ABSTRACT
Los psicodélicos son sustancias capaces de alterar la conciencia, a través de su efecto sobre la transmisión serotoninérgica en el sistema nervioso central. En sus formas de ingesta tradicional son utilizados en rituales, con fines espirituales y medicinales. En el campo científico, dichas sustancias fueron estudiadas para posibles aplicaciones psicoterapéuticas en el período 1950-1970, y luego fueron excluidas de la investigación clínica durante las posteriores décadas. Sin embargo, desde 1990 asistimos a un «renacimiento de los estudios sobre psicodélicos¼, donde estas sustancias están siendo estudiadas en su potencial clínico para el tratamiento de distintos trastornos menta-les. El presente artículo describe y reflexiona sobre la historia de estas investigaciones en Uruguay y en el mundo, tanto en su primera etapa (1950-1970) como en su renacimiento posterior (1990-actualidad), dejando planteado un escenario en el que sea posible avanzar en el campo de las investigaciones clínicas con psicodélicos en nuestro país.
Psychedelics are substances capable of altering consciousness, through their effect on serotonergic transmission within the central nervous system. In their traditional uses, psychedelics are consumed during rituals, for spiritual and medicinal purposes. In the scientific field, these substances were studied because of their possible psychotherapeutic applications in the period 1950-1970. Afterwards, psychedelics were banned from clinical research for decades. Nevertheless, since 1990 we are witnessing a "renaissance of psychedelic studies", where these substances are being studied because of their clinical potential applications for the treatment of different mental disorders. The current article describes and analyzes the history of these research in Uruguay and in the world, both in its first stage (1950-1970) and in the present "renaissance" (1990-present). The article suggests a future scenario, where Uruguay could play a major role in the field of psychedelic research.
Subject(s)
Humans , Biomedical Research/trends , Hallucinogens/history , Mental Disorders/drug therapy , UruguayABSTRACT
Ayahuasca is a psychoactive brew that contains N,N-dimethyltryptamine and monoamine oxidase-inhibiting alkaloids. It is originally from the Amazon rainforest, but since the 1990s it has expanded worldwide. The compound is used in different religious, spiritual, and therapeutic settings. One of its common applications is for the treatment of addiction. The current study is an assessment of the impact of ayahuasca on personality traits in former substance users from Catalonia and surrounding areas. When compared with a control group, the ayahuasca group had statistically significantly higher scores in the dimensions Novelty Seeking and Self-Transcendence, and in the traits Attachment, Impulsivity, Compassion, and Spiritual Acceptance. Results suggest that recovery could be related less to a reduction of Impulsivity and Novelty Seeking, main features of substance use disorder (SUD), and more to an increase of Character dimensions and traits, especially Self-Transcendence and Cooperativeness. Those changes could be triggered by self-reflective, prosocial, and transcendental ayahuasca ritual experiences, which in the qualitative part of the research were described by the participants as being of great importance for their recovery, helping with the reconstruction of personal goals, gratifications, social bonds, and the general life's projection.
