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1.
Arq Neuropsiquiatr ; 80(5 Suppl 1): 159-172, 2022 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35976318

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Immunotherapy dramatically changed the natural history of multiple sclerosis (MS), which was classically associated with severe disability. Treatment strategies advocate that early control of disease activity is crucial to avoid progressive disability, and the use of high efficacy drugs may be beneficial, but safety is a concern. Choosing the disease-modifying therapy is challenging in clinical practice and should be further discussed. OBJECTIVE: To discuss the state of art of selecting the initial therapy for relapsing MS patients. METHODS: We used a case-based approach followed by clinical discussion, exploring therapeutic options in different MS settings. RESULTS: We presented clinical cases profile compatible with the use of MS therapies, classified into moderate and high efficacy. In the moderate efficacy group, we discussed interferons, glatiramer acetate, teriflunomide and dimethyl fumarate, while in the high efficacy group we discussed fingolimod, cladribine, natalizumab, ocrelizumab, alemtuzumab and ofatumumab. CONCLUSION: Advances in MS treatment are remarkable. Strong evidence supports the use of early high efficacy therapy. However, biomarkers, clinical and radiologic prognostic factors, as well as patients' individual issues, should be valued and considered for a personalized treatment decision.


Subject(s)
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting , Multiple Sclerosis , Fingolimod Hydrochloride/therapeutic use , Glatiramer Acetate/therapeutic use , Humans , Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use , Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy , Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/drug therapy
2.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 80(5,supl.1): 159-172, May 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1393949

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Background: Immunotherapy dramatically changed the natural history of multiple sclerosis (MS), which was classically associated with severe disability. Treatment strategies advocate that early control of disease activity is crucial to avoid progressive disability, and the use of high efficacy drugs may be beneficial, but safety is a concern. Choosing the disease-modifying therapy is challenging in clinical practice and should be further discussed. Objective: To discuss the state of art of selecting the initial therapy for relapsing MS patients. Methods: We used a case-based approach followed by clinical discussion, exploring therapeutic options in different MS settings. Results: We presented clinical cases profile compatible with the use of MS therapies, classified into moderate and high efficacy. In the moderate efficacy group, we discussed interferons, glatiramer acetate, teriflunomide and dimethyl fumarate, while in the high efficacy group we discussed fingolimod, cladribine, natalizumab, ocrelizumab, alemtuzumab and ofatumumab. Conclusion: Advances in MS treatment are remarkable. Strong evidence supports the use of early high efficacy therapy. However, biomarkers, clinical and radiologic prognostic factors, as well as patients' individual issues, should be valued and considered for a personalized treatment decision.


RESUMO Antecedentes: A imunoterapia mudou drasticamente a história natural da esclerose múltipla (EM), doença esta que era classicamente associada a grandes incapacidades. Sabe-se hoje que o controle precoce da atividade de doença é crucial para evitar incapacidade progressiva, e o uso de terapias de alta eficácia pode ser benéfico. Apesar disso, a segurança ainda é uma preocupação dos pacientes e médicos. A escolha da terapia modificadora da doença é um desafio na prática clínica e suas particularidades devem ser mais discutidas. Objetivo Discutir o estado da arte da seleção da terapia inicial para pacientes com EM remitente recorrente. Métodos Utilizamos uma abordagem baseada em casos clínicos, com discussão das diversas opções terapêuticas em diferentes contextos de EM. Resultados: Foram apresentados casos clínicos compatíveis com o uso das principais terapias para EM, divididas em moderada e alta eficácia. No grupo de moderada eficácia discutimos sobre os interferons, acetato de glatirâmer, teriflunomida e fumarato de dimetila enquanto que no de alta eficácia falamos sobre fingolimode, cladribina, natalizumabe, ocrelizumabe, alentuzumabe e ofatumumabe. Conclusão Os avanços no tratamento da EM são notáveis. Fortes evidências suportam que o uso de terapia de alta eficácia de forma precoce possa ser benéfica. No entanto, biomarcadores, fatores prognósticos clínicos e radiológicos, bem como questões individuais dos pacientes, devem ser valorizados e considerados para uma decisão de tratamento personalizado.

3.
SciELO Preprints; jun. 2020.
Preprint in English | SciELO Preprints | ID: pps-715

ABSTRACT

Background: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses a potential threat to patients with autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). Such patients are usually treated with immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive agents, which may tamper with the organism's normal response to infections. Currently, no consensus has been reached on how to manage MS and NMOSD patients during the pandemic. Objective: To discuss strategies to manage those patients. Methods: We focus on how to 1) reduce COVID-19 infection risk, such as social distancing, telemedicine, and wider interval between laboratory testing/imaging; 2) manage relapses, such as avoiding treatment of mild relapse and using oral steroids; 3) manage disease-modifying therapies, such as preference for drugs associated with lower infection risk (interferons, glatiramer, teriflunomide, and natalizumab) and extended-interval dosing of natalizumab, when safe; 4) individualize the chosen MS induction-therapy (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, alemtuzumab, and cladribine); 5) manage NMOSD preventive therapies, including initial therapy selection and current treatment maintenance; 6) manage MS/NMOSD patients infected with COVID-19. Conclusions: In the future, real-world case series of MS/NMOSD patients infected with COVID-19 will help us define the best management strategies. For the time being, we rely on expert experience and guidance.


Introdução: A mais recente pandemia causada pelo coronavírus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19, do inglês coronavirus disease 2019) representa uma ameaça potencial para pacientes com doenças autoimunes, incluindo esclerose múltipla (EM) e transtorno do espectro de neuromielite óptica (NMOSD, do inglês neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders). Esses pacientes são geralmente tratados com medicamentos imunomoduladores ou imunossupressores que podem alterar a resposta normal do organismo a infecções. Até o momento, não há consenso sobre como o manejo dos pacientes com EM e NMOSD deve ser realizado durante a pandemia. Objetivo: Discutir estratégias para manejar esses pacientes. Métodos: Focamos em como 1) reduzir o risco de infecção por COVID-19, como distanciamento social, telemedicina e exames laboratoriais e de imagem em intervalos mais amplos; 2) manejo de surtos, incluindo evitar tratamento de surto leve e uso de corticoide oral; 3) gerenciar terapias modificadoras de doença, como a preferência por medicamentos associados a menor risco de infecção (interferons, glatirâmer, teriflunomida e natalizumabe) e infusão em intervalo estendido de natalizumabe, quando seguro; 4) individualizar a escolha da terapia de indução para EM (anticorpos monoclonais anti-CD20, alentuzumabe e cladribina); 5) manejar terapias preventivas de NMOSD, incluindo seleção inicial de terapia e manutenção do tratamento atual; 6) manejar pacientes com EM/NMOSD que foram infectados por COVID-19. Conclusão: No futuro, séries de casos de pacientes com MS/NMOSD infectados com COVID-19 nos ajudará a definir as melhores estratégias de manejo. Por enquanto, contamos com a experiência e orientação especializadas.

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