Short-term hiit does not promote oxidative stress or muscle damage / Hiit de corto plazo no promueve estrés oxidativo o daños musculares / Hiit de curto prazo não promove estresse oxidativo ou danos musculares

ABSTRACT Introduction: High intensity interval training (HIIT) is a method that is widely used today. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of HIIT on markers of oxidative stress and muscle damage in rats. Methods: The sample consisted of 60-day-old Wistar rats, divided into two groups: a control group (n=8) and an HIIT group (n=8). The training consisted of fourteen 20-second swimming sessions (loaded with weights equivalent to 14% of their body weight) with 10-second intervals between each session, performed for 12 consecutive days. Results: HIIT induced a reduction (−17.75%) in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (an oxidative stress marker) in hepatic tissue (p=0.0482). There was also a reduction (−31.80%) in the HIIT group in the level of superoxide dismutase enzyme activity in the liver (p=0.0375). However, there were no differences between the groups in catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, the total content of SH sulfhydryls, hydroperoxides, or carbonylated proteins in the hepatic tissue. No significant differences were found in any of these markers in the gastrocnemius muscle. The muscle damage markers creatinine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase were also similar between the groups in the gastrocnemius. Conclusion: The conclusion was that that short-term HIIT does not cause oxidative stress or muscle damage. Level of evidence I; High-quality randomized clinical trial with or without statistically significant difference, but with narrow confidence intervals.

RESUMEN Introducción: El entrenamiento en intervalos de alta intensidad (HIIT) es un método muy utilizado actualmente. Objetivo: El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos del HIIT en corto plazo sobre marcadores de estrés oxidativo y daño muscular en ratones. Métodos: La muestra consistió en ratones Wistar con 60 días de edad, divididos en dos grupos: grupo control (n = 8) y grupo HIIT (n = 8). El entrenamiento consistió en catorce sesiones de natación de 20 segundos (con cargas equivalentes a 14% del peso corporal) con intervalos de 10 segundos entre cada sesión, realizadas durante 12 días consecutivos. Resultados: El HIIT indujo una reducción (-17,75%) de las sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (un marcador de estrés oxidativo) en el tejido hepático (p = 0,0482). También hubo reducción (~31,80%) en el grupo HIIT en el nivel de enzima superóxido dismutasa en el hígado (p=0,0375). Sin embargo, no hubo diferencias entre los grupos con relación a catalasa, glutatión peroxidasa, glutatión reductasa, tenor total de sulfhidrilos SH, hidroperóxidos o proteínas carboniladas en el tejido hepático. No fue encontrada ninguna diferencia significativa en ninguno de esos marcadores en el músculo gastrocnemio. Los marcadores de lesión muscular, creatinina quinasa y lactato deshidrogenasa también fueron similares entre los grupos en el gastrocnemio. Conclusión: Fue posible concluir que el HIIT de corta duración no causa estrés oxidativo o daño muscular. Nivel de evidencia I; Estudio clínico aleatorizado de alta calidad con o sin diferencia estadísticamente significativa, pero con intervalos de información estrechos.

RESUMO Introdução: O treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) é um método muito utilizado atualmente. Objetivo: O presente estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos do HIIT em curto prazo sobre marcadores de estresse oxidativo e dano muscular em ratos. Métodos: A amostra consistiu em ratos Wistar com 60 dias de idade, divididos em dois grupos: grupo controle (n = 8) e grupo HIIT (n = 8). O treinamento consistiu em quatorze sessões de natação de 20 segundos (com cargas equivalentes a 14% do peso corporal) com intervalos de 10 segundos entre cada sessão, realizadas por 12 dias consecutivos. Resultados: O HIIT induziu uma redução (-17,75%) das substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (um marcador de estresse oxidativo) no tecido hepático (p = 0,0482). Houve também redução (-31,80%) no grupo HIIT no nível de enzima superóxido dismutase no fígado (p = 0,0375). No entanto, não houve diferenças entre os grupos com relação a catalase, glutationa peroxidase, glutationa redutase, teor total de sulfidrilas SH, hidroperóxidos ou proteínas carboniladas no tecido hepático. Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada em qualquer um desses mascadores no músculo gastrocnêmio. Os marcadores de lesão muscular, creatinina quinase e lactato desidrogenase, também foram semelhantes entre os grupos no gastrocnêmio. Conclusão: Foi possível concluir que o HIIT de curta duração não causa estresse oxidativo ou dano muscular. Nível de evidência I; Estudo clínico randomizado de alta qualidade com ou sem diferença estatisticamente significante, mas com intervalos de informação estreitos.

