Correlating spacing in the primary dentition and caries experience in preschool children.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the correlation between spacing in the primary dentition and caries experience. METHODS: One hundred seventy-four clinical records, including photographs during 2017-2019 were assessed for primate, generalised and interdental spaces. The mean of decayed, missing or filled teeth and surfaces (dmft and dmfs) were recorded to quantify the caries experience. Linear regression analyses were used to ascertain correlations between spacing and dental caries. The strength of the associations was quantified using odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Ninety-seven boys and 77 girls were included in the final analysis. Approximately 41% of children had primate space in all four quadrants, and 15% of children had no primate spaces in all four quadrants. 50% of children did not exhibit generalised spacing, while 39% of children showed interdental spacing. Children with no primate space had approximately five surfaces higher dmfs score compared to those with primate space in all four quadrants (95% CI - 9.27 to - 1.23; p < 0.05). Similarly, children with no primate space in the mandible had 6.12 surfaces higher dmfs score compared to those with primate space in the mandibular arch (95% CI - 10.07 to - 2.17; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Preschool children with no primate space exhibited a 50% increase in dmfs scores compared to children with primate space.

Root canal morphology of hypomineralised first permanent molars using micro-CT.

AIM: To investigate the root canal morphology of hypomineralised first permanent molars (FPMs) using micro-CT (µCT). METHODOLOGY: Twenty-four hypomineralised FPMs and five clinically sound FPMs were scanned using µCT and assessed using the following parameters: (i) root canal configuration, (ii) connecting canal frequency, (iii) enamel, dentin, and pulp volumes, (iv) cusp tip to pulp horn distance, root canal length, root canal width, and dentin thickness, and (v) the influence of the root canal system landmarks on access cavity outline forms and canal curvature. A two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was employed with the statistical significance set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: The frequency of accessory and connecting canals was higher in hypomineralised FPMs. Mesio-buccal cusp horn was found to be the closest to its corresponding cusp tip in both groups. There was no significant difference between the root lengths, dentine widths, and pulp space measurements of hypomineralised FPMs compared to clinically sound FPMs. The best angulation to access FPMs was straight-line radicular, along the pulp horn. CONCLUSIONS: This study illustrates some variations in the root canal morphology in hypomineralised FPMs compared to clinically sound FPMs. Future studies should focus on assessing these parameters in larger samples.

Correction to: Biodentine™ material characteristics and clinical applications: a 3 year literature review and update.

Owing to a misunderstanding on the part of the authors, the name of the last author, Prof. R. M. H. Verbeeck, was omitted from this article.

Pre-maxillary hypohyperdontia: a report of two cases.

BACKGROUND: Hypodontia and hyperdontia are considered to be at opposite ends of the dental development spectrum. Nevertheless, these anomalies may occur concomitantly (hypohyperdontia). CASE REPORT: This clinical report describes two case of hypohyperdontia occurring exclusively in the premaxillary region, and the difficulties associated with its diagnosis and management. Following 24 months of follow-up examinations, Case 1 developed a sequential supernumerary tooth in the tooth 35 region. CONCLUSION: Cases of hypohyperdontia can occur exclusively in the premaxillary region and may be difficult to diagnose. Multidisciplinary treatment planning is essential to facilitate appropriate management, and long-term follow-up is necessary as sequential supernumerary teeth may develop.

Biodentine™ material characteristics and clinical applications: a 3 year literature review and update.

