ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Ralstonia mannitolilytica is an emerging opportunistic pathogen that is associated with severe disease, including septic shock, meningitis, and renal transplant infections. Reports on this pathogen are limited, however, especially on the African continent. CASE PRESENTATION: A 2-year-old Akan child was presented to a hospital in the northeastern part of Ghana with a 1-week history of fever and chills. We identified Ralstonia mannitolilytica in her blood culture using both conventional and 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) techniques. The patient's condition improved clinically upon treatment with cefuroxime. CONCLUSION: Our report highlights the potential of Ralstonia mannitolilytica to cause sepsis and thus emphasizes the need for improved laboratory diagnosis and evidence for use of appropriate antibiotics in rural settings of Africa, where presumptive treatment using antimicrobial agents is rife.
Subject(s)
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/diagnosis , Ralstonia/isolation & purification , Sepsis/microbiology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Cefuroxime/therapeutic use , Child, Preschool , Female , Ghana , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Humans , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S , Ralstonia/genetics , Rural PopulationABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Viral hepatitis continues to play significant role in causing morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Apart from the few population based studies available, not many have investigated the burden of these viruses in jaundiced patients. Among the few studies, hepatitis E is the least studied among jaundiced patients. This study was aimed at describing the frequency, distribution and risk of the different hepatitis viruses among jaundiced patients reporting to the second largest teaching hospital in Ghana. METHODS: From November, 2015 to April, 2016, a cross-sectional study was conducted among jaundiced patients attending the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital. Between 3-5 ml of blood was collected from each patient and screened for viral hepatitis agents using both serologic and molecular-based assays. RESULTS: In the 155 patients recruited, hepatitis B was the most prevalent [54.2% (95% CI = 46.0%-62.2%)] followed by hepatitis E [32.9% (95% CI = 25.6-40.9%)]. Most cases of hepatitis E occurred as co-infections with hepatitis B (18%), with the predominant clinical feature being hepatocellular carcinoma. Risk factor variable analysis showed middle and older aged individuals were more at risk of hepatitis B exposure whereas younger age groups (<18 years) were more at risk of hepatitis E virus infection. CONCLUSION: Hepatitis viruses are still important in the viral aetiology of jaundice in Ghana. Hepatitis B and hepatitis E co-infections could play significant roles in causing severe disease. A more aggressive approach needs to be adopted in order to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with hepatitis causing viruses in Ghana and other developing countries.
Subject(s)
Hepatitis, Viral, Human/diagnosis , Jaundice/pathology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Ghana/epidemiology , Hepatitis A/complications , Hepatitis A/diagnosis , Hepatitis A/epidemiology , Hepatitis B/complications , Hepatitis B/diagnosis , Hepatitis B/epidemiology , Hepatitis C/complications , Hepatitis C/diagnosis , Hepatitis C/epidemiology , Hepatitis E/complications , Hepatitis E/diagnosis , Hepatitis E/epidemiology , Hepatitis, Viral, Human/complications , Hepatitis, Viral, Human/epidemiology , Humans , Infant , Jaundice/etiology , Male , Middle Aged , Odds Ratio , Risk Factors , Tertiary Care Centers , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a Gram-negative bacterium which affects the urethra, throat, rectum and cervix of patients and often associated with sexually transmitted infections. The global epidemiology of the disease is not well characterised especially in resource constraint countries due to poor diagnostic capacity and inefficient reporting systems. Although important, little is known about the propensity of this bacterium to cause sepsis in immunocompetent individuals. CASE PRESENTATION: A 32-year-old female presented with fever and generalised malaise to a rural hospital in Ghana. The patient had previously been diagnosed as having enteric fever from a neighbouring health facility. Blood and urine samples were collected from the patient and cultured using standard microbiological and molecular techniques. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was isolated from the blood which was resistant to penicillin, ciprofloxacin and cotrimoxazole. The patient recovered following ceftriaxone and azithromycin treatment. CONCLUSION: This case highlights the importance of N. gonorrhoeae in causing sepsis and emphasises the need for blood culture investigation in diagnosis of patients presenting with fever.
