ABSTRACT
Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate racial disparities in medication use and associated factors among pregnant women receiving prenatal care at Brazilian Unified Health System primary care health units in the northeast region. Patients and Methods: A total of 1058 pregnant women in the NISAMI Cohort were interviewed between June 2012 and February 2014. Medicines used during pregnancy were classified according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system and ANVISA pregnancy risk categories. Prevalence ratios (crude and adjusted) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Poisson regression with robust error variance. All analyses were stratified by race (Asian, black, brown/mixed, Brazilian indigenous, and white). Results: Approximately 84% of the pregnant women used at least one medication, with a lower proportion among white women. The most reported medications were antianemic preparations (71.08%; 95% CI 68.27-73.72%), analgesics (21.74%; 95% CI 19.36-24.32%), and drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders (18.81%; 95% CI 16.57-21.28%). Approximately 29% of women took potentially risky medications during pregnancy, with a higher prevalence among Asian and white women. Factors associated with medication use during pregnancy include a greater number of prenatal consultations, higher education levels, health problems, and smoking. In addition, maternal age above 25 years, smoking status, and two or more previous pregnancies were associated with potentially risky medication use during pregnancy. Conclusion: A high prevalence of medication use during pregnancy was found; however, this prevalence was lower among white women. Nonetheless, black and brown women used antianemic preparations less frequently. This finding suggests that race is a factor of inequity in prenatal care, demanding public policies to mitigate it.
ABSTRACT
O Brasil é um país com altas taxas de violência, o que afeta, além da sociedade civil, os agentes das forças da segurança pública, cujas taxas de mortalidade por causas violentas são superiores às da população geral. Portanto, objetivou-se caracterizar o perfil da mortalidade de policiais militares por causas violentas, segundo a cor da pele, no estado da Bahia. Neste estudo, foram analisadas as mortes violentas de policiais militares da ativa ocorridas entre 2012 e 2019, considerando variáveis tanto sociodemográficas quanto relacionadas à corporação policial e às circunstâncias da ocorrência. A análise dos resultados foi realizada por meio da linguagem computacional R versão 4.2.2. Foram registradas 110 mortes de policiais militares, em sua maioria negros (83,64%). Em relação à faixa etária, os policiais militares negros morreram mais jovens, entre 30 e 39 anos (41,30%), enquanto os brancos, entre 40 e 49 anos (61,11%). Em 50% dos casos envolvendo policiais militares negros, a motivação do crime permaneceu desconhecida, enquanto 33,33% das mortes envolvendo policiais brancos foram por confronto com criminosos. Conclui-se que o perfil das mortes de policiais militares no estado da Bahia é semelhante ao da população em geral, com predomínio de homens, negros, jovens e solteiros.
Brazil is a country with high rates of violence, which affects, in addition to civil society, public security agents, whose mortality rates from violent causes are higher than those of the general population. Therefore, the objective was to characterize the profile of mortality of military police officers due to violent causes, according to skin color, in the state of Bahia. This study analyzed violent deaths of active military police officers that occurred between 2012 and 2019, considering both sociodemographic variables and those related to the police force and the circumstances of the occurrence. The analysis of the results was carried out using the computational language R version 4.2.2. A total of 110 military police deaths were recorded, most were black (83.64%). Regarding age group, black military police officers died younger, between 30 and 39 years old (41.30%), whereas white military police officers, between 40 and 49 years old (61.11%). In 50% of cases involving black military police officers, the motivation for the crime remained unknown, whereas 33.33% of deaths involving white police officers were due to confrontation with criminals. In conclusion, the profile of military police deaths in the state of Bahia is similar to that of the general population, with a predominance of male, black, young, and single people.
Brasil tiene altos índices de violencia que no solo afectan a la sociedad civil, sino también a los agentes de seguridad pública, cuyas tasas de mortalidad por causas violentas superan a las de la población general. Así, el objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar el perfil de mortalidad por causas violentas de los policías militares según el color de la piel, en el estado de Bahía (Brasil). En este estudio se analizaron muertes violentas de policías militares en activo, ocurridas entre 2012 y 2019, considerando variables sociodemográficas relacionadas con el cuerpo policial y las circunstancias de la ocurrencia. El análisis de los resultados se realizó utilizando el lenguaje computacional R, versión 4.2.2. Se registraron 110 muertes de policías militares, la mayoría negros (83,64%). Con relación al grupo de edad, los policías militares negros murieron más jóvenes, de entre 30 y 39 años (41,30%), que los policías militares blancos, de entre 40 y 49 años (61,11%). En el 50% de los casos que involucraron a policías militares negros, la motivación del crimen seguía siendo desconocida, mientras que en el 33,33% de las muertes que involucraron a policías blancos se debieron a enfrentamientos con delincuentes. Se concluye que el perfil de las muertes de policías militares en Bahía es similar al de la población general, con predominio de hombres, negros, jóvenes y solteros.
ABSTRACT
This ecological study of time trends and multiple groups evaluated incompleteness in the race/colour field of Brazilian health information system records and the related time trend, 2009-2018, for the diseases and disorders most prevalent in the black population. The Romero and Cunha (2006) classification was applied in order to examine incompleteness using secondary data from Brazil's National Notifiable Diseases System, Hospital Information System and Mortality Information System, by administrative regions of Brazil, while percentage underreporting and time trend were calculated using simple linear regression models with Prais-Winsten correction (p-value<0.05). All records scored poorly except those for mortality from external causes (excellent), tuberculosis (good) and infant mortality (fair). An overall downward trend was observed in percentage incompleteness. Analysis by region found highest mean incompleteness in the North (30.5%), Northeast (33.3%) and Midwest (33.0%) regions. The Southeast and Northeast regions showed the strongest downward trends. The findings intended to increase visibility on the implications of the race/color field for health equity.
