Starting in late 2019, the coronavirus "SARS-CoV-2", which causes the disease Covid-19, spread rapidly and extensively. Although many have speculated that prior experience with infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS, Ebola, or SARS would better prepare populations in sub-Saharan Africa for COVID-19, this has not been formally tested, primarily due to data limitations. METHODS: We use longitudinal panel data from the Malawi Longitudinal Study of Families and Health (MLSFH, waves 2006, 2008, and 2020) to examine the association between exposure to the HIV/AIDS epidemic and perceptions of, and behavioral response to, the COVID-19 pandemic. We measured exposure to HIV infection through perceived prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the community, worry about HIV infection, perceived likelihood of HIV infection, and actual HIV status; and the experience of HIV/AIDS-related mortality through self-reports of knowing members of the community and extended family who died from AIDS (measured in 2006 or 2008). Our outcome measures were perceptions of COVID-19 presence in the community, perceptions of individual vulnerability to COVID-19, and prevention strategies to avoid COVID-19 collected through phone-interviews in 2020. RESULTS: Based on our data analysis using multivariable regression models, we found that the experience of HIV-related mortality was positively associated with perceptions of COVID-19 prevalence in the community and preventive behaviors for COVID-19. However, perceived vulnerability to HIV-AIDS infection and actual HIV positive status 10-years prior to the COVID-19 pandemic are generally not associated with COVID-19 perceptions and behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that COVID-19-related behaviors are impacted more by experience of AIDS mortality instead of HIV/AIDS risk perceptions, and that individuals may be correctly viewing HIV/AIDS and COVID-19 transmission as distinct disease processes.

Self-perceived health of older adults in Latin America and the Caribbean: a scoping review.

Objective: To systematically map the existing evidence on self-perceived health among adults aged 60 and older in Latin America and the Caribbean, describe the use of the single-item measure of self-perceived health with this population, and identify gaps in the existing literature. Methods: Following PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines, eight databases were searched for publications that were published between 2009 and 2019 and reported self-perceived health of adults over 60 years old in Latin America and the Caribbean. Data on study characteristics, sample characteristics, and the use and analysis of the self-perceived health measure were charted. Results: The database and secondary searches identified 516 articles. After removing duplicates and assessing titles and abstracts for inclusion, 263 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility using the inclusion criteria and an additional 89 articles were excluded. Ultimately, 174 articles were included in the scoping review. Studies included participants from 17 countries in the region, led in frequency by Brazil with 120 articles. The self-perceived health question most often included a five-category response scale (130), and response options were predominantly divided into two (86) or three (48) categories for analysis. Conclusions: Information on the health and social needs of people aged 60 and older across Latin America and the Caribbean, particularly their perceptions of health, is limited. We highlight the need to expand research throughout the region, include particularly vulnerable populations, utilize data from longitudinal and qualitative studies, and call for transparency in how questions and responses are worded and analyzed. This review serves to inform future studies, programs, and policies directed at this population.

Disruptions to youth contraceptive use during COVID-19: Mixed-methods results from Nairobi, Kenya.

Ensuring access to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services for adolescents is a global priority, given the detrimental health and economic impact of unintended pregnancies. To examine whether and how COVID-19 affected access to SRH services, we use mixed-methods data from young men and women in Nairobi, Kenya to identify those at greatest risk of contraceptive disruptions during COVID-19 restrictions. Analyses utilize cross-sectional data collected from August to October 2020 from an existing cohort of youth aged 16-26. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression examined sociodemographic, contraceptive, and COVID-19-related correlates of contraceptive disruption among users of contraception. Qualitative data were collected concurrently via focus group discussions (n = 64, 8 groups) and in-depth interviews (n = 20), with matrices synthesizing emergent challenges to obtaining contraception by gender. Among those using contraception, both young men (40.4%) and young women (34.6%) faced difficulties obtaining contraception during COVID-19. Among young men, difficulty was observed particularly for those unable to meet their basic needs (aOR = 1.60; p = 0.05). Among young women, risk centered around those with multiple partners (aOR = 1.91; p = 0.01), or who procured their method from a hospital (aOR = 1.71; p = 0.04) or clinic (aOR = 2.14; p = 0.03). Qualitative data highlight economic barriers to obtaining contraceptives, namely job loss and limited supply of free methods previously available. Universal access to a variety of contraceptive methods during global health emergencies, including long-acting reversible methods, is an essential priority to help youth avert unintended pregnancies and withstand periods of disruptions to services. Non-judgmental, youth-friendly services must remain accessible throughout the pandemic into the post-COVID-19 period.