Biomarker responses of cardiac oxidative stress to high intensity interval training in rats

Abstract Aim: The present study aimed to verify the cardiac oxidative stress biomarker responses to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in rats. Methods: Sixteen male Wistar rats weighing 250 to 300 g were equally divided into two groups (8 animals/group): sedentary control (SC) and trained group (HIIT). The exercise protocol consisted of high-intensity swimming (14% of body weight, 20 s of activity with 10 s of pause performed 14 times) which was performed for 12 consecutive days. Results: The cardiac tissue concentrations of malondialdehyde and carbonylated proteins showed no significant changes; on the other hand, hydroperoxide levels were higher in the HIIT group than in the SC group. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase enzymes and the levels of reduced glutathione and sulfhydryl remained unchanged. Conclusion: It is possible to conclude that short-term high-intensity interval training induces changes in the cardiac oxidative stress biomarker but with no effect on the antioxidant enzymes.

Effects of 12 Weeks of Resistance Training on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in School Adolescents.

Background and objectives: The practice of physical exercise, especially resistance exercise, is important for the treatment and/or prevention of cardiovascular risk factors in adult individuals. However, there are few studies on its effects on adolescent individuals. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of applying a 12-week resistance training program on cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents. Materials and Methods: Thus, 122 adolescents aged 13-16 years of both genders participated in the study from school in the city of Lagarto, Sergipe (SE), Brazil, divided into two groups: Control Group (CG) and Group undergoing resistance training (RTG). Blood collection and anthropometric measurements were performed before and after the 12-week resistance training program (RTP). Results: After 12 weeks of the RTP in the adolescents, there was a reduction in the triglyceride variables (9.55%, p = 0.0286), Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL) (5.42%, p = 0.0244), non-High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL) (5.40%, p = 0.0019), blood glucose (6.71%, p = 0.0040), systolic blood pressure (10.13%, p < 0.0001), as well as an increase in the body weight variable (1.73%, p = 0.0003). Conclusions: It was concluded that a 12-week RTP can prevent and/or alleviate the development of several chronic degenerative diseases in adulthood and that resistance training is important for maintaining the health of adolescents.

Ethanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction of Coutoubea spicata attenuate hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and muscle damage in alloxan-induced diabetic rats subjected to resistance exercise training program.

Gentianaceae family (such as Coutoubea spicata) contains iridoids and flavonoids with antidiabetic properties. However, there is no information available about the antidiabetic effects of C. spicata when combined with resistance exercise training (RET). This study evaluated the effects of the ethanolic extract (EE) and ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) of C. spicata on biochemical markers, muscle damage, and oxidative stress in diabetic rats submitted to RET. Alloxan-induced diabetic rats were distributed into 4 groups (each group, n = 8) treated with distilled water (TD), EE, EAF, or metformin and submitted to RET. Two groups without the disease (each group, n = 8) (sedentary control and trained control), as well as a sedentary diabetic group (n = 8) were included. Body weight and glycemia were evaluated weekly. After 30 days, lipid/lipoprotein profile, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, muscle damage ((creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)), and oxidative stress (malondialdehyde (MDA), sulfhydryl groups (SH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power) were evaluated. MDA and SH for pancreas, liver, heart, and muscle were evaluated. C. spicata extract and fraction combined with RET recovered body weight and reduced glycemia, muscle damage (CK: 36.83% and 21.45%; LDH: 49.83% and 68.55%), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (70.63%; 59.18%) and improved redox status (MDA: 50.33%, 39.74%; and SH: 53.97%; 76.41%), respectively, when compared with the TD group. C. spicata plus RET promoted anti-hyperglycemic, lipid-reducing, and antioxidant effects in diabetic rats. Novelty C. spicata presents anti-hyperglycemic and lipid-lowering effects potentiated by RET. C. spicata reduces muscle injury and increases antioxidant defense.