Subject(s)
Bacteremia/etiology , Gonorrhea/complications , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/pathogenicity , Adult , Bacteremia/blood , Bacteremia/diagnosis , Bacteremia/drug therapy , Female , Ghana , Gonorrhea/blood , Gonorrhea/diagnosis , Gonorrhea/drug therapy , Humans , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/drug effects , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The recent Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) epidemic that hit some countries in West Africa underscores the need to train front line high-risk health workers on disease prevention skills. Although Ghana did not record (and is yet to) any case, and several health workers have received numerous training schemes, there is no record of any study that assessed preparedness of healthcare workers (HCWS) regarding EVD and any emergency prone disease in Ghana. We therefore conducted a hospital based cross sectional study involving 101 HCWs from two facilities in Kumasi, Ghana to assess the level of preparedness of HCWs to respond to any possible EVD. METHODS: We administered a face-to-face questionnaire using an adapted WHO (2015) and CDC (2014) Checklist for Ebola Preparedness and assessed overall knowledge gaps, and preparedness of the Ghanaian HCWs in selected health facilities of the Ashanti Region of Ghana from October to December 2015. RESULTS: A total 92 (91.09%) HCWs indicated they were not adequately trained to handle an EVD suspected case. Only 25.74% (n = 26) considered their facilities sufficiently equipped to handle and manage EVD patients. When asked which disinfectant to use after attending to and caring for a suspected patient with EVD, only 8.91% (n = 9) could correctly identify the right disinfectant (χ2 = 28.52, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates poor knowledge and ill preparedness and unwillingness of many HCWs to attend to EVD. Beyond knowledge acquisition, there is the need for more training from time to time to fully prepare HCWs to handle any possible EVD case.
Subject(s)
Civil Defense/education , Civil Defense/organization & administration , Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control , Epidemics/prevention & control , Health Personnel/education , Health Personnel/psychology , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/epidemiology , Adult , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Ghana/epidemiology , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Pseudomonas oryzihabitans is a Pseudomonas bacterial organism rarely implicated in human infections. The bacterium has been isolated in a few reported cases of neurosurgical infections and patients with end-stage cirrhosis, sickle cell disease, and community-acquired urinary tract infections. Limited information exists in developing countries, however, because of the lack of advanced microbiological tools for identification and characterization of this bacterium. This case report describes the isolation of a rare Pseudomonas bacterium in a patient presenting with sepsis and skin infection. CASE PRESENTATION: A 1-year-old girl was presented to a hospital in the northeastern part of Ghana with a 1-week history of pustular rashes on her scalp and neck, which occasionally ruptured, along with discharge of yellowish purulent fluid. The child is of Mole-Dagbon ethnicity and hails from the northern part of Ghana. Pseudomonas oryzihabitans was identified in the patient's blood culture using the 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing technique. The rash on the patient's scalp and skin resolved after continuous treatment with gentamicin while her condition improved clinically. CONCLUSIONS: This finding suggests the potential of this bacterium to cause disease in unsuspected situations and emphasizes the need to have evidence for the use of the appropriate antibiotic in clinical settings, particularly in rural settings in Africa. It also brings to the fore the unreliability of conventional methods for identification of Pseudomonas bacteria in clinical samples and thus supports the use of 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid in making the diagnosis.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Exanthema/complications , Gentamicins/therapeutic use , Neck/pathology , Pseudomonas Infections/diagnosis , Pseudomonas/isolation & purification , Scalp/pathology , Sepsis/diagnosis , Exanthema/microbiology , Female , Ghana , Humans , Infant , Neck/microbiology , Pseudomonas/classification , Pseudomonas Infections/complications , Pseudomonas Infections/drug therapy , Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S , Scalp/microbiology , Sepsis/complications , Sepsis/drug therapy , Sepsis/microbiology , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Bacterial meningitis continues to be one of the most dreaded infections in sub-Saharan Africa and other countries that fall in the "meningitis belt" due to recurrent nature of the infection and the sequel of deliberating effects among survivors even after treatment. Ghana has had recurrent epidemics in the past but has been free from high mortality levels. Whereas reasons for the low reported number of deaths in the past are unclear, we hypothesize that it may be due to increased vaccination from expanded program on immunization (EPI) and consequent herd immunity of the general population. As at the end of February, 2016, 100 individuals were reported to have died out of 500 recorded cases. The infection may cause severe brain damage and kills at least 1 out of 10 individuals if quick interventions are not provided. The Ghana Health Service (GHS) and the Ministry of Health (MoH), together with other local and international stakeholders are working intensely to control the spread of the infection in affected communities with treatment and other health management programmes. This review presents a quick overview of meningitis in Ghana with emphasis on S. pneumoniae (responsible for about 70% of cases in the recent epidemic) together with some recommendations aimed at ensuring a "meningitis-free Ghana".
Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control , Meningitis, Bacterial/diagnosis , Meningitis, Bacterial/epidemiology , Bacterial Vaccines/immunology , Ghana/epidemiology , Humans , Immunity, Herd , Immunization Programs/organization & administration , Meningitis, Bacterial/microbiology , Meningitis, Bacterial/prevention & control , Population Surveillance , VaccinationABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: There have been recent reports of surge in resistance to insecticides in pocketed areas in Ghana necessitating the need for information about local vector populations and their resistance to the insecticides approved by the World Health Organization (WHO). We therefore studied a population of malaria vectors from Kumasi in the Ashanti Region of Ghana and their resistance to currently used insecticides. We conducted susceptibility tests to the four major classes of insecticides by collecting larvae of anopheline mosquitoes from several communities in the region. Surviving adults from these larvae were then subjected to the WHO-approved susceptibility tests and characterization of knockdown resistance and acetylcholinesterase mutant genes. RESULTS: Out of 619 Anopheles specimens sampled, 537 (87%) were identified as Anopheles gambiae (sensu stricto), which was also the species with the lowest knockdown resistance mutant gene, 61% (P = 0.017). Knockdown resistance mutant gene was as high as 91% in An. coluzzii. Mosquitoes collected showed susceptibility ranging from 98-100% to organophosphates, 38-56% to carbamates and 15-47% and 38-46% to pyrethroids and organochlorides, respectively. The knockdown resistance mutation frequency of Anopheles gambiae (sensu lato) mosquitoes that were exposed to both pyrethroids and organochlorides was 404 (65%). Acetylcholinesterase mutant gene was not found in this population of vectors. CONCLUSION: Our study shows that pyrethroids have the highest level of resistance in the population of mosquito vectors studied probably due to their frequent use, especially in impregnation of insecticide-treated nets and in insecticides used to control pests on irrigated vegetable farms. We recommend studies to monitor trends in the use of all insecticides and of pyrethroids in particular.
Subject(s)
Anopheles/drug effects , Insect Vectors/drug effects , Insecticide Resistance , Insecticides/pharmacology , Malaria/transmission , Animals , Anopheles/genetics , Anopheles/physiology , Ghana , Insect Vectors/genetics , Insect Vectors/physiology , Mutation Rate , Pyrethrins/pharmacologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to describe the burden of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among women living with HIV and non-infected women in Ghana. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted involving 107 women living with HIV aged between 18 and 59 years (cases) and 100 non-HIV-infected apparently healthy women (controls) who were recruited from the Kumasi South Hospital, from July to December, 2014. Cervicovaginal swabs were taken from study participants to characterise 28 high- and low-risk HPV genotypes using a multiplex real-time PCR. RESULTS: The overall mean age for the participants was 40.10 ± 9.76 years. The prevalence of high-risk (hr)-HPV genotypes was significantly higher among the cases than the controls (77.4% vs. 41.6%, P < 0.0001). Overall, HPV 58 and 54 were the most predominant high-risk (18.8%) and low-risk (15.0%) genotypes detected. The two most common hr-HPV genotype isolates were 58 (18.8%) and 35 (15.9%) with 58 being the most prevalent among age group 35-44 years compared with hr-HPV 16, 18, 35 and 45, found predominantly among 18-34 age group. CONCLUSIONS: Significant variations exist in HPV genotypes among HIV-infected and uninfected women.