Validation and Predictive Utility of a Person-Centered Quality of Contraceptive Counseling (QCC-10) Scale in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Multicountry Study of Family Planning Clients and a New Indicator for Measuring High-Quality, Rights-Based Care.

The lack of validated, cross-cultural measures for examining quality of contraceptive counseling compromises progress toward improved services. We tested the validity and reliability of the 10-item Quality of Contraceptive Counseling scale (QCC-10) and its association with continued protection from unintended pregnancy and person-centered outcomes using longitudinal data from women aged 15-49 in Burkina Faso, Kenya, and Nigeria. Psychometric analysis showed moderate-to-strong reliability (alphas: 0.73-0.91) and high convergent validity with greatest service satisfaction. At follow-up, QCC-10 scores were not associated with continued pregnancy protection but were linked to contraceptive informational needs being met among Burkinabe and Kenyan women; the reverse was true in Kano. Higher QCC-10 scores were also associated with care-seeking among Kenyan women experiencing side effects. The QCC-10 is a validated scale for assessing quality of contraceptive counseling across diverse contexts. Future work is needed to improve understanding of how the QCC-10 relates to person-centered measures of reproductive health.

Trends in fertility intentions and contraceptive practices in the context of COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa: insights from four national and regional population-based cohorts.

OBJECTIVES: Studies in several sub-Saharan geographies conducted early in the COVID-19 pandemic suggested little impact on contraceptive behaviours. Initial results may mask widening disparities with rising poverty, and changes to women's pregnancy desires and contraceptive use amid prolonged health service disruptions. This study examined trends in contraceptive behaviours in four sub-Saharan African settings 1 year into the pandemic. DESIGN: Nationally and regionally representative longitudinal surveys. SETTING: Burkina Faso, Kenya, Democratic Republic of Congo (Kinshasa) and Nigeria (Lagos). PARTICIPANTS: Women aged 15-49 years with sample size ranging from 1469 in Nigeria to 9477 in Kenya. OUTCOME MEASURES: Fertility preferences, contraceptive use and unintended pregnancies measured before COVID-19 (November 2019 to January 2020) and during COVID-19 (November 2020 to January 2021). ANALYSIS: We described population-level and individual-level changes by socioeconomic characteristics using generalised equation modelling. We used logistic regression models to identify factors related to contraceptive adoption and discontinuation and to experiencing an unintended pregnancy. RESULTS: At the population level, we found no change in women's exposure to unintended pregnancy risk, alongside 5-9 percentage point increases in contraceptive prevalence in Burkina Faso, Kenya and Lagos. Reliance on provider-dependent methods dropped by 2 and 4 percentage points in Kenya and Burkina Faso, respectively, although these declines were not statistically significant. Between 1.0% and 2.8% of women across sites experienced an unintended pregnancy during COVID-19, with no significant change over time. Individual-level trajectories showed contraceptive adoption was more common than discontinuation in Burkina Faso, Kenya and Lagos, with little difference by sociodemographic characteristics. Women's COVID-19-related economic vulnerability was unrelated to unintended pregnancy across sites. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the resilience of African women across diverse settings in sustaining contraceptive practices amid the COVID-19 pandemic. However, with reports of rising poverty in sub-Saharan Africa, there is continued need to monitor access to essential sexual and reproductive health services.

Characteristics Associated with Reliability in Reporting of Contraceptive Use: Assessing the Reliability of the Contraceptive Calendar in Seven Countries.

Although the reproductive calendar is the primary tool for measuring contraceptive dynamics in low-income settings, the reliability of calendar data has seldom been evaluated, primarily due to the lack of longitudinal panel data. In this research, we evaluated the reproductive calendar using data from the Performance Monitoring for Action Project. We used population-based longitudinal data from nine settings in seven countries: Burkina Faso, Nigeria (Kano and Lagos States), Democratic Republic of Congo (Kinshasa and Kongo Central Provinces), Kenya, Uganda, Cote d'Ivoire, and India. To evaluate reliability, we compared the baseline cross-sectional report of contraceptive use (overall and by contraceptive method), nonuse, or pregnancy with the retrospective reproductive calendar entry for the corresponding month, measured at follow-up. We use multivariable regressions to identify characteristics associated with reliability or reporting. Overall, we find that the reliability of the calendar is in the "moderate/substantial" range for nearly all geographies and tests (Kappa statistics between 0.58 and 0.81). Measures of the complexity of the calendar (number of contraceptive use episodes, using the long-acting method at baseline) are associated with reliability. We also find that women who were using contraception without their partners/husband's knowledge (i.e., covertly) were less likely to report reliably in several countries.