Propõe-se avaliar a incompletude e a tendência temporal do preenchimento do campo raça/cor das doenças e agravos mais prevalentes na população negra nos Sistemas de Informação em Saúde do Brasil, 2009-2018. Trata-se de estudo ecológico de tendência temporal e múltiplos grupos. Foi adotada a classificação de Romero e Cunha (2006) para análise da incompletude e utilizados dados secundários do Sistema Nacional de Agravos de Notificação, Sistema de Informações Hospitalares e Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade do Brasil e regiões brasileiras, calculada a proporção de subnotificação e a tendência temporal, utilizando o modelo de regressão linear simples, com correção Prais-Winsten (p-valor<0,05). Excetuando-se os registros de mortalidade por causas externas (excelente), tuberculose (bom) e mortalidade infantil (regular), todos os registros apresentaram escore ruim. Observou-se tendência decrescente da proporção de incompletude. A análise por região mostrou que as maiores médias de incompletude foram registradas na região Norte (30,5%), Nordeste (33,3%) e Centro-Oeste (33,0%). As regiões Sudeste e Nordeste foram as que mais apresentaram tendência decrescente. Os resultados visam ampliar a visibilidade acerca das implicações do preenchimento do campo raça/cor para a equidade em saúde.
Subject(s)
Health Information Systems , Hospital Information Systems , Humans , Black People , Brazil/epidemiology , Racial Groups , EthnicityABSTRACT
This ecological, time-trend study examined rates of homicide against women residing in Brazil, by state and race/colour, from 2016 to 2020, by performing. Multiple analysis by regression model on longitudinal data. During the study period, 20,405 homicides of women were recorded in Brazil. Standardised homicides rates were higher among black women (6.1/100,000) than among white women (3.4/100,000). From 2016 to 2020, rates decreased 25.2%, from 4.7 deaths per 100,000 women in 2016 to 3.5 in 2020, with a statistically significant downward trend among both black and white women. Statistically significant inverse relationships were found between female homicide rates and HDI, illiteracy rate and proportion of ill-defined causes. The average homicide rate decreased in 2019 and 2020, as compared with 2016. Despite the decreasing time trend in homicide rates for both black and white women, they differed substantially by race, with worse outcomes for black women.
O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar as taxas de homicídios contra mulheres residentes no Brasil, segundo unidades da federação e raça/cor, no período de 2016 a 2020. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico de tendência temporal. Foi realizada análise múltipla adotando-se modelo de regressão para dados longitudinais. No período, ocorreram no Brasil 20.405 homicídios de mulheres e as taxas padronizadas mostraram que as mulheres negras (6,1/100.000) apresentaram as maiores taxas, em comparação às brancas (3,4/100.000). O Brasil apresentou queda de 25,2% de 2016 a 2020. A taxa de homicídio variou de 4,7 mortes por 100 mil mulheres em 2016 para 3,5 em 2020, mas a tendência decrescente e estatisticamente significante foi observada nas taxas de mulheres negras e brancas. As variáveis IDH, taxa de analfabetismo e proporção de causas mal definidas apresentaram uma relação inversa e estatisticamente significante com as taxas de homicídio de mulheres. Nos anos de 2019 e 2020 houve uma diminuição da taxa média de homicídio em relação ao ano de 2016. Apesar do decrescimento na evolução temporal das taxas para negras e brancas, houve diferenças raciais importantes nos homicídios de mulheres, com piores resultados para as mulheres negras.
Subject(s)
Black People , Homicide , Female , Humans , Brazil/epidemiology , Racial Groups , EthnicityABSTRACT
The incidence of premature birth has increased worldwide, unequally distributed by race/ethnicity. Racism generates economic inequalities, educational disparities, and differential access to health care, which increases the risk of preterm birth. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with preterm birth and racial and ethnic disparities in premature birth among pregnant women attending prenatal care at the Brazilian Unified Health System health units in the urban area of Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia, Brazil. This study used data from 938 pregnant women aged between 18 to 45 years within the NISAMI prospective cohort. Premature birth prevalence was 11.8%, with a higher prevalence among black than non-black women (12.9% versus 6.0%, respectively). Maternal age between 18 and 24 years was the only factor associated with premature birth. A higher risk of premature birth was found among black women than non-black women (RR 3.22; 95%CI 1.42-7.32). These results reveal the existence of racial and social inequalities in the occurrence of premature birth.
Subject(s)
Pregnant Women , Premature Birth , Infant, Newborn , Pregnancy , Humans , Female , Adolescent , Young Adult , Adult , Middle Aged , Brazil/epidemiology , Premature Birth/epidemiology , Prospective Studies , Black PeopleABSTRACT
Mortality caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted indicators of Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) worldwide. This study aimed to estimate the YPLL due to mortality caused by COVID-19, according to sex, age group, and race/color in Brazil, from March 2020 to December 2021. Deaths caused by COVID-19 were characterized, in which the rates and ratios of standardized YPLL rates, the average number of years of potential life lost (ANYPLL), and the average age at death (AAD) were estimated and compared. Overall, 13,776,969.50 potential years of life were lost, which resulted in an average loss of 22.5 potential years not lived. A greater loss of potential years of life was identified in men (58.12%) and in the age groups from 0 to 59 years in the black (58.92%) and indigenous (63.35%) populations, while in the age groups of 60 years and over, a greater loss of YPLL was observed in the white (45.89%) and yellow (53.22%) populations. Women recorded the highest ADD, with the exception of indigenous women. White men (1.63), brown men (1.59), and black men (1.61) had the highest rates when compared to white women. Although COVID-19 has a greater impact on the elderly, it was the black and indigenous populations under the age of 60 who had the greatest loss of potential years of life.