Subject(s)
Genotype , HIV Infections/complications , Papillomaviridae/genetics , Papillomavirus Infections/epidemiology , Adult , Case-Control Studies , DNA, Viral/analysis , Female , Ghana/epidemiology , Humans , Middle Aged , Papillomavirus Infections/complications , Papillomavirus Infections/virology , Prevalence , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/virology , Young AdultABSTRACT
A recent report suggested that 2 novel bunyaviruses discovered in insects in Côte d'Ivoire caused lethal disease in swine in South Korea. We conducted cell culture studies and tested serum from pigs exposed to mosquitoes in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana and found no evidence for infection in pigs.
Subject(s)
Bunyaviridae Infections/epidemiology , Orthobunyavirus/pathogenicity , Swine/immunology , Animals , Bunyaviridae Infections/blood , Bunyaviridae Infections/immunology , Cote d'Ivoire/epidemiology , Culicidae/pathogenicity , Culicidae/virology , Ghana/epidemiology , Orthobunyavirus/genetics , Swine/genetics , Swine/virologyABSTRACT
UNLABELLED: We previously showed that close relatives of human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) exist in African bats. The small sample and limited genomic characterizations have prevented further analyses so far. Here, we tested 2,087 fecal specimens from 11 bat species sampled in Ghana for HCoV-229E-related viruses by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). Only hipposiderid bats tested positive. To compare the genetic diversity of bat viruses and HCoV-229E, we tested historical isolates and diagnostic specimens sampled globally over 10 years. Bat viruses were 5- and 6-fold more diversified than HCoV-229E in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and spike genes. In phylogenetic analyses, HCoV-229E strains were monophyletic and not intermixed with animal viruses. Bat viruses formed three large clades in close and more distant sister relationships. A recently described 229E-related alpaca virus occupied an intermediate phylogenetic position between bat and human viruses. According to taxonomic criteria, human, alpaca, and bat viruses form a single CoV species showing evidence for multiple recombination events. HCoV-229E and the alpaca virus showed a major deletion in the spike S1 region compared to all bat viruses. Analyses of four full genomes from 229E-related bat CoVs revealed an eighth open reading frame (ORF8) located at the genomic 3' end. ORF8 also existed in the 229E-related alpaca virus. Reanalysis of HCoV-229E sequences showed a conserved transcription regulatory sequence preceding remnants of this ORF, suggesting its loss after acquisition of a 229E-related CoV by humans. These data suggested an evolutionary origin of 229E-related CoVs in hipposiderid bats, hypothetically with camelids as intermediate hosts preceding the establishment of HCoV-229E. IMPORTANCE: The ancestral origins of major human coronaviruses (HCoVs) likely involve bat hosts. Here, we provide conclusive genetic evidence for an evolutionary origin of the common cold virus HCoV-229E in hipposiderid bats by analyzing a large sample of African bats and characterizing several bat viruses on a full-genome level. Our evolutionary analyses show that animal and human viruses are genetically closely related, can exchange genetic material, and form a single viral species. We show that the putative host switches leading to the formation of HCoV-229E were accompanied by major genomic changes, including deletions in the viral spike glycoprotein gene and loss of an open reading frame. We reanalyze a previously described genetically related alpaca virus and discuss the role of camelids as potential intermediate hosts between bat and human viruses. The evolutionary history of HCoV-229E likely shares important characteristics with that of the recently emerged highly pathogenic Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus.
Subject(s)
Biological Evolution , Chiroptera/virology , Coronavirus 229E, Human/genetics , Genetic Variation , Phylogeny , Animals , Base Sequence , Bayes Theorem , Camelids, New World/virology , DNA Primers/genetics , Feces/virology , Ghana , Humans , Models, Genetic , Molecular Sequence Data , RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/genetics , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/geneticsABSTRACT
Because some bats host viruses with zoonotic potential, we investigated human-bat interactions in rural Ghana during 2011-2012. Nearly half (46.6%) of respondents regularly visited bat caves; 37.4% had been bitten, scratched, or exposed to bat urine; and 45.6% ate bat meat. Human-bat interactions in rural Ghana are frequent and diverse.