COVID-19 Infection and Contact Tracing Among Refugees in the United States, 2020-2021.

Refugees in the United States are believed to be at high risk of COVID-19. A cross-sectional study design was utilized to collect anonymous, online surveys from refugee communities in the United States during December 2020 to January 2021. We invited bilingual community leaders to share the survey link with other refugees aged ≥18 years. We identified factors associated with COVID-19 infection and measured the distribution of contact tracing among those who tested positive. Of 435 refugees who completed the survey, 26.4% reported testing positive for COVID-19. COVID-19 infection was associated with having an infected family member and knowing people in one's immediate social environment who were infected. Among respondents who tested positive, 84.4% reported that they had been contacted for contact tracing. To prepare for future pandemics, public health authorities should continue partner with refugee community leaders and organizations to ensure efficient programs are inclusive of refugee communities.

Self-perceived health of older adults in Latin America and the Caribbean: a scoping review / Revisión exploratoria sobre la autopercepción de la salud por las personas mayores en América Latina y el Caribe / Autopercepção de saúde de pessoas idosas na América Latina e no Caribe: revisão de escopo

ABSTRACT Objective. To systematically map the existing evidence on self-perceived health among adults aged 60 and older in Latin America and the Caribbean, describe the use of the single-item measure of self-perceived health with this population, and identify gaps in the existing literature. Methods. Following PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines, eight databases were searched for publications that were published between 2009 and 2019 and reported self-perceived health of adults over 60 years old in Latin America and the Caribbean. Data on study characteristics, sample characteristics, and the use and analysis of the self-perceived health measure were charted. Results. The database and secondary searches identified 516 articles. After removing duplicates and assessing titles and abstracts for inclusion, 263 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility using the inclusion criteria and an additional 89 articles were excluded. Ultimately, 174 articles were included in the scoping review. Studies included participants from 17 countries in the region, led in frequency by Brazil with 120 articles. The self-perceived health question most often included a five-category response scale (130), and response options were predominantly divided into two (86) or three (48) categories for analysis. Conclusions. Information on the health and social needs of people aged 60 and older across Latin America and the Caribbean, particularly their perceptions of health, is limited. We highlight the need to expand research throughout the region, include particularly vulnerable populations, utilize data from longitudinal and qualitative studies, and call for transparency in how questions and responses are worded and analyzed. This review serves to inform future studies, programs, and policies directed at this population.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Realizar una búsqueda sistemática de la evidencia sobre la autopercepción de la salud en las personas mayores de 60 años en América Latina y el Caribe, describir el uso de la medición basada en un solo ítem para dicha autopercepción en este grupo poblacional y detectar posibles lagunas en la bibliografía existente. Métodos. Se realizaron búsquedas en ocho bases de datos de publicaciones aparecidas entre el 2009 y el 2019 sobre la autopercepción de la salud por las personas mayores de 60 años en América Latina y el Caribe. Las búsquedas se realizaron de conformidad con la guía de la extensión PRISMA para revisiones exploratorias. Se graficaron los datos sobre las características del estudio, las características de la muestra y el uso y análisis de la medición de autopercepción de la salud. Resultados. Las búsquedas en las bases de datos y las secundarias permitieron localizar 516 artículos. Tras eliminar los duplicados y examinar los títulos y resúmenes para su inclusión, se utilizaron los criterios de inclusión para evaluar la admisibilidad de 263 artículos completos y se excluyeron otros 89 artículos. A fin de cuentas, quedaron seleccionados 174 artículos para la revisión exploratoria. Los estudios incluían participantes de 17 países de la región, con Brasil como el país con el mayor número (120 artículos). Lo más frecuente fue que la pregunta sobre autopercepción en materia de salud incluyera una escala de respuesta de cinco categorías (130), y las opciones de respuesta se dividían predominantemente en dos (86) o tres (48) categorías para su análisis. Conclusiones. La información sobre las necesidades sociales y de salud de las personas mayores de 60 años en América Latina y el Caribe, en particular sus percepciones sobre la propia salud, es limitada. Los autores destacan la necesidad de ampliar la investigación en toda la región, abarcar a los grupos poblacionales especialmente vulnerables, utilizar datos de estudios longitudinales y cualitativos y exhortar a la transparencia sobre la manera en que se formulan las preguntas y respuestas. Esta revisión sirve como fundamento para futuros estudios, programas y políticas orientados a este grupo poblacional.