A mortalidade provocada pela pandemia da COVID-19 tem produzido impactos aos indicadores de Anos Potenciais de Vida Perdidos (APVP) em nível mundial. Objetiva-se estimar os APVP devido à mortalidade por COVID-19, segundo sexo, faixa etária e raça/cor, no período de março de 2020 a dezembro de 2021, no Brasil. Foram caracterizadas as mortes por COVID-19, estimadas e comparadas as taxas e razão de taxas padronizadas de APVP, a média de anos potenciais de vida não vividos (APVNV) e a idade média do óbito (IMO). No geral, foram perdidos 13.776.969,50 anos potenciais de vida, o que determinou uma perda média de 22,5 anos potenciais não vividos. Houve maior perda de anos potenciais de vida nos homens (58,12%) e nas faixas etárias de 0 a 59 anos nas populações negra (58,92%) e indígena (63,35%), enquanto nas faixas etárias de 60 anos e mais foi observada maior perda de APVP nas populações branca (45,89%) e amarela (53,22%). As mulheres registraram as maiores IMO, com exceção das mulheres indígenas. Homens brancos (1,63), pardos (1,59) e pretos (1,61) tiveram as maiores taxas em comparação às mulheres brancas. Apesar da COVID-19 ter tido maior impacto em idosos, foram as populações negra e indígena na faixa de menos de 60 anos quem teve maior perda de anos potenciais de vida.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Black People , Brazil/epidemiology , Life Expectancy , Pandemics , Indigenous Peoples , WhiteABSTRACT
Resumo A mortalidade provocada pela pandemia da COVID-19 tem produzido impactos aos indicadores de Anos Potenciais de Vida Perdidos (APVP) em nível mundial. Objetiva-se estimar os APVP devido à mortalidade por COVID-19, segundo sexo, faixa etária e raça/cor, no período de março de 2020 a dezembro de 2021, no Brasil. Foram caracterizadas as mortes por COVID-19, estimadas e comparadas as taxas e razão de taxas padronizadas de APVP, a média de anos potenciais de vida não vividos (APVNV) e a idade média do óbito (IMO). No geral, foram perdidos 13.776.969,50 anos potenciais de vida, o que determinou uma perda média de 22,5 anos potenciais não vividos. Houve maior perda de anos potenciais de vida nos homens (58,12%) e nas faixas etárias de 0 a 59 anos nas populações negra (58,92%) e indígena (63,35%), enquanto nas faixas etárias de 60 anos e mais foi observada maior perda de APVP nas populações branca (45,89%) e amarela (53,22%). As mulheres registraram as maiores IMO, com exceção das mulheres indígenas. Homens brancos (1,63), pardos (1,59) e pretos (1,61) tiveram as maiores taxas em comparação às mulheres brancas. Apesar da COVID-19 ter tido maior impacto em idosos, foram as populações negra e indígena na faixa de menos de 60 anos quem teve maior perda de anos potenciais de vida.
Abstract Mortality caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted indicators of Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) worldwide. This study aimed to estimate the YPLL due to mortality caused by COVID-19, according to sex, age group, and race/color in Brazil, from March 2020 to December 2021. Deaths caused by COVID-19 were characterized, in which the rates and ratios of standardized YPLL rates, the average number of years of potential life lost (ANYPLL), and the average age at death (AAD) were estimated and compared. Overall, 13,776,969.50 potential years of life were lost, which resulted in an average loss of 22.5 potential years not lived. A greater loss of potential years of life was identified in men (58.12%) and in the age groups from 0 to 59 years in the black (58.92%) and indigenous (63.35%) populations, while in the age groups of 60 years and over, a greater loss of YPLL was observed in the white (45.89%) and yellow (53.22%) populations. Women recorded the highest ADD, with the exception of indigenous women. White men (1.63), brown men (1.59), and black men (1.61) had the highest rates when compared to white women. Although COVID-19 has a greater impact on the elderly, it was the black and indigenous populations under the age of 60 who had the greatest loss of potential years of life.
ABSTRACT
Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar as taxas de homicídios contra mulheres residentes no Brasil, segundo unidades da federação e raça/cor, no período de 2016 a 2020. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico de tendência temporal. Foi realizada análise múltipla adotando-se modelo de regressão para dados longitudinais. No período, ocorreram no Brasil 20.405 homicídios de mulheres e as taxas padronizadas mostraram que as mulheres negras (6,1/100.000) apresentaram as maiores taxas, em comparação às brancas (3,4/100.000). O Brasil apresentou queda de 25,2% de 2016 a 2020. A taxa de homicídio variou de 4,7 mortes por 100 mil mulheres em 2016 para 3,5 em 2020, mas a tendência decrescente e estatisticamente significante foi observada nas taxas de mulheres negras e brancas. As variáveis IDH, taxa de analfabetismo e proporção de causas mal definidas apresentaram uma relação inversa e estatisticamente significante com as taxas de homicídio de mulheres. Nos anos de 2019 e 2020 houve uma diminuição da taxa média de homicídio em relação ao ano de 2016. Apesar do decrescimento na evolução temporal das taxas para negras e brancas, houve diferenças raciais importantes nos homicídios de mulheres, com piores resultados para as mulheres negras.