Subject(s)
Animal Diseases/transmission , Chiroptera/virology , Coronavirus Infections/transmission , Diet, Paleolithic/adverse effects , Disease Vectors , Rural Population , Zoonoses/transmission , Animal Diseases/epidemiology , Animals , Coronavirus Infections/virology , Disease Reservoirs/statistics & numerical data , Disease Reservoirs/virology , Ghana/epidemiology , Humans , Zoonoses/virologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The Anopheles gambiae Giles complex is the most widely studied and the most important insect vector group. We explored the use of the palp ratio method as a field tool to identify A. melas and A. gambiae in Ghana. METHODS: Human landing catches were conducted to collect mosquitoes in the coastal area of Western Region of Ghana. Palps were removed and segments 3 and 4 + 5 measured using a compound microscope. DNA extraction and downstream PCR for species identification was carried out using the legs and wings. Known A. gambiae collected from the Ashanti Region of Ghana were used for comparison. RESULTS: A total of 2120 A. gambiae were collected. Lengths of segments 3 and 4 + 5 were significantly correlated in samples from both regions. Using a palp ratio of 0.81 as the cut-off value, 14.9% outliers (≥0.81) from our study area were confirmed by PCR as A. melas. PCR also confirmed outliers from the Ashanti Region with palp ratio < 0.81 (10.2%) as A. gambiae. CONCLUSION: The palp ratio method proved to be a useful tool to identify populations of salt and freshwater A. melas and A. gambiae.
Subject(s)
Anopheles/classification , Insect Vectors/classification , Animals , Anopheles/anatomy & histology , Anopheles/genetics , Ghana , Humans , Insect Vectors/anatomy & histology , Insect Vectors/genetics , Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
UNLABELLED: The hepatitis C virus (HCV; genus Hepacivirus) is a highly relevant human pathogen. Unique hepaciviruses (HV) were discovered recently in animal hosts. The direct ancestor of HCV has not been found, but the genetically most closely related animal HVs exist in horses. To investigate whether other peridomestic animals also carry HVs, we analyzed sera from Ghanaian cattle for HVs by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). Nine of 106 specimens from different sampling sites contained HV RNA (8.5%) at median viral loads of 1.6 × 10(5) copies/ml. Infection seemed unrelated to cattle age and gender. Near-full-genome sequencing of five representative viruses confirmed taxonomic classifications. Cattle HVs formed two distinct phylogenetic lineages that differed by up to 17.7% on the nucleotide level in the polyprotein-encoding region, suggesting cocirculation of different virus subtypes. A conserved microRNA122-binding site in the 5' internal ribosomal entry site suggested liver tropism of cattle HVs. Phylogenetic analyses suggested the circulation of HVs in cattle for several centuries. Cattle HVs were genetically highly divergent from all other HVs, including HCV. HVs from genetically related equine and bovine hosts were not monophyletic, corroborating host shifts during the evolution of the genus Hepacivirus. Similar to equine HVs, the genetic diversity of cattle HVs was low compared to that of HCV genotypes. This suggests an influence of the human-modified ecology of peridomestic animals on virus diversity. Further studies should investigate the occurrence of cattle HVs in other geographic areas and breeds, virus pathogenicity in cattle, and the potential exposure of human risk groups, such as farmers, butchers, and abattoir workers. IMPORTANCE: HCV (genus Hepacivirus) is a major human pathogen, causing liver failure and cancer. Unique hepaciviruses (HVs) were discovered over the last few years in animals, but the direct ancestor of HCV has not been found. The animal HV most closely related to HCV so far originated from horses, suggesting that other livestock animals also harbor HVs. Therefore, we investigated African cattle and discovered previously unknown HVs at high prevalence and viral loads. Because of the agricultural importance of cattle, it may be relevant to investigate HV pathogenicity. The frequent exposure of humans to cattle also may warrant investigations of the zoonotic potential of these viruses. Evolutionary analyses suggested that cattle HVs have existed for centuries. Despite the genetic relatedness of their animal hosts, HVs from cattle and horses were not phylogenetically related, corroborating frequent host shifts during the evolution of the genus Hepacivirus.