INTRODUCTION: Biodentine™ has frequently been acknowledged in the literature as a promising material and serves as an important representative of tricalcium silicate based cements used in dentistry. AIM: To provide an update on the physical and biological properties of Biodentine™ and to compare these properties with those of other tricalcium silicate cements namely, different variants of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) such as ProRoot MTA, MTA Angelus, Micro Mega MTA (MM-MTA), Retro MTA, Ortho MTA, MTA Plus, GCMTA, MTA HP and calcium enriched mixture (CEM), Endosequence and Bioaggregate™. STUDY DESIGN: A comprehensive literature search for publications from November 20, 2013 to November 20, 2016 was performed by two independent reviewers on Medline (PubMed), Embase, Web of Science, CENTRAL (Cochrane), SIGLE, SciELO, Scopus, Lilacs and clinicaltrials.gov. Electronic and hand search was carried out to identify randomised control trials (RCTs), case control studies, case series, case reports, as well as in vitro and animal studies published in the English language. CONCLUSIONS: The enhanced physical and biologic properties of Biodentine™ could be attributed to the presence of finer particle size, use of zirconium oxide as radiopacifier, purity of tricalcium silicate, absence of dicalcium silicate, and the addition of calcium chloride and hydrosoluble polymer. Furthermore, as Biodentine™ overcomes the major drawbacks of MTA it has great potential to revolutionise the different treatment modalities in paediatric dentistry and endodontics especially after traumatic injuries. Nevertheless, high quality long-term clinical studies are required to facilitate definitive conclusions.

Tooth mineral density of different types of hypomineralised molars: a micro-CT analysis.

AIM: This study sought to evaluate the tooth mineral density (TMD) for the different lesion types in hypomineralised first permanent molars (FPMs) and compare them to unaffected enamel in clinically sound FPMs. DESIGN: Eighteen FPMs with varying degrees of hypomineralised enamel were grouped into brown, yellow/creamy and white lesion types. Micro-CT was used to determine the TMD for each lesion type, and for unaffected enamel at different locations in the outer, middle, and inner-third of the enamel. RESULTS: The average TMD for brown, yellow/creamy, white and unaffected enamel was 1.79, 2.21, 2.43 and 2.46 g/cm3, respectively. Brown and yellow/creamy lesions exhibited a statistically significant difference when compared to white lesions and unaffected enamel. However, no statistical difference was evident in TMD between white lesions and unaffected enamel. The TMD increased from the outer-third to inner-third for brown and yellow/creamy lesions (p < 0.05), while in white lesions and unaffected enamel, the TMD decreased from the outer-third to inner-third (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: TMD was lowest for brown lesions followed by yellow/creamy lesions while the TMD for white lesions was similar to unaffected enamel.

Is there sufficient evidence to support an optimum time for the extraction of first permanent molars?

AIM: To evaluate whether the literature contains evidence, of an appropriate quality, to support the fundamental belief that there is an "optimal time" for extraction of FPMs with a poor prognosis. METHODS: A comprehensive search, limited to human studies, was performed using five databases. PICO based inclusion and exclusion criteria were employed to facilitate article selection. Three independent reviewers assessed the quality of included studies using STROBE and GRADE criteria. RESULTS: Initially, 56 articles were selected, of which 9 were included for final assessments. None of the included studies obtained moderate or high GRADE level rating and neither did they meet all of the STROBE requirements with only one study satisfying 95%, and another study satisfying 73%, of the requirements. The inter-observer agreement was excellent. CONCLUSION: There is no scientific evidence, of an appropriate quality, to support the "optimal time" for extraction of FPMs with a poor prognosis.

Bilateral supplemental maxillary central incisors with double-tooth like appearance.

BACKGROUND: Supplemental teeth refer to extra teeth that resemble the normal tooth series. Bilateral supplemental central incisors in a healthy individual are rare and bilateral supplemental incisors with double-tooth like appearance are exceptionally rare and has not been previously reported in the dental literature. CASE REPORT: This clinical report describes an 8-year old healthy Indian boy referred for the management of delayed eruption of his permanent maxillary incisor teeth. Following clinical and radiographic examination the two supplemental incisors closer to the midline were extracted under local analgesia and both of them exhibited double-tooth like appearance. CONCLUSIONS: The present case refutes the conventional wisdom that "supplemental teeth are usually smaller than the normal tooth type they resemble and occur distal to the normal tooth series", illustrates that the unusual can occur and that the clinician should be aware of such variations.

Reliability of horizontal and vertical tube shift techniques in the localisation of supernumerary teeth.