Abstract This ecological, time-trend study examined rates of homicide against women residing in Brazil, by state and race/colour, from 2016 to 2020, by performing. Multiple analysis by regression model on longitudinal data. During the study period, 20,405 homicides of women were recorded in Brazil. Standardised homicides rates were higher among black women (6.1/100,000) than among white women (3.4/100,000). From 2016 to 2020, rates decreased 25.2%, from 4.7 deaths per 100,000 women in 2016 to 3.5 in 2020, with a statistically significant downward trend among both black and white women. Statistically significant inverse relationships were found between female homicide rates and HDI, illiteracy rate and proportion of ill-defined causes. The average homicide rate decreased in 2019 and 2020, as compared with 2016. Despite the decreasing time trend in homicide rates for both black and white women, they differed substantially by race, with worse outcomes for black women.
ABSTRACT
Resumo Propõe-se avaliar a incompletude e a tendência temporal do preenchimento do campo raça/cor das doenças e agravos mais prevalentes na população negra nos Sistemas de Informação em Saúde do Brasil, 2009-2018. Trata-se de estudo ecológico de tendência temporal e múltiplos grupos. Foi adotada a classificação de Romero e Cunha (2006) para análise da incompletude e utilizados dados secundários do Sistema Nacional de Agravos de Notificação, Sistema de Informações Hospitalares e Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade do Brasil e regiões brasileiras, calculada a proporção de subnotificação e a tendência temporal, utilizando o modelo de regressão linear simples, com correção Prais-Winsten (p-valor<0,05). Excetuando-se os registros de mortalidade por causas externas (excelente), tuberculose (bom) e mortalidade infantil (regular), todos os registros apresentaram escore ruim. Observou-se tendência decrescente da proporção de incompletude. A análise por região mostrou que as maiores médias de incompletude foram registradas na região Norte (30,5%), Nordeste (33,3%) e Centro-Oeste (33,0%). As regiões Sudeste e Nordeste foram as que mais apresentaram tendência decrescente. Os resultados visam ampliar a visibilidade acerca das implicações do preenchimento do campo raça/cor para a equidade em saúde.
Abstract This ecological study of time trends and multiple groups evaluated incompleteness in the race/colour field of Brazilian health information system records and the related time trend, 2009-2018, for the diseases and disorders most prevalent in the black population. The Romero and Cunha (2006) classification was applied in order to examine incompleteness using secondary data from Brazil's National Notifiable Diseases System, Hospital Information System and Mortality Information System, by administrative regions of Brazil, while percentage underreporting and time trend were calculated using simple linear regression models with Prais-Winsten correction (p-value<0.05). All records scored poorly except those for mortality from external causes (excellent), tuberculosis (good) and infant mortality (fair). An overall downward trend was observed in percentage incompleteness. Analysis by region found highest mean incompleteness in the North (30.5%), Northeast (33.3%) and Midwest (33.0%) regions. The Southeast and Northeast regions showed the strongest downward trends. The findings intended to increase visibility on the implications of the race/color field for health equity.
ABSTRACT
Abstract The incidence of premature birth has increased worldwide, unequally distributed by race/ethnicity. Racism generates economic inequalities, educational disparities, and differential access to health care, which increases the risk of preterm birth. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with preterm birth and racial and ethnic disparities in premature birth among pregnant women attending prenatal care at the Brazilian Unified Health System health units in the urban area of Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia, Brazil. This study used data from 938 pregnant women aged between 18 to 45 years within the NISAMI prospective cohort. Premature birth prevalence was 11.8%, with a higher prevalence among black than non-black women (12.9% versus 6.0%, respectively). Maternal age between 18 and 24 years was the only factor associated with premature birth. A higher risk of premature birth was found among black women than non-black women (RR 3.22; 95%CI 1.42-7.32). These results reveal the existence of racial and social inequalities in the occurrence of premature birth.
Resumo A incidência de parto prematuro tem aumentado em todo o mundo, distribuída de forma desigual por raça/etnia. O racismo gera desigualdades econômicas, disparidades educacionais e acesso diferenciado à saúde, o que aumenta o risco de parto prematuro. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os fatores associados à prematuridade e disparidades raciais e étnicas no parto prematuro entre gestantes atendidas durante o pré-natal em unidades de saúde do Sistema Único de Saúde na zona urbana de Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia, Brasil. Este estudo utilizou dados de 938 mulheres grávidas com idade entre 18 e 45 anos dentro da coorte prospectiva do NISAMI. A prevalência de prematuridade foi de 11,8%, sendo maior entre as negras do que entre as não negras (12,9% versus 6,0%, respectivamente). A idade materna entre 18 e 24 anos foi o único fator associado ao parto prematuro. Foi encontrado maior risco de prematuridade entre as mulheres negras do que entre as não negras (RR 3,22; IC95% 1,42-7,32). Esses resultados revelam a existência de desigualdades raciais e sociais na ocorrência do parto prematuro.
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OBJECTIVE: Hearing loss has been pointed out as a potential predictor for cognitive decline. This study conducted a systematic review to evaluate the scientific evidence on the association between hearing loss in the elderly and cognitive decline, as well as whether race/color influences this relationship. METHOD: The search for studies was performed in the following electronic databases: MedLine/PubMed Web of Science, Scopus and Virtual Health Library, and MedRkiv up to August 2022. Studies with epidemiological designs that assess the association between hearing loss and cognitive decline in the elderly were eligible for inclusion. Three independent reviewers performed the selection, data extraction and evaluation of the quality of the studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. A meta-analysis using a random effects model estimated the global association measurements (Beta coefficient: ß) and their 95% confidence intervals (95%CI), and the Higgins and Thompson indicator (I2) was also estimated to assess statistical heterogeneity among the studies. RESULTS: 5,207 records were identified in the database surveys, of which only 18 were eligible studies, totaling 19,551 individuals. Hearing loss was associated with cognitive decline in the elderly, with statistical significance: ß = -0.13; 95%CI = -0.23 to -0.04; I2 = 98.70%). For black individuals, the magnitude of the association increased: ß = -0.64; 95%CI = -3.36 to 2.07; I2 = 95.65%, but it was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The findings of this systematic review showed the existence of a significant relationship between hearing loss and cognitive decline in the elderly, as well as signaling that among black individuals the magnitude of the association can be increased.