Subject(s)
Cattle Diseases/virology , Hepacivirus/classification , Hepacivirus/isolation & purification , Hepatitis C/veterinary , Animals , Cattle , Cluster Analysis , Genetic Variation , Genome, Viral , Genotype , Ghana , Hepacivirus/genetics , Hepatitis C/virology , Molecular Sequence Data , Phylogeny , RNA, Viral/genetics , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Sequence Homology , Serum/virology , Viral LoadABSTRACT
UNLABELLED: Bats have been implicated as reservoirs of emerging viruses. Bat species forming large social groups and roosting in proximity to human communities are of particular interest. In this study, we sampled a colony of ca. 350,000 individuals of the straw-colored fruit bat Eidolon helvum in Kumasi, the second largest city of Ghana. A novel rhabdovirus (Kumasi rhabdovirus [KRV]) was isolated in E. helvum cell cultures and passaged to Vero cells as well as interferon-competent human and primate cells (A549 and MA104). Genome composition was typical for a rhabdovirus. KRV was detected in 5.1% of 487 animals, showing association with the spleen but not the brain. Antibody prevalence was 11.5% by immunofluorescence and 6.4% by plaque reduction virus neutralization test (PRNT). Detection throughout 3 sampling years was pronounced in both annual wet seasons, of which only one overlaps the postparturition season. Juvenile bats showed increased viral prevalence. No evidence of infection was obtained in 1,240 female mosquitos (6 different genera) trapped in proximity to the colony to investigate potential vector association. Antibodies were found in 28.9% (5.4% by PRNT) of 107 swine sera but not in similarly large collections of sheep, goat, or cattle sera. The antibody detection rate in human subjects with occupational exposure to the bat colony was 11% (5/45 persons), which was significantly higher than in unexposed adults (0.8% [1/118]; chi square, P < 0.001). KRV is a novel bat-associated rhabdovirus potentially transmitted to humans and swine. Disease associations should be investigated. IMPORTANCE: Bats are thought to carry a huge number of as-yet-undiscovered viruses that may pose epidemic threats to humans and livestock. Here we describe a novel dimarhabdovirus which we isolated from a large colony of the straw-colored fruit bat Eidolon helvum in Ghana. As these animals are exposed to humans and several livestock species, we looked for antibodies indicating infection in humans, cattle, swine, sheep, and goats. Signs of infection were found in swine and humans, with increased antibody findings in humans who are occupationally exposed to the bat colony. Our data suggest that it is worthwhile to look for diseases caused by the novel virus in humans and livestock.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Viral/blood , Chiroptera/virology , Rhabdoviridae/genetics , Rhabdoviridae/immunology , Analysis of Variance , Animals , Base Sequence , Chlorocebus aethiops , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , Ghana , Humans , Likelihood Functions , Models, Genetic , Molecular Sequence Annotation , Molecular Sequence Data , Neutralization Tests , Phylogeny , Seasons , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Species Specificity , Spleen/virology , Swine/blood , Swine/immunology , Vero Cells , Viral Plaque AssayABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in 2012 on the Arabian Peninsula and has caused severe respiratory disease with more than 800 laboratory-confirmed cases. The return of infected pilgrims to their home countries with a putative spread of MERS-CoV necessitates further surveillance. METHODS: A cross sectional study of 839 adult African Hajj pilgrims returning to Accra in Ghana, West Africa, was conducted in 2013 to assess the prevalence of respiratory symptoms as well as of MERS-CoV, human rhinovirus (HRV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza A virus (FLU A) infection. RESULTS: Six hundred and fifty-one (77.6%) pilgrims had respiratory symptoms. Tests were positive for at least one of the viruses other than MERS-CoV in 179 (21.3%) of all pilgrims, with 22.4% detection in symptomatic vs. 17.6% detection in asymptomatic pilgrims. No MERS-CoV was detected, although common respiratory viruses were prevalent, with positive findings for HRV in 141 individuals (16.8%), RSV in 43 individuals (5.1%) and FLU A in 11 individuals (1.3%). Results were positive for more than one virus in 16 (1.9%) individuals, including 14 (1.7%) RSV/HRV co-infections and 2 (0.2%) FLU A/HRV co-infections. A total 146 (22.4%) of the symptomatic returnees tested positive for at least one respiratory virus compared with 33 (17.6%) of the asymptomatic pilgrims who had at least one detectable virus in their sample. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of viral respiratory infections among Hajj pilgrims in both symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects was high. Although it is reassuring that MERS-CoV was not detected in the tested population, there is a need for active surveillance of Hajj pilgrims.