RESUMO Objetivo. Mapear de forma sistemática as evidências existentes sobre a autopercepção de saúde em pessoas com 60 anos ou mais na América Latina e no Caribe, descrever o uso de uma medida de item único da autopercepção de saúde nessa população e identificar lacunas na literatura existente. Métodos. Em conformidade com as diretrizes da extensão da ferramenta PRISMA para revisões de escopo, oito bancos de dados foram pesquisados em busca de trabalhos publicados entre 2009 e 2019 que relatassem a autopercepção de saúde de pessoas com mais de 60 anos de idade na América Latina e no Caribe. Foram tabulados dados sobre as características do estudo, as características da amostra e o uso e a análise da medida de autopercepção de saúde. Resultados. As buscas nos bancos de dados e secundárias identificaram 516 artigos. Depois de descartar artigos repetidos e avaliar títulos e resumos para inclusão, 263 artigos completos foram avaliados quanto à elegibilidade usando os critérios de inclusão, o que levou à exclusão de mais 89 artigos. Por fim, 174 artigos foram incluídos na revisão de escopo. Os estudos incluíam participantes de 17 países da região, e o Brasil foi o país com o maior número de publicações: 120 artigos. A pergunta sobre a autopercepção de saúde incluía, na maioria das vezes, uma escala de resposta com cinco categorias (130), e as opções de resposta foram predominantemente divididas em duas (86) ou três (48) categorias para análise. Conclusões. As informações sobre as necessidades sociais e de saúde das pessoas com 60 anos ou mais na América Latina e no Caribe, especialmente suas percepções de saúde, são limitadas. Destacamos a necessidade de expandir a pesquisa em toda a região, incluir populações particularmente vulneráveis, utilizar dados de estudos longitudinais e qualitativos e solicitar transparência na forma como as perguntas e respostas são formuladas e analisadas. Esta análise serve de guia para futuros estudos, programas e políticas voltados para essa população.

Impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of adolescents and youth in Nairobi, Kenya.

Objective: To report on the mental health status of adolescents and youth in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic in Nairobi County, Kenya. Methodology: This was a mixed-methods study with cross-sectional quantitative and qualitative components conducted in Nairobi County, Kenya from August to September 2020. The quantitative survey involved phone interviews of n = 1,217 adolescents and youth. Qualitative components included virtual focus group discussions (FGDs) with adolescents and youth (n = 64 unmarried youths aged 16-25 years, across 8 FGDs) and youth-serving stakeholders (n = 34, across 4 FGDs), key informant interviews (n = 12 higher-level stakeholders from Ministries of Health, Gender, and Education), and in-depth interviews with youth (n = 20) so as to examine the COVID-19 impact on mental health. Results: Among the participants, 26.6% of young men and 30.0% of young women reported probable depressive symptoms, of whom 37.7% of young men and 38.9% of young women reported little interest or pleasure in doing various activities. Hopelessness and feeling down nearly every day was additionally reported by 10.7% of young women and 6.3% of young men. Further, about 8.8% of young men and 7.6% of young women reported they could not get the emotional help and support they may need from people in their life. Multivariable regression results showed an association between depressive symptoms and reduced working hours due to COVID-19 and increased intimate partner violence. Additionally, the results show that respondents with higher emotional help and support were less likely to report depressive symptoms. Qualitative results confirm the quantitative findings and exemplify the negative behavior arising from the impact of adherence to COVID-19 prevention measures. Conclusion: Mental health issues were common among adolescents and youth and may have been augmented by isolation and economic hardships brought about by COVID-19 restrictions. There is a need for concerted efforts to support adolescents and young people to meet their mental health needs, while considering the unique variations by gender. There is need to urgently strengthen the mental health system in Kenya, including via integrating psychosocial support services in communities, schools, and healthcare services, to ensure adolescents and young persons are not left behind.

The relationship between client dissatisfaction and contraceptive discontinuation among urban family planning clients in three sub-Saharan African countries.

