Relationship between adherence to diet, glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 1 diabetes: a nationwide survey in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: To determine the relationship between adherence to the diet reported by patients with type 1 diabetes under routine clinical care in Brazil, and demographic, socioeconomic status, glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional, multicenter study conducted between December 2008 and December 2010 in 28 public clinics in 20 Brazilian cities. The data was obtained from 3,180 patients, aged 22 ± 11.8 years (56.3% females, 57.4% Caucasians and 43.6% non-Caucasians). The mean time since diabetes diagnosis was 11.7 ± 8.1 years. RESULTS: Overall, 1,722 (54.2%) of the patients reported to be adherent to the diet without difference in gender, duration of diabetes and socioeconomic status. Patients who reported adherence to the diet had lower BMI, HbA1c, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, non HDL-cholesterol and diastolic blood pressure and had more HbA1c at goal, performed more frequently self-monitoring of blood glucose (p < 0.001), and reported less difficulties to follow specific schedules of diet plans (p < 0.001). Less patients who reported to be adherent were obese or overweight (p = 0.005). The quantity of food and time schedule of the meals were the most frequent complaints. Logistic regression analysis showed that ethnicity, (Caucasians, (OR 1.26 [1.09-1.47]), number of medical clinical visits in the last year (OR 1.10 [1.06-1.15]), carbohydrate counting, (OR 2.22 [1.49-3.30]) and diets recommended by diabetes societies', (OR 1.57 [1.02-2.41]) were related to greater patients' adherence (p < 0.05) and age, [adolescents (OR 0.60 [0.50-0.72]), high BMI (OR 0.58 [0.94-0.98]) and smoking (OR 0.58 [0.41-0.84]) with poor patients' adherence (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that it is necessary to rethink medical nutrition therapy in order to help patients to overcome barriers that impair an optimized adherence to the diet.

Você pensa em infarto muscular no paciente diabético? / Muscle infarction: do you think about it in a diabetic patient?

O infarto muscular diabético (IMD) é uma complicação incomum do diabetes (DM) de longa duração. Esta condição pode ocorrer em pacientes com DM tipo 1 ou 2 mal controlados, com presença de microangiopatia. O quadro clínico é de dor aguda e intensa com edema do músculo afetado, que persiste por muitas semanas e tem melhora espontânea. Apesar de incerta, a etiologia é atribuída à microangiopatia com oclusão das pequenas artérias. É diagnosticado por biópsia, embora os achados em T2 na ressonância magnética sejam típicos. O tratamento de escolha é analgesia apropriada, repouso no leito e cuidadoso controle metabólico. Relatamos 3 casos de IMD admitidos em um hospital geral que não foram de imediato diagnosticados, levando a conduta e tratamentos inadequados. Enfatizamos os aspectos clínico, de imagem e histológico do IMD, permitindo o diagnóstico precoce desta condição incomum, evitando tratamento inapropriado.

[Muscle infarction: do you think when dealing with a diabetic patient?]. / Você pensa em infarto muscular no paciente diabético?

Diabetic muscle infarction (DMI) is an uncommon complication of long standing diabetes (DM). This abnormal condition may occur in poorly controlled patients with type 1 and 2 DM with established microangiopathy. Clinical presentation is usually acute with severely painful swelling of the affected muscle, which persists for many weeks and has spontaneous recovery. Albeit uncertain, its etiology is associated with microangiopathy with occlusion of small arteries. This condition is diagnosed by biopsy although results from T2 -- weight magnetic resonance are typical. Pain management, bed rest and careful metabolic control are the treatment of choice. We report 3 cases of DMI admitted to a general hospital who were initially misdiagnosed and led to inadequate treatment and management at onset of the condition. We emphasize the clinical, image and histological aspects of DMI in order to allow early awareness of this uncommon condition, avoiding unnecessary delay as well as hastening appropriate treatment.