Subject(s)
Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology , Respiratory Tract Infections/virology , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Coronavirus Infections/virology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Ghana/epidemiology , Humans , Influenza A virus/isolation & purification , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Influenza, Human/virology , Male , Middle Aged , Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/isolation & purification , Population Surveillance , Prevalence , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/epidemiology , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/virology , Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/isolation & purification , Rhinovirus/isolation & purification , Surveys and Questionnaires , TravelABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory tract infections (ARI) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries, especially in Africa. This study sought to determine whether human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are associated with upper respiratory tract infections among older children and adults in Ghana. METHODS: We conducted a case control study among older children and adults in three rural areas of Ghana using asymptomatic subjects as controls. Nasal/Nasopharyngeal swabs were tested for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), HCoV-22E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1 using Reverse Transcriptase Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction. RESULTS: Out of 1,213 subjects recruited, 150 (12.4%) were positive for one or more viruses. Of these, single virus detections occurred in 146 subjects (12.0%) and multiple detections occurred in 4 (0.3%). Compared with control subjects, infections with HCoV-229E (ORâ=â5.15, 95%CIâ=â2.24-11.78), HCoV-OC43 (ORâ=â6.16, 95%CIâ=â1.77-21.65) and combine HCoVs (ORâ=â2.36, 95%CIâ=â1.5â=â3.72) were associated with upper respiratory tract infections. HCoVs were found to be seasonally dependent with significant detections in the harmattan season (mainly HCoV-229E) and wet season (mainly HCoV-NL63). A comparison of the obtained sequences resulted in no differences to sequences already published in GenBank. CONCLUSION: HCoVs could play significant role in causing upper respiratory tract infections among adults and older children in rural areas of Ghana.
Subject(s)
Coronavirus Infections/virology , Respiratory Tract Infections/virology , Adult , Case-Control Studies , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Coronavirus NL63, Human/genetics , Female , Ghana/epidemiology , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Molecular Diagnostic Techniques , Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Seasons , Young AdultABSTRACT
The hepatitis B virus (HBV), family Hepadnaviridae, is one of most relevant human pathogens. HBV origins are enigmatic, and no zoonotic reservoirs are known. Here, we screened 3,080 specimens from 54 bat species representing 11 bat families for hepadnaviral DNA. Ten specimens (0.3%) from Panama and Gabon yielded unique hepadnaviruses in coancestral relation to HBV. Full genome sequencing allowed classification as three putative orthohepadnavirus species based on genome lengths (3,149-3,377 nt), presence of middle HBV surface and X-protein genes, and sequence distance criteria. Hepatic tropism in bats was shown by quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization. Infected livers showed histopathologic changes compatible with hepatitis. Human hepatocytes transfected with all three bat viruses cross-reacted with sera against the HBV core protein, concordant with the phylogenetic relatedness of these hepadnaviruses and HBV. One virus from Uroderma bilobatum, the tent-making bat, cross-reacted with monoclonal antibodies against the HBV antigenicity determining S domain. Up to 18.4% of bat sera contained antibodies against bat hepadnaviruses. Infectious clones were generated to study all three viruses in detail. Hepatitis D virus particles pseudotyped with surface proteins of U. bilobatum HBV, but neither of the other two viruses could infect primary human and Tupaia belangeri hepatocytes. Hepatocyte infection occurred through the human HBV receptor sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide but could not be neutralized by sera from vaccinated humans. Antihepadnaviral treatment using an approved reverse transcriptase inhibitor blocked replication of all bat hepadnaviruses. Our data suggest that bats may have been ancestral sources of primate hepadnaviruses. The observed zoonotic potential might affect concepts aimed at eradicating HBV.