Analysis of the Physiological and Metabolic Responses between Two Types of Training in Wistar Rats / Análise das respostas fisiológicas e metabólicas entre dois tipos de treinamento em ratos wistar

Abstract This study analyzed the responses of 24 sessions of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Continuous Moderate (CM) on tissue damage, oxidative stress and glycemic profile of rats in liquid medium. Twenty-four Wistar rats participated, divided into three groups: sedentary (GSED), the one who performed the HIIT (GHIIT) and the one who performed the CM (GCM). Performed three times a week alternately for 8 weeks, and the GHIIT performed 20 seconds of exercise for 10 rest. The CM was a moderate intensity swim. GHIIT increased creatine kinase compared to GSED (GSED: 140.40 + 35.48 U / I; GHIIT: 442.60 + 8.35 U / I; p = 0.0008, representing a percentage increase of 215.24); lactate dehydrogenase was increased in GHIIT and GCM compared to GSED (GSED: 112.8 + 28.08 U / I; GHIIT: 250.9 + 70.67 U / I, a percentage increase of 122.42; GCM: 241.8 + 100.70 U / I, with a percentage increase 114.36; p = 0.006), in contrast, GHIIT increased non-oxidized liver sulfhydryls compared to GCM (GHIIT: 498.70 + 214.30 nmol / ml; GCM: 270.50 + 104.40 nmol / ml, the percentage change was 84.36; p = 0.03). There was greater glycemic maintenance in the GCM (p = 0.0002). It is concluded that the protocols of HIIT and CM, of this study, point to a possible tissue injury, in contrast, HIIT develops the adaptive capacity of the hepatic antioxidant system and the CM promotes greater glycemic support.

Resumo Este estudo analisou as respostas de 24 sessões de High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) e Contínuo Moderado (CM) sobre a lesão tecidual, estresse oxidativo e perfil glicêmico de ratos em meio líquido. Participaram 24 ratos Wistar, divididos em três grupos: sedentário (GSED), o que fez o HIIT (GHIIT) e o que executou o CM (GCM). Realizados três vezes semanais alternadamente por 8 semanas, sendo que o GHIIT executou 20 segundos de exercício por 10 de descanso. O CM foi um nado de intensidade moderada. O GHIIT aumentou a creatina quinase em relação ao GSED (GSED: 140.40 ± 35.48 U/I; GHIIT: 442.60 ± 8.35 U/I; p=0.0008, representando um aumento percentual de 215.24); a lactato desidrogenase foi aumentada no GHIIT e GCM em relação ao GSED (GSED: 112.8 ± 28.08 U/I; GHIIT: 250.9 ± 70.67 U/I, um aumento percentual de 122.42; GCM: 241.8 ± 100.70 U/I, com aumento percentual de 114.36; p=0.006), em contrapartida, o GHIIT aumentou as sulfidrilas hepáticas não oxidadas em relação ao GCM (GHIIT: 498.70 ± 214.30 nmol/ml; GCM: 270.50 ± 104.40 nmol/ml, a variação percentual foi de 84.36; p=0.03). Houve maior manutenção glicêmica no GCM (p=0.0002). Conclui-se que os protocolos de HIIT e CM, deste estudo, apontam para a uma possível lesão tecidual, em contrapartida, o HIIT desenvolve a capacidade de adaptação do sistema antioxidante hepático e o CM promove uma sustentação glicêmica maior.

Influence of antihypertensive pharmacological treatment on the acute cardiovascular responses to the resistance exercise in hypertensive middle-aged women

Abstract Aim: To investigate the hypothesis that the resistance exercise (RE) may be safer if the blood pressure (BP) is properly controlled through antihypertensive pharmacological treatment in hypertensive middle-aged women. Methods: The final sample was comprised of 19 hypertensive women, with an average age of 58±5 years and a body mass index of 29±5 Kg/m2. They were divided into three groups: controlled (n=6), uncompensated (n=8), and untreated (n=5). The subjects from all groups were submitted to a test of maximal strength on extensor chair and held a session of RE (knee extension, 3x12 to 60% 1RM) and the cardiovascular response (BP and heart rate) was monitored continuously by photoplethysmography during exercise and until five minutes after exercise (recovery). Results: Systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) responses were lower in the controlled group compared to the other groups (p<0.05). The heart rate was not different between groups, while the double product was lower in the controlled group compared to the untreated group (p<0.05). The SBP and DBP peaks were lower in the controlled group compared to the other groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: The BP increases significantly during RE when the hypertension is not controlled. Pharmacological control was shown to be effective in preventing the increase of BP during the performance of the RE.