Subject(s)
Cognitive Dysfunction , Deafness , Hearing Loss , Humans , Aged , Cognitive Dysfunction/epidemiology , Hearing Loss/complications , Hearing Loss/epidemiology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Databases, FactualABSTRACT
Avaliar as condições de saúde bucal e sua relação com os aspectos socioculturais e de acesso a serviços odontológicos em quilombolas do Município de Cachoeira (BA). Realizou-se um estudo transversal, examinando 128 indiíduos. A análise estatística foi conduzida através da distribuição das frequências das variáveis demográficas e socioeconômicas. O cálculo de associação entre as variáveis e os desfechos foi obtido pelas Razões de Prevalências e respectivos intervalos de confiança. Constatou-se que há significância estatística (IC 95%) entre a doença periodontal e dieta cariogênica, plantas medicinais e bochecho com chá ou enxaguante bucal, assim como existiu associação entre a cárie dentária e a dificuldade de acesso a serviços odontológicos, odontalgia e o edentulismo. A maior prevalência dos agravos bucais investigados foi em indivíduos adultos e predominantemente em mulheres, sendo que a maior parte dos indivíduos possuía apenas o ensino fundamental e renda inferior a um salário-mínimo.
To evaluate oral health conditions and their relationship with sociocultural aspects and access to dental services in quilombolas in the municipality of Cachoeira, Bahia. A cross-sectional study was carried out, examining 128 individuals. Statistical analysis was conducted through the frequency distribution of demographic and socioeconomic variables. The calculation of the association between variables and outcomes was obtained using Prevalence Ratios and respective confidence intervals. It was found that there is statistical significance (CI 95%) between periodontal disease and cariogenic diet, medicinal plants and mouthwash with tea or mouthwash, as well as an association between dental caries and difficulty in accessing dental services, toothache and edentulism. The highest prevalence of oral diseases investigated was in adult individuals and predominantly in women, and most individuals had only elementary education and income below the minimum wage.
ABSTRACT
A sífilis e a infecção causada pelo vírus HIV constituem importantes problemas de saúde pública, em razão das altas taxas de morbimortalidade e do impacto que causam aos programas e às políticas públicas de saúde, tanto de forma isolada quanto no caso de coinfecção. Mesmo a sífilis sendo uma doença curável, e o HIV/aids uma doença que possui tratamento, ambas têm atingido milhões de pessoas no mundo, inclusive no Brasil, onde o estado da Bahia se destaca pelos elevados índices de infecção. Esse quadro se intensifica quando se observam as notificações conforme a raça/cor da pele, havendo um grande número de casos entre jovens negros. Esta dissertação pretende analisar a dinâmica espaçotemporal das taxas de internação por sífilis e HIV/aids em adultos, nas Regiões de Saúde da Bahia, no período de 2000 a 2020. Os dados são provenientes do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares (SIH), disponibilizado pelo Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS), enquanto os dados populacionais e de raça/cor da pele são do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). As análises envolveram tanto medidas descritivas quanto tendência temporal, autocorrelação e correlação cruzada. Nesse ínterim, foram utilizados o método detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA), para caracterizar a autocorrelação e identificar a persistência na série temporal; o coeficiente de correlação cruzada ρDCCA, para mensurar a correlação cruzada entre as séries; e a média móvel, para caracterizar a tendência. Também foi realizada a análise descritiva, com a estimativa da tendência temporal por meio do modelo de regressão linear, com correção de Prais-Winsten. No período de 2000 a 2020, foram registradas 16.454 internações, sendo 3,2% por sífilis e 96,8% por HIV/aids. Quanto ao estudo de base temporal, foi identificado um comportamento persistente (αDFA > 0,50) e uma correlação negativa fraca (< 0,20) tanto entre as taxas de sífilis quanto entre as de HIV/aids, sendo estatisticamente significante somente a autocorrelação da sífilis. Os jovens negros constituíram a maioria dos sujeitos hospitalizados, com média geral de idade de 39,2 anos, prevalência do sexo feminino para sífilis (60,5%) e do sexo masculino para HIV/aids (61,8%). As maiores taxas de sífilis foram encontradas nas regiões de saúde de Itabuna, Ilhéus, Paulo Afonso e Salvador. O comportamento da sífilis foi estatisticamente significante (p < 0,05), com variação percentual anual (VPA) de 14,1% (ß1 > 0 e p < 0,05), o que denota uma tendência crescente. Para os casos de HIV/aids, as maiores taxas foram observadas nas regiões de Salvador, Camaçari, Teixeira de Freitas e Seabra. Não houve significância estatística para HIV/aids (p > 0,05), sendo o VPA de 1,6% (ß1 > 0 e p < 0,05), o que também indica uma tendência crescente. Espera-se que, com esta pesquisa, seja possível contribuir não somente para a atualização do conhecimento sobre infecção por sífilis e HIV/aids em adultos, mas principalmente para a construção de indicadores e para o planejamento e fortalecimento das políticas públicas de saúde, com ênfase nos sistemas de vigilância do estado da Bahia.