Subject(s)
Chiroptera/virology , Hepadnaviridae/genetics , Hepadnaviridae/pathogenicity , Zoonoses/virology , Animals , Base Sequence , Cell Line, Tumor , Cross Reactions/immunology , Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , Genome/genetics , Hepatitis B virus/genetics , Hepatocytes/virology , Humans , Immunoblotting , In Situ Hybridization , Molecular Sequence Data , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Species Specificity , TupaiidaeABSTRACT
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is among the most relevant causes of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Research is complicated by a lack of accessible small animal models. The systematic investigation of viruses of small mammals could guide efforts to establish such models, while providing insight into viral evolutionary biology. We have assembled the so-far largest collection of small-mammal samples from around the world, qualified to be screened for bloodborne viruses, including sera and organs from 4,770 rodents (41 species); and sera from 2,939 bats (51 species). Three highly divergent rodent hepacivirus clades were detected in 27 (1.8%) of 1,465 European bank voles (Myodes glareolus) and 10 (1.9%) of 518 South African four-striped mice (Rhabdomys pumilio). Bats showed anti-HCV immunoblot reactivities but no virus detection, although the genetic relatedness suggested by the serologic results should have enabled RNA detection using the broadly reactive PCR assays developed for this study. 210 horses and 858 cats and dogs were tested, yielding further horse-associated hepaciviruses but none in dogs or cats. The rodent viruses were equidistant to HCV, exceeding by far the diversity of HCV and the canine/equine hepaciviruses taken together. Five full genomes were sequenced, representing all viral lineages. Salient genome features and distance criteria supported classification of all viruses as hepaciviruses. Quantitative RT-PCR, RNA in-situ hybridisation, and histopathology suggested hepatic tropism with liver inflammation resembling hepatitis C. Recombinant serology for two distinct hepacivirus lineages in 97 bank voles identified seroprevalence rates of 8.3 and 12.4%, respectively. Antibodies in bank vole sera neither cross-reacted with HCV, nor the heterologous bank vole hepacivirus. Co-occurrence of RNA and antibodies was found in 3 of 57 PCR-positive bank vole sera (5.3%). Our data enable new hypotheses regarding HCV evolution and encourage efforts to develop rodent surrogate models for HCV.
Subject(s)
Evolution, Molecular , Genome, Viral , Hepacivirus , Hepatitis C Antibodies/blood , Hepatitis C , Hepatitis, Animal , RNA, Viral , Rodentia , Animals , Base Sequence , Cats , Dogs , Hepacivirus/genetics , Hepacivirus/metabolism , Hepatitis C/blood , Hepatitis C/genetics , Hepatitis C/virology , Hepatitis, Animal/blood , Hepatitis, Animal/genetics , Hepatitis, Animal/virology , Horses , Molecular Sequence Data , RNA, Viral/blood , RNA, Viral/genetics , Rodentia/blood , Rodentia/virologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Integrated Vector Control (IVC) remains the approach for managing the malaria-causing vector. The study investigated the contribution of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) in the control of malaria by targeting the larvae and also mapped and documented major breeding sites in the Kumasi metropolis, Ghana. METHODS: Using a hand held GPS receiver unit, major breeding sites within the metropolis were mapped out during the larval survey. Mosquito larvae were then collected from the breeding sites and reared in an insectary to obtain an F1 generation for laboratory bioassays. The minimum effective dosage of Bti Water Dispersible Granular (WDG) formulation was determined by a series of bioassays. Based on the results obtained in the laboratory, the optimum effective dosage of Bti formulations against naturally occurring larvae of the indigenous mosquito species was determined through open field trials. RESULTS: A total of 33 breeding sites were identified and geo-referenced during the larval surveys with the majority of the breeding sites located in the Asokwa sub-metropolis, Kumasi, Ghana. A Bti (3,000 International Toxic Unit (ITU)/mg) concentration of 0.026 mg/l resulted in 50% mortality whilst a concentration of 0.136 mg/l resulted in 95% mortality. Results from the open field trials with Bti showed that a dosage of 0.2 kg/ha is as effective as 0.4 kg/ha in suppressing late instars and resulting pupae. CONCLUSION: This study reveals that Bti at a very low dosage of 0.2 kg/ha is highly effective against Anopheles larvae and therefore offers viable options for the management of vector mosquitoes. Further research is needed to extend this to the field in order to determine its ability to reduce malaria incidence.