Although researchers and practitioners have suggested that the quality of family planning services impacts contraceptive discontinuation, establishing a causal relationship has been challenging, primarily due to data limitations and a lack of agreement on how to measure quality. This longitudinal study estimated the relationship of the dissatisfaction with family planning services on contraceptive discontinuation for a sample of 797 female clients who sought family planning services at urban facilities across Kenya, Nigeria, and Burkina Faso. Clients who sought family planning services were first interviewed in person at private and public health facilities and received a follow-up phone interview four to six months later. In our sample, 18.2% of clients who were using a modern contraceptive at baseline stopped using it by follow-up. At baseline, nearly 14% of clients reported experiencing a problem with service convenience, nearly 12% with the availability of medicines and contraceptives, and nearly 6% with facility cleanliness and/or staff treatment. We hypothesized that client dissatisfaction with the family planning services received informed their decision to discontinue contraception and estimated univariate and bivariate probit regression models, controlling for individual and health facility characteristics. We found that client's perceptions of staff treatment and facility cleanliness informed their expectations about service and contraceptive standards, affecting subsequent contraceptive discontinuation. The difference in the probability of discontinuing contraception was 8.2 percentage-points between dissatisfied and satisfied clients. Examining client dissatisfaction with family planning services can inform the family planning community on needed improvements to increase contraceptive adherence for women in need, which can prevent unplanned pregnancies and unwanted births in the long run.

Self-injected contraceptives: does the investment reflect women's preferences?

Subcutaneous depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA-SC) is an innovative contraceptive method aimed at meeting women's unique circumstances and needs, largely due to its ability to be self-injected. Substantial research and advocacy investments have been made to promote roll-out of DMPA-SC across sub-Saharan Africa. To date, research on the demand for DMPA-SC as a self-injectable method has been conducted largely with healthcare providers, via qualitative research, or with highly specific subsamples that are not population based. Using three recent rounds of data from Performance Monitoring for Action, we examined population-representative trends in demand, use, and preference for self-injection among current non-users in Burkina Faso, the Democratic Republic of Congo (Kinshasa and Kongo Central regions), Kenya, and Nigeria (Lagos and Kano States). We found that while over 80.0% of women had heard of injectables across settings, few women had heard of self-injection (ranging from 13.0% in Kenya to 24.8% in Burkina Faso). Despite initial increases in DMPA-SC prevalence, DMPA-SC usage began to stagnate or even decrease in all settings in the recent three years (except in Nigeria-Kano). Few (0.0%-16.7%) current DMPA-SC users were self-injecting, and the majority instead were relying on a healthcare provider for administration of DMPA-SC. Among current contraceptive non-users wishing to use an injectable in the future, only 1.5%-11.4% preferred to self-inject. Our results show that self-injection is uncommon, and demand for self-injection is very limited across six settings, calling for further qualitative and quantitative research on women's views on DMPA-SC and self-injection and, ultimately, their contraceptive preferences and needs.

Implementation of respondent driven sampling in Nairobi, Kenya, for tracking key family planning indicators among adolescents and youth: lessons learnt.

OBJECTIVE: Adolescents and youth constitute a significant proportion of the population in developing nations. Conventional survey methods risk missing adolescents/youth because their family planning/contraception (FP/C) behavior is hidden. Respondent-driven sampling (RDS), a modified chain-referral recruitment sampling approach, was used to reach unmarried adolescents/youth aged 15-24 in Nairobi, Kenya to measure key FP/C indicators. Seeds were selected and issued with three coupons which they used to invite their peers, male or female, to participate in the study. Referred participants were also given coupons to invite others till sample size was achieved. We report on key implementation parameters following standard RDS reporting recommendations. RESULTS: A total of 1674 coupons were issued to generate a sample size of 1354. Coupon return rate was 82.7%. Study participants self-administered most survey questions and missing data was low. Differential enrolment by gender was seen with 56.0% of females recruiting females while 44.0% of males recruited males. In about two months, it was possible to reach the desired sample size using RDS methodology. Implementation challenges included presentation of expired coupons, recruitment of ineligible participants and difficulty recruiting seeds and recruits from affluent neighborhoods. Challenges were consistent with RDS implementation in other settings and populations. RDS can complement standard surveillance/survey approaches, particularly for mobile populations like adolescents/youth.