Syphilis and the infection by the HIV virus are important public health problems, due to the high rates of morbidity and mortality and the impact they cause to public health programs and policies, both in isolation and in cases of co-infection. Even though syphilis is a curable disease, and HIV/AIDS is a disease that has treatment, both have reached millions of people around the world, including Brazil, where the state of Bahia stands out for its high infection rates. This picture is intensified when the notifications according to race/skin color are observed, since there is a large number of cases among young black people. This dissertation intends to analyze the spatiotemporal dynamics of hospitalization rates for syphilis and HIV/AIDS in adults, in the Health Regions of Bahia, from 2000 to 2020. The data came from the Hospital Information System (SIH), made available by the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (DATASUS), and the population and race/skin color data came from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). Analyzes involved both descriptive measures and temporal trend, autocorrelation, and cross-correlation. In the meantime, the detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) method was used to characterize this autocorrelation and identify the persistence in the time series; the cross-correlation coefficient ρDCCA, to measure the cross-correlation between the series; and the moving average, to characterize the trend. Descriptive analysis was also performed, with the estimation of the temporal trend by the linear regression model, with Prais-Winsten (PW) correction. In the period from 2000 to 2020, 16,454 hospitalizations were registered, with 3.2% for syphilis and 96.8% for HIV/AIDS. Regarding the time-based study, a persistent behavior (αDFA > 0.50) and a weak negative correlation (< 0.20) were identified between both the syphilis and the HIV/AIDS rates, and only the autocorrelation for syphilis was statistically significant. Young black people constituted most hospitalized subjects, with a general mean age of 39.2 years, with a female prevalence for syphilis (60.5%) and a male for HIV/AIDS (61.8%). The highest rates of syphilis were found in the health regions of Itabuna, Ilhéus, Paulo Afonso, and Salvador. The behavior of syphilis was statistically significant (p-value < 0.05), with an average annual percent change (AAPC) of 14.1% (ß1 > 0 and p-value < 0.05), which denotes an increasing trend. For HIV/AIDS cases, the highest rates were observed in the regions of Salvador, Camaçari, Teixeira de Freitas, and Seabra. There was no statistical significance for HIV/AIDS (p-value > 0.05), with an AAPC of 1.6% (ß1 > 0 and p-value < 0.05), which also indicates an increasing trend. We hope that, with this research, it will be possible to contribute not only to the updating of knowledge about syphilis and HIV/AIDS infection in adults, but mainly to constructing indicators, and planning and strengthening public health policies, with an emphasis on surveillance systems of the state of Bahia.
La sífilis y la infección por el virus del VIH son importantes problemas de salud pública, dadas las altas tasas de morbimortalidad y el impacto que llevan a los programas y políticas de salud pública, tanto de forma aislada como en relación con la coinfección. Si bien la sífilis es una enfermedad curable y el VIH/sida, una enfermedad tratable, ambas han afectado a millones de personas en el mundo, y en Brasil destaca el estado de Bahía por sus altas tasas de infección. Este cuadro se intensifica aún más cuando se observan las notificaciones según raza/color de piel, en que hay un gran número de casos entre jóvenes negros. Esta tesis pretende analizar la dinámica espaciotemporal de las tasas de hospitalización por sífilis y VIH/sida en adultos, en las regiones de salud de Bahía (Brasil), en el período de 2000 a 2020. Los datos provienen del Sistema de Información Hospitalaria (SIH) que dispone el Departamento de Informática del Sistema Único de Salud (DATASUS); mientras que los datos de población y raza/color de piel se obtuvieron del Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística (IBGE). Los análisis incluyeron medidas descriptivas y tendencias temporales, autocorrelación y correlación cruzada. Por su parte, se realizó el método detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) para caracterizar esta autocorrelación e identificar la persistencia en la serie temporal; el coeficiente de correlación cruzada ρDCCA para medir la correlación cruzada entre las series, así como la media móvil para caracterizar la tendencia. También se realizó un análisis descriptivo, con la estimación de la tendencia temporal mediante el modelo de regresión lineal, con corrección de Prais-Winsten (PW). De 2000 a 2020 se registraron 16.454 hospitalizaciones, el 3,2% por sífilis y el 96,8% por VIH/sida. En cuanto al estudio de base temporal, se identificó un comportamiento persistente (αDFA > 0,50) y una correlación negativa débil (< 0,20) tanto entre las tasas de sífilis como de VIH/sida, y solo es estadísticamente significativa la autocorrelación por sífilis. Los jóvenes negros son mayoría entre los individuos hospitalizados, cuyo promedio general de edad es de 39,8 años, con predominancia de mujeres con sífilis (60,5%) y de varones con VIH/sida (61,8%). Las mayores tasas de sífilis se encontraron en las regiones sanitarias de Itabuna, Ilhéus, Paulo Afonso y Salvador. El comportamiento de la sífilis fue estadísticamente significativo (p-valor < 0,05), con una variación porcentual anual (VPA) del 14,1% (ß1 > 0 y p-valor < 0,05), lo que apunta a una tendencia creciente. Para los casos de VIH/sida, las tasas más altas se observaron en las regiones de Salvador, Camaçari, Teixeira de Freitas y Seabra. No hubo significación estadística para el VIH/sida (p-valor > 0,05), con un VPA del 1,6% (ß1 > 0 y p-valor < 0,05), lo que también indica una tendencia creciente. Se espera que con esta investigación se pueda contribuir no solo a la actualización de conocimientos sobre la infección por sífilis y VIH/sida en adultos, sino principalmente a la construcción de indicadores, planificación y fortalecimiento de políticas públicas de salud, con énfasis en los sistemas de vigilancia en el estado de Bahía.