AIM: To assess the reliability of the vertical tube shift technique (VTST) and horizontal tube shift technique (HTST) for the localisation of unerupted supernumerary teeth (ST) in the anterior region of the maxilla. METHODS: A convenience sample of 83 patients who attended a major teaching hospital because of unerupted ST was selected. Only non-syndromic patients with ST and who had complete clinical and radiographic and surgical records were included in the study. Ten examiners independently rated the paired set of radiographs for each technique. Chi-square test, paired t test and kappa statistics were employed to assess the intra- and inter-examiner reliability. RESULTS: Paired sets of 1660 radiographs (830 pairs for each technique) were available for the analysis. The overall sensitivity for VTST and HTST was 80.6 and 72.1% respectively, with slight inter-examiner and good intra-examiner reliability. Statistically significant differences were evident between the two localisation techniques (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Localisation of unerupted ST using VTST was more successful than HTST in the anterior region of the maxilla.

Hypodontia of all primary canines.

BACKGROUND: Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain hypodontia of the various tooth types with evolutionary and anatomic models. Hypodontia of all primary canines in a healthy individual is exceptionally rare and has not been previously reported in the dental literature. CASE REPORT: This clinical report describes a 4-year-old southern Chinese female with the congenital absence of the primary canines in all quadrants. Furthermore, all of the permanent tooth germs excluding the third molars were evident on a panoramic radiograph and were developing consistent with the subject's chronological age. CONCLUSION: This case serves as an excellent example to refute the conventional wisdom that "all primary canines can never go missing" and that all of the currently proposed hypotheses to explain hypodontia have limitations.

Remineralizing potential of CPP-ACP applied for 1 min in vitro.

AIM: To evaluate (1) the remineralizing potential of Tooth Mousse(®) (TM) on artificial carious lesions, when applied for 1 min, and (2) the benefit of a fluoridated dentifrice prior to TM application. METHODS: Demineralisation caries-like lesions 120-200 µm deep were produced by placing molars in demineralizing solution for 96 h, sections 100-150 µm thick were then randomly assigned to four groups. Specimens were treated thrice daily with a non-fluoridated (Group A), or fluoridated dentifrice (1000 ppm) (Group B), or TM (Group C), or a fluoridated dentifrice followed by TM (Group D) then subjected to a 10-day pH cycling model. Lesion evaluation involved polarizing light microscopy and microradiography. RESULTS: Application of TM in isolation (Group C) for 1 min resulted in significant increase in lesion depth (LD), however, an increase in mineral content deposition (V max) was not significant. Post treatment LD increases were greatest in Group A, then Group C and Group B respectively. A decrease in LD (by 19.9 %) was noted only after fluoridated dentifrice and TM (Group D) were applied consecutively for 1 min each (p < 0.05). Mineral content deposition was also greatest in this group (Group D) and both V max and LD changes were statistically significant when compared to other groups. CONCLUSIONS: TM alone failed to remineralize carious lesions when applied for 1 min. However, remineralization occurred after a prior application of a fluoridated dentifrice.

Aetiology of supernumerary teeth: a literature review.

BACKGROUND: Supernumerary teeth are teeth, or tooth-like structures that have either erupted or remain unerupted in addition to the 20 primary and 32 permanent teeth. AIMS: This paper attempts to (a) provide an overview of the proposed hypotheses and the current understanding of the aetiology of supernumerary teeth, and (b) review the published cases of supernumerary teeth occurring in families. REVIEW: No studies have been able to distinguish between different aetiologies for the different locations of supernumerary teeth, while, from a developmental or molecular perspective, the proposed hypotheses may be plausible and explains the origin of different types of supernumerary teeth. CONCLUSION: The only clearly evident feature, based on the existing published reports, is that it is logical to state that supernumerary teeth have a genetic component in their aetiology.

Primary failure of eruption or severe infra-occlusion: a misdiagnosis?