Males' Awareness of Female and Male Contraception Methods, Information, Outreach, and Acquisition Locations in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, Nairobi, Kenya, and Lagos, Nigeria.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to describe modern female and male method awareness, information sources, outreach exposures, and acquisition source awareness among young men aged 15-24 by sexual behavior status in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS: Cross-sectional surveys were conducted with unmarried, young men aged 15-24 recruited via respondent-driven sampling in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (n = 1,028), Nairobi, Kenya (n = 691), and Lagos, Nigeria (n = 706). Descriptive statistics characterized contraception awareness of male and female methods and information sources, outreach exposures, acquisition source awareness, and preferred contraception source. Multivariate regressions characterized factors associated with awareness of each method. RESULTS: Majority of respondents were aged 15-20 (59%), sexually active (65%), and had secondary or more education (89%). Awareness was low for all methods (short-acting reversible contraception, 47%; emergency contraception, 35%; long-acting reversible contraception, 32%; withdrawal, 18%), except condoms (85%). Respondents reported low levels of contraception information sources, recent outreach exposures, and acquisition location awareness that varied by sexual behavior (higher among sexually active than nonsexually active respondents). Multivariate analyses demonstrated common factors associated across awareness of all methods included information sources (teacher, friend, Internet, social media for all respondents; pharmacist for sexually active respondents) and acquisition locations (private healthcare, pharmacy, market/store for all respondents; public healthcare, mobile clinic, faith-based organizations for sexually active respondents). Sexually active respondents' rank order for preferred contraception source was doctors/nurses followed by teachers, friends, mothers, and fathers; and for nonsexually active respondents' rank order was teachers followed by friends, mothers, doctors/nurses, and health centers. DISCUSSION: Findings have implications for increasing young men's method awareness, specific sources, and settings to target contraceptive outreach.

DMPA-SC stock: Cross-site trends by facility type.

Objectives: To measure trends in the supply of DMPA-SC in public and private health facilities and compare with other prominent modern methods. Study design: We used repeated cross-sectional data from service-delivery-point surveys in six settings: Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo (Kinshasa and Kongo Central), Nigeria (Kano and Lagos), and Uganda, each with 3-5 rounds of data collected between 2016 and 2020. We analyzed trends in DMPA-SC availability using percent of service delivery points offering the method and percent experiencing stockouts; trends were compared with those for DMPA-IM, IUD, implants, and other short-acting methods, by facility type. Results: All settings showed increased offering of DMPA-SC over time for both private and public facilities. Larger proportions of public facilities provided DMPA-SC compared to private facilities (66%-97% vs 16%-50% by 2019-2020). DMPA-SC was provided by fewer facilities than DMPA-IM (90%-100% public, 34%-69% private by 2019-2020), but comparable to implants (83%-100% public, 15%-52% private by 2019-2020) and IUDs (55%-91% public, 0%-44% private by 2019-2020). Trends of DMPA-SC stock varied by setting, with more consistent stock available in private facilities in the DRC and in public facilities in Burkina Faso and Nigeria. Uganda showed decreasing stock in public facilities but increasing stock in private facilities. Conclusion: DMPA-SC availability has been increasing since its introduction in sub-Saharan Africa, yet significant gaps in stock exist. Countries should consider alternative distribution models to address these issues. Implications: Our findings may help inform countries about the need to monitor DMPA-SC availability and to consider solutions that ensure contraceptive options are available to women who need them and disruptions to contraceptive use are minimized.

Prevalence and characteristics of covert contraceptive use in the Performance Monitoring for Action multi-country study.

Objectives: A more nuanced understanding of contributors to covert contraceptive use remains critical to protecting covert users and reducing its necessity. This study aimed to examine the overall prevalence of covert use, and sociodemographic characteristics associated with covert vs overt use across multiple geographies in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Study Design: Performance Monitoring for Action (PMA) is one of the few nationally representative surveys that measures covert use across socially diverse contexts via a direct question. Utilizing PMA 2019-2020 phase 1 data from Burkina Faso, Côte D'Ivoire, Kenya, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC; Kinshasa and Kongo Central regions), Uganda, Nigeria (Kano and Lagos), Niger, and Rajasthan, we estimated overall prevalence of covert use. We conducted bivariate analyses and multivariate logistic regressions for 6 sites, comparing the odds of covert use with overt use among users of contraception by sociodemographic characteristics. Results: Covert use ranged from 1% in Rajasthan to 16% in Burkina Faso. Marital status was the only sociodemographic characteristic consistently associated with type of use across sites. Specifically, polygynous marriage (compared to monogamous) increased odds of using covertly, ranging from adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 1.8 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-2.7] in Burkina Faso to 6.2 [95% CI 2.9-13.3] in Kinshasa. Unmarried women with partners or boyfriends were also more likely to be using covertly compared with their monogamously married counterparts in all sites (aORs ranged from 2.2 [95% CI 1.0-4.7] in Uganda to 4.4 [95% CI 1.7-11.0] in Kinshasa). Conclusion: Understanding factors associated with covert use has programmatic and policy implications for women's reproductive autonomy. Implications: Covert use is a common phenomenon across most sites, representing a small but programmatically important contingent of users. Family planning providers and programs must protect access to and maintain privacy of reproductive services to this population, but should also focus on creating interventions and environments that support overt use.