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INTRODUCTION: The transformation of data into information is important to support decision making and, thus, to induce improvements in healthcare services. The regionalized organization of healthcare systems is necessary to ensure the integrity of citizen care. From this perspective, the creation of mechanisms to guide and assess the behavior of a healthcare services network becomes necessary. However, these mechanisms must consider the interaction between different municipalities. The objective of this study is to apply network analysis as a supporting tool in the Brazilian Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde-SUS) management. METHODS: The stages of the proposed method are described and applied in a real situation, analyzing the intermunicipal interaction network for cardiovascular surgery in the municipality of Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil, from 2008 to 2020. The metrics analyzed were journeys indices, flow of patients and distance of the journeys, considering the journeys from and to the municipality in focus. RESULT: There was an increase of the incoming flow and in-degree indices combined with a decrease in outgoing flow, showing the growing importance of this municipality as a provider of these services. CONCLUSION: The method used in the study has potential to be adopted as a management tool to assess the behavior of the interactions network of the selected service, aiding the regionalized organization of the healthcare system.
Subject(s)
Cardiac Surgical Procedures , Delivery of Health Care , Humans , Brazil , Government Programs , CitiesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Race and gender inequities in the incidence of hypertension (HTN) are well documented; however, few empirical investigations looked into these associations, considering the synergies and heterogeneous experiences of intersectional gender and race/skin colour groups. This study investigated the association of intersectional identities defined by gender and race/skin colour with HTN incidence, and verified whether they are affected by educational level in adulthood. DESIGN: We used the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) data to estimate the incidence of HTN between visits 1 (2008-2010) and 2 (2012-2014), in 8528 participants without hypertension at visit 1. HTN was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140â mmHg, or diastolic blood pressure ≥90â mmHg, or use of antihypertensive drugs. Generalized linear models with Poisson distribution and log link function were used to assess the associations. RESULTS: The incidence of HTN was 43.4/1000 person-years, ranging from 30.5/1000 in White women to 59.4/1000 in Black men. After adjusting by age and family history of HTN, the incidence rate ratio (IRR) was higher in Black men (2.25; 95%CI: 1.65-3.08), Brown (Pardo) men (1.89; 95%CI: 1.59-2.25), Black women (1.85; 95%CI: 1.50-2.30), Brown (Parda) women (1.47; 95%CI: 1.31-1.67) and White men (1.76; 95%CI: 1.49-2.08), compared to White women. These associations were maintained even after considering socioeconomic, behavioural and health mediators in the model. No interaction was found between education level and intersectional identities in the IRRs observed. CONCLUSION: By using an intersectional approach, we showed the complex relations between race/skin colour and gender inequities in the incidence of HTN, pointing not only that Black men have the highest risk of developing HTN, but also that the risk of HTN is greater in Black women than in White men, when compared to White women.
Subject(s)
Hypertension , Skin Pigmentation , Adult , Male , Humans , Female , Longitudinal Studies , Incidence , Risk Factors , Hypertension/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Este artigo tem como objetivo caracterizar a rede de internações das pessoas com Diabetes mellitus, segundo a região de saúde de residência e atendimento, no período de 2010 a 2017 no estado da Bahia. Para tanto, escolheu-se o método de estudo ecológico modelado por meio da teoria das redes, em que a população de estudo é representada pelas ocorrências de internações por diabetes em hospitais do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Verificou-se que todas as regiões de saúde da Bahia apresentaram fluxo de saída e de entrada diferentes de zero em pelo menos um ano. A maior média de grau de entrada foi em Salvador e a menor em Paulo Afonso. A região com maior grau de saída foi Salvador e a menor foi Teixeira de Freitas. A maior distância média em toda a série histórica foi Teixeira de Freitas e a menor Camaçari. Assim, conclui-se que a caracterização da rede de internação pode auxiliar no processo de planejamento e diagnóstico sobre o funcionamento desta rede.
This article aimed to characterize the network of hospitalizations of people with diabetes mellitus, according to the health region of residence and care, from 2010 to 2017 in the state of Bahia. To that end, the method of ecological study modeled by the theory of networks, in which the study population is represented by the occurrences of hospitalizations for diabetes in hospitals of the Unified health system (SUS), was chosen. All health regions in Bahia showed a non-zero outflow and inflow in at least one year. The highest average inflow degree was in Salvador and the lowest in Paulo Afonso. The region with the highest outflow degree was Salvador and the lowest was Teixeira de Freitas. The longest average distance in the entire historical series was Teixeira de Freitas and the shortest, Camaçari. In conclusion, the characterization of the hospitalization network can assist in the process of planning and diagnosing the functioning of this network.
Este artículo pretende caracterizar la red de hospitalizaciones de personas con diabetes mellitus según la región de salud de residencia y atención, en el periodo de 2010 a 2017, en el estado de Bahía (Brasil). Para ello, se utilizó el estudio ecológico modelado por la teoría de redes, en el que la población de estudio son las ocurrencias de hospitalizaciones por diabetes en hospitales del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). Se constató que todas las regiones sanitarias de Bahía tuvieron una salida y una entrada distintas de cero en al menos un año. La nota media más alta fue en Salvador, y la más baja, en Paulo Afonso. La región con mayor grado de producción fue Salvador, y la más baja, Teixeira de Freitas. La distancia media más larga de toda la serie histórica fue Teixeira de Freitas, y la más corta, Camaçari. Se concluye que la caracterización de la red de hospitalización puede ayudar en el proceso de planificación y diagnóstico del funcionamiento de esta red.
