Manejo endoscópico o quirúrgico de las perforaciones transmurales duodenales post CPRE. Un estudio randomizado prospectivo / Surgical or endoscopic management for post-ERCP large transmural duodenal perforations: a randomized prospective trial

Duodenal perforations are an uncommon adverse event during ERCP. Patients can develop significant morbidity and mortality. Even though surgery has been used to manage duodenal complications, therapeutic endoscopy has seen significant advances. Objective: To compare endoscopic approach with surgical intervention in patients with duodenal perforations post-ERCP. Material and Methods: prospective randomized study in a tertiary center with 23 patients divided in 2 groups. Within 12 hours after the event, the patients underwent endoscopic or surgical approach. Endoscopic approach included closure of the perforation with endoclips and SEMS. Surgical repair included hepaticojejunostomy, suture of the perforation or duodenal suture. The success was defined as closure of the defect. Secondary outcomes included mortality, adverse events, days of hospitalization and costs. Results: The success was 100% in both groups. There was one death in the endoscopic group secondary to sepsis. There was no statistical difference in mortality or adverse events. We noticed statistical difference in favor of the endoscopic group considering shorter hospitalization (4.1 days versus 15.2 days, with p=0.0123) and lower cost per patient (U$14,700 versus U$19,872, with p=0.0103). Conclusions: Endoscopic approach with SEMS and endoclips is an alternative to surgery in large transmural duodenal perforations post-ERCP...

Introducción: Las perforaciones duodenales son un evento adverso poco frecuente durante la CPRE. Los pacientes pueden desarrollar morbilidad y mortalidad significativas. La cirugía se ha utilizado para tratar las complicaciones duodenales, pero la endoscopia terapéutica ha visto avances significativos. Objetivo: comparar abordaje endoscópico con intervención quirúrgica en perforaciones duodenales post CPRE. Materiales y Métodos: estudio prospectivo aleatorizado en un centro terciario con 23 pacientes divididos en 2 grupos. 12 horas después del evento, los pacientes fueron sometidos a tratamiento endoscópico o quirúrgico. El abordaje endoscópico incluyó el cierre de la perforación con endoclips y stent metálico autoexpandible. La reparación quirúrgica incluyó hepaticoyeyunostomía, sutura de la perforación o sutura duodenal. El éxito se definió como el cierre del defecto. Los resultados secundarios incluyeron: mortalidad, eventos adversos, días de hospitalización y costos. Resultados: El éxito fue del 100% en ambos grupos. Hubo una muerte en el grupo endoscópico secundaria a sepsis. No hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa. Hubo una diferencia estadística a favor del grupo endoscópico en vista de la hospitalización más corta (4,1 días frente a 15,2 días, p=0,0123) y menor costo por paciente (U$ 14 700 frente a U$ 19 872, p=0,0103). Conclusión: El abordaje endoscópico es una alternativa a la cirugía en perforaciones duodenales post CPRE...

Surgical or endoscopic management for post-ERCP large transmural duodenal perforations: a randomized prospective trial.

INTRODUCTION: Duodenal perforations are an uncommon adverse event during ERCP. Patients can develop significant morbidity and mortality. Even though surgery has been used to manage duodenal complications, therapeutic endoscopy has seen significant advances. OBJECTIVE: To compare endoscopic approach with surgical intervention in patients with duodenal perforations post-ERCP. MATERIAL AND METHODS: prospective randomized study in a tertiary center with 23 patients divided in 2 groups. Within 12 hours after the event, the patients underwent endoscopic or surgical approach. Endoscopic approach included closure of the perforation with endoclips and SEMS. Surgical repair included hepaticojejunostomy, suture of the perforation or duodenal suture. The success was defined as closure of the defect. Secondary outcomes included mortality, adverse events, days of hospitalization and costs. RESULTS: The success was 100% in both groups. There was one death in the endoscopic group secondary to sepsis. There was no statistical difference in mortality or adverse events. We noticed statistical difference in favor of the endoscopic group considering shorter hospitalization (4.1 days versus 15.2 days, with p=0.0123) and lower cost per patient (U$14,700 versus U$19,872, with p=0.0103). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic approach with SEMS and endoclips is an alternative to surgery in large transmural duodenal perforations post-ERCP.

Endoscopic ultrasound hemostasis techniques.

Since its development, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has evolved from a simple diagnostic technique to an important therapeutic tool for interventional endoscopy. EUS analysis provides real-time imaging of most major thoracic and abdominal vessels, and the possibility to use needle puncture with a curved linear array echoendoscope as a vascular intervention. In this review, we describe the endoscopic ultrasound approach to vascular therapy outside of the gastrointestinal wall.