BACKGROUND: The literature considers primary failure of eruption (PFE) and infra-occlusion as two separate clinical entities and there are no clearly identified signs and symptoms that aid to facilitate a definitive diagnosis between these two conditions. Therefore, it is the purpose of this report to illustrate a case to emphasise the potential for misdiagnosis when categorising these conditions as two separate clinical entities. CASE REPORT: A 5-year-old Chinese boy was referred for the management of an unerupted primary mandibular left second molar tooth (75). Intra-oral examination revealed a primary dentition, with a PFE of tooth 75. He was scheduled for surgical removal of tooth 75 and placement of a space maintainer. Following improvements in the position of tooth 75 in the subsequent visits, the surgical option was disregarded and eventually tooth 75 erupted and exfoliated despite apparent mechanical obstructions. FOLLOW-UP: During the 6-year follow-up period, tooth 75 moved mesially resorbing the distal root of tooth 74 which was later extracted to facilitate the eruption of tooth 75; which then underwent normal exfoliation. CONCLUSION: While the present case could indicate the unpredictability of infra-occluded teeth, it is postulated that infra-occluded teeth erupt to the occlusal plane and then remain static due to mechanical obstructions, while the adjacent teeth accompany the growing alveolar bone. Conversely, teeth with PFE do not erupt and the mechanical obstructions are secondary factors. Therefore, the patient's age, at the time of diagnosis, may lead to the diagnosis of infra-occlusion; but it could have been PFE.

Is there sufficient evidence to support the long-term efficacy of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) for endodontic therapy in primary teeth?

Several papers have been published to illustrate the effectiveness of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) as a pulpotomy medicament. Most of these reports do not offer a critical assessment on the data quality. Therefore, this review evaluated whether the currently available evidence is of an appropriate quality to support the long-term effectiveness of MTA as a pulpotomy medicament in primary molars using a standardized assessment criterion. A comprehensive literature search of human clinical outcome studies, which employed MTA as a pulpotomy medicament in primary teeth, was conducted using the MEDLINE database. Two independent observers rated these articles using the standardized assessment criteria. Furthermore, based on the initial sample mentioned in the individual studies and the sample included for the final analysis, the drop-out rates were calculated. Twenty-two studies were included for quality assessment with an excellent interobserver agreement. None of the 22 studies obtained grade A, four studies attained grade B1, five were graded B2 and 13 received grade C. Based on the assessment criteria employed, there was no evidence that MTA was better than present materials and techniques as a pulpotomy medicament. Furthermore, given the low quality of data, it is highly desirable to establish standard requisites for conducting and reporting on pulp therapy studies in primary teeth so as to benefit both researchers and clinicians to produce high-quality studies that are comparable and to prevent the misuse of clinical material and resources.

Diagnostic tools used to predict the prevalence of supernumerary teeth: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to (i) determine the variations in prevalence figures based on the diagnostic tools employed, and (ii) provide an insight into the prevalence of supernumerary teeth. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search of the prevalence reports on supernumerary teeth was conducted using two databases. Two independent observers rated these articles according to exclusion and inclusion criteria. 28 papers were included in the analysis to determine the variations in the prevalence figures in relation to the method of diagnosis, and 14 studies were included to estimate the prevalence figures for supernumerary teeth. Statistical analysis was computed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), Student Neumann-Keuls (SNK) test and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were evident in the prevalence figures based only on a clinical examination compared with groups that also employed radiographs (p < 0.05, ANOVA, SNK). The prevalence figures for supernumerary teeth ranged from 0% to 3%. The mean prevalence value for the European white population [1.6% (±0.6)] was lower than that of the southern Chinese population [2.7% (±0.14)]. The overall prevalence of supernumerary teeth for males was significantly higher than for females [relative risk = 1.37 (1.13-1.50)]. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical examination plus some types of radiograph(s) are essential for determining the prevalence of supernumerary teeth; nevertheless, it is still underestimated. Several disparities in the prevalence reports make the available data on supernumerary teeth questionable.