Subject(s)
Regional Health Planning , Unified Health System , Diabetes Mellitus , Health Services Accessibility , HospitalizationABSTRACT
Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar as hospitalizações por sífilis e HIV/aids nas regiões de saúde da Bahia, segundo aspectos temporais e espaciais, no período de 2008 a 2020. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico misto, realizado com dados de internações do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares (SIH). Os aspectos populacionais e de raça/cor foram obtidos do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). A análise descritiva dos dados e a estimativa de tendência temporal foram executadas por meio do modelo de regressão linear simples com correção de Prais-Winsten. Houve 372 internações por sífilis, com prevalência entre os jovens de 18 a 28 anos (32,5%) e da raça/cor negra (89,6%). As maiores taxas de sífilis foram encontradas nas regiões de saúde de Itabuna, Ilhéus, Paulo Afonso e Salvador. Quanto à tendência temporal, o comportamento da sífilis foi estatisticamente significante (p-valor < 0,05). Para HIV/aids, foram contabilizadas 10.281 internações, com destaque para os sujeitos de 29 a 39 anos (39,0%) e para a raça/cor negra (86,8%). Houve prevalência das taxas médias nas regiões de Salvador, Camaçari, Teixeira de Freitas e Seabra. Porém, não houve significância estatística para a tendência temporal de HIV/aids (p-valor > 0,05). Nota-se a vulnerabilidade dos jovens negros em relação às infecções estudadas nas regiões de saúde da Bahia. Esses achados podem ser relacionados ao comportamento sexual, bem como à falta de acesso a informações, métodos de prevenção e serviços de saúde a partir da atenção básica.
This study analyzes syphilis and HIV/AIDS hospitalizations in the Health Regions of Bahia, according to temporal and spatial aspects, from 2008 to 2020. A mixed ecological research was conducted using hospitalization data collected from the Information System Hospital (SIH). Population and race/ethnicity data were obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). Descriptive data analysis and temporal trend estimation were performed by simple linear regression model with Prais-Winsten correction. From 2008 to 2020, the SIH recorded 372 hospitalizations for syphilis, especially among black youth (89.6%) aged 18 to 28 years (32.5%). The health regions of Itabuna, Ilhéus, Paulo Afonso and Salvador presented the highest syphilis rates. As for the temporal trend, syphilis showed a statistically significant behavior (p-value < 0.05). Regarding HIV/AIDS, the SIH recorded 10,281 admissions, mainly among black adults (86.8%) aged 29 to 39 years (39.0%). The health regions of Salvador, Camaçari, Teixeira de Freitas and Seabra presented mean HIV/AIDS rates. However, the temporal trend of HIV/AIDS showed no statistical significance (p-value > 0.05). Such results point to the vulnerability of black youth to syphilis and HIV/AIDS infections in the Health Regions of Bahia. These findings can be explained by the patient's sexual behavior, as well as the lack of access to information, prevention methods, and primary care services.
Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar internaciones por sífilis y VIH/sida en las regiones de salud de Bahía (Brasil) según aspectos temporales y espaciales, en el periodo de 2008 a 2020. Se trata de un estudio ecológico mixto, realizado con datos de internaciones del Sistema de Información Hospitalario (SIH). Los aspectos de población y raza/color de piel se obtuvieron del Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística (IBGE). Se realizó el análisis descriptivo de los datos, así como la estimación de la tendencia temporal, a través del modelo de regresión lineal simple con corrección de Prais-Winsten. Hubo 372 hospitalizaciones por sífilis, con prevalencia entre jóvenes de entre 18 y 28 años de edad (32,5%) y de raza/color negra (89,6%). Las mayores tasas de sífilis se encontraron en las regiones sanitarias de Itabuna, Ilhéus, Paulo Afonso y Salvador. En cuanto a la tendencia temporal, el comportamiento de la sífilis fue estadísticamente significativo (p-valor < 0,05). Para VIH/sida, hubo 10.281 hospitalizaciones, con destaque para sujetos de 29 a 39 años de edad (39,0%) y raza/color negra (86,8%). Hubo prevalencia de tasas medias en las regiones de salud de Salvador, Camaçari, Teixeira de Freitas y Seabra. Sin embargo, no hubo significación estadística para la tendencia temporal del VIH/sida (valor p > 0,05). La vulnerabilidad de los jóvenes negros a las infecciones del estudio es constatada en las regiones de salud de Bahía. Estos hallazgos pueden relacionarse con el comportamiento sexual, la falta de acceso a la información, los métodos de prevención y los servicios de salud desde la atención primaria.
Subject(s)
Humans , Young AdultABSTRACT
This study aimed to assess the impact of the Bolsa Familia Program on perinatal outcomes of pregnant women. A cohort study was conducted with pregnant women supported by prenatal services at 17 Family Health Units in Bahia, Brazil. A previously tested structured questionnaire, which has sociodemographic, economic, prenatal care, lifestyle, and nutritional variables, has been used to collect data. The outcomes included premature birth and low birth weight. A hierarchical conceptual model was constructed, and logistic regression analysis was performed. From a total of 1173 pregnant women, the identified average age was 25.44 years and 34.10% had pre-gestational overweight. The non-beneficiary pregnant women presented a 1.54 (95% CI = 0.46-5.09) times higher chance of giving birth to children with low weight and a 1.03 (95% CI = 95% CI = 0.53-2.00) times chance of premature birth when compared to the beneficiary group. In the multilevel model, some variables were statistically significant, such as age between 18 and 24 years (p = 0.003), age greater than or equal to 35 years (p = 0.025), family income (p = 0.008), employment status (p = 0.010), and maternal height (p = 0.009). The Bolsa Familia Program, as an integrated strategy of social inclusion and economic development, is suggested to exert a protective effect on the health of mother-concept binomial.