Endoscopic ultrasound hemostasis techniques / Técnicas de hemostasia por ultrasonido endoscópico

Since its development, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has evolved from a simple diagnostic technique to an important therapeutic tool for interventional endoscopy. EUS analysis provides real-time imaging of most major thoracic and abdominal vessels, and the possibility to use needle puncture with a curved linear array echoendoscope as a vascular intervention. In this review, we describe the endoscopic ultrasound approach to vascular therapy outside of the gastrointestinal wall.

Desde su introducción, la ultrasonografía endoscópica (USE) evolucionó de una técnica diagnóstica a un procedimiento terapéutico. La USE proporciona una imagen en tiempo real de la mayoría de los grandes vasos torácicos y abdominales, brindando la posibilidad de utilizar la aguja de punción a través del ecoendoscopio como una intervención vascular. En esta revisión, describimos la intervención vascular por fuera de la pared gastrointestinal mediante ecoendoscopia.

Lesões Císticas do Pâncreas / Prancreatic cystic lesions

As lesões císticas do pâncreas são peculiares em relação ao diagnóstico e ao tratamento. O recurso da ecoendoscopia promoveu melhor processo na diferenciação entre as lesões com características benignas e as malignas. Trata-se de afecção de alta possibilidade de cura na ocasião do diagnóstico precoce, oferecendo-se tratamento efetivo e impactante. Didaticamente, podemos dividir em tipos de lesões macro e microcística: a primeira poderá apresentar-se com características de malignidade; já a segunda demonstra-se ser lesão benigna. As lesões císticas tipo IPMN estão detalhadas neste artigo e o tratamento cirúrgico é a opção justificada naqueles pacientes com lesões no ducto pancreático principal. Caso contrário, nos pacientes com IPMN dos ductos secundários, o acompanhamento poderá ser feito pela ecoendoscopia. Finalmente, as lesões císticas do pâncreas devem ser avaliadas por abordagem multidisciplinar, alcançando-se assim o melhor tratamento possível ao paciente.

The cystic pancreatic lesions have particularities regarding diagnostic and treatment ways. The resources on EUS raised up better process to be diferetiating those cases with benign and malignant features. It is a lesion with high probability to bring an early diagnosis and with an effective and prompt treatment. It will be didactly share the types of lesions in macro and microcystics, the first one could be raised up the features of malignancy, on the other hand the last one push up the benigns lesions. IPMN lesions are detailed in the manuscript and in those patients with main pancreatic duct lesions the surgical treatment is the rationale otpion. Otherwise, patients with side branch IPMN, the follow up could be taken by using EUS findings. Finally, pancreatic cystic lesions should be assessed by multidisciplinary approach intending the best treatment chance.

Análise do papel da colangiopancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) como método terapêutica na terceira idadé / Analysis of the role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) as a therapeutic method for the elderly

Introdução: Tem-se observado mudança demográfica im»portante nas sociedades ocidentais decorrente do aumento da expectativa de vida, com aumento progressivo do número de pacientes idosos. Paralelamente a isso, observou-se incidência aumentada de afecções das vias biliares, particularmente a doen»ça litiásica e as suas complicações nesse grupo populacional. A Baixada Santista atrai a população idosa por ser uma região que detém o segundo melhor índice de desenvolvimento social do Estado de São Paulo (IEME-2002) e o terceiro melhor índice de desenvolvimento humano do Estado, ocupando o quinto lugar no Brasil, segundo o Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento - PNUD. Objetivo: O presente estudo objeti»vou avaliar e discutir o impacto da colangiopancreatografia re»trógrada endoscópica (CPRE) como método diagnóstico e tera»pêutico das afecções biliodigestivas em pacientes idosos na Baixada Santista. Métodos: Foram analisados retrospectivamente dados referentes a 247 pacientes submetidos a CPRE no HAC»Santos, no período de janeiro de 2003 a janeiro de 2006, con»siderando-se como variáveis: sexo, idade, etnia, indicações, diag»nósticos obtidos, procedimentos realizados, complicações relacionadas ao procedimento e mortalidade, enfatizando-se os dados em pacientes idosos (acima de 60 anos de idade). Resul»tados: Considerando-se os idosos, verificou-se que a CPRE foi realizada em 146 (62,9%) do total de pacientes efetivamente estudados (232). As principais indicações para o procedimento foram a suspeita de coledocolitíase em 122/232 (52,7%), icterí»cia obstrutiva em 86/232 (37%) e pancreatite aguda em 24/ 232.

Endoscopic treatment of severe benign post-operative bile duct stricture: an efficient and safe option in patients unsuitable for surgery

The authors present a male patient submitted to conventional emergency cholecystectomy who later on developed a complex stenosis of the common liver duct. Considering the impossibility of surgical treatment, they decided to pass multiple prostheses and were successful in the endoscopic treatment, which was proven in the cholangiography performed when the prostheses were removed.