As long as (I think) my husband agrees : role of perceived partner approval in contraceptive use among couples living in military camps in Kinshasa, DRC.

BACKGROUND: Male partner's approval is a key determinant of contraceptive use for women living in Sub-Saharan Africa and improving men's support and couple communication is a cornerstone of family planning programs. However, approval is often only measured through the women's perception of their partner's opinion. METHODS: This study conducted in Kinshasa compares contraceptive approval variables from matched male and female partners (n = 252 couples) to establish the frequency of (in)accurate perceptions by the woman, then test their association with modern contraceptive use. Additional regressions estimate individual and couple variables associated with (in)correct perceptions. RESULTS: Results confirm women are poorly aware of their partner's opinion but indicate that perceived approval or disapproval by the woman is a much stronger determinant of modern contraceptive use than her partner's actual opinion. Higher educational achievement from the woman is the strongest driver of misunderstanding her partner's approval. CONCLUSIONS: Women's perceptions of partner's approval are much stronger determinant of contraceptive use than the latter's actual opinion, and stereotyping men's opinion of family planning is a common error of appreciation. However, findings also suggest these misunderstandings might serve women's capacity to negotiate contraceptive use.

Research indicates that women living in Sub-Saharan Africa may not use contraceptive methods if their partner disapproves. However, there are methodological gaps in how this relation has been measured so far. For example, women are often the only ones asked whether their partner approves of contraception and surveys rarely assess how women know of their partner's disapproval and how strongly it has been communicated to them, nor do they ask said partner for his actual opinion on the matter.In this study we address some of those questions by interviewing men and women from married couples separately and comparing their opinion of family planning use. The research uses a population-based survey conducted among couples living in military camps in the capital city of the Democratic Republic Congo, Kinshasa.The results show that women overall are poorly aware of their partner's actual opinion, but act based on those perceptions, nonetheless. In particular, women whose husband disapproves of family planning but (falsely) perceive his approval have some of the highest odds in our cohort for contraceptive use. Conversely, women in a "false negative" scenario (husband approves but they perceive disapproval) are less likely to use modern contraception. Additional analysis indicates that this latter scenario is more common among women who are more educated than their partner, possibly because they are stereotyping his family planning desires. The findings and the discussion also raise the possibility that women may however benefit from ignoring their partners' true wishes in order to fulfill their own contraceptive choice.

Discrimination and Stress Among Asian Refugee Populations During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Bhutanese and Burmese Refugees in the USA.

OBJECTIVES: To measure COVID-19 pandemic-related discrimination and stress among Bhutanese and Burmese refugees in the USA and to identify characteristics associated with these two measures. METHODS: From 5/15-6/1/2020, Bhutanese and Burmese refugee community leaders were invited to complete an anonymous, online survey and shared the link with other community members who were English-proficient, ≥18 years old, and currently living in the USA. We identified characteristics associated with pandemic-related discrimination and stress applying ordinal logistic regression models. RESULTS: Among 218 refugees from 23 states, nearly one third of participants reported experiencing at least one type of discrimination, and more than two-thirds experienced at least one type of pandemic-related stress. Having had COVID-19, having a family member with COVID-19, and being an essential worker were associated with discrimination. Discrimination, financial crisis, and female gender were associated with stress. CONCLUSIONS: Reducing pandemic-related discrimination should remain a priority, as should the promotion of social support and coping strategies. Noting that this is a nonrepresentative sample, we recommend that larger national studies tracking experiences with pandemic-related discrimination and stress include Asian American subgroups with limited English proficiency.