O Efeito Hipotensor do Exercício Aeróbico: uma Breve Revisão / The Hypotensive Effect of Aerobic Exercise: a Short Review

Uma das principais causas de morte no Brasil está associadaa problemas cardiovasculares. A redução dos valorespressóricos, mesmo em sujeitos normotensos, é umimportante fator para minimizar o risco de doença cardíaca.Uma forma bem aceita para tratamento da Hipertensão Arterialé a prevenção primária com a execução de exercícios físicosque, segundo a literatura, diminuem os níveis pressóricos derepouso em indivíduos hipertensos. Objetivou-se na presenterevisão verificar a influência do exercício físico aeróbico nocomportamento da pressão arterial de indivíduos hipertensos,discutindo os aspectos fisiológicos envolvidos na reduçãopressórica e ratificando os benefícios e as característicasdo exercício físico aeróbico na promoção da saúde nessesindivíduos. Para tanto, buscou-se construir esse artigorevisando a literatura que versa sobre a questão. Algunsrelatos presentes nesta revisão demonstraram que o exercícioaeróbio, seja de forma aguda ou crônica, parece diminuir osníveis de PA em indivíduos normotensos e especialmentenos hipertensos. Existem evidências para considerar que oexercício aeróbio serve como estratégia terapêutica nãofarmacológica e de modificação do estilo de vida, essencialpara a prevenção, tratamento e controle da hipertensão...

One of the major causes of death in Brazil is associated withcardiovascular problems. The reduction of pressure levels,even in normotensive people, is an important factor to minimizethe risk of heart disease. A well accepted way for treatingarterial hypertension is primary prevention with the executionof physical exercises that, according to literature, decreasepressure levels at rest in hypertensive individuals. This reviewis proposed to check the influence of aerobic exercise onblood pressure behavior in hypertensive individuals,discussing the physiological aspects involved in pressurereduction and ratifying the benefits and characteristics ofaerobic exercise on health promotion. Accordingly, it wassought to build this article by reviewing the literature thatdeals with such issue. Some reports presented in this reviewhave showed that aerobic exercise, either acute or chronic,appears to decrease blood pressure levels in normotensiveand particularly in hypertensive patients. There is evidenceto believe that aerobic exercise serves as a nonpharmacologicaltreatment strategy and may change lifestyle,what is essential for the prevention, treatment and control ofhypertension...

Aptidão física em escolares de Aracaju / Physical fitness in scholchildren in Aracaju

O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever a aptidão física relacionada à saúde e os efeitos do crescimento e maturação sobre as variáveis analisadas, em crianças e adolescentes de escolas públicas municipais na cidade de Aracaju (SE). A amostra foi composta por 288 estudantes do ensino fundamental, dos quais 146 eram do sexo masculino e 142 do sexo feminino, com idades entre 10 e 14 anos. Foram observadas as variáveis: massa corporal, estatura, flexibilidade, força/resistência muscular localizada e capacidade aeróbia. Como procedimentos de análise de dados, utilizaram-se a estatística descritiva e teste t de Student para grupos independentes, utilizando-se nível de significância de 5% (p <0,05). Os resultados evidenciaram baixas variações significativas quando comparados ambos os sexos, exceto aos 11, 12 e 13 anos de idade, com relação à resistência abdominal, aos 12 anos, com relação à força/resistência de braços e a capacidade aeróbia (VO2max) aos 10, 12 e 14 anos, todos em favor do sexo masculino. Com relação à interferência da maturação sexual, encontraram-se diferenças significativas somente na flexibilidade do sexo masculino e no VO2max em ambos os sexos.

This study aimed to describe the health-related physical fitness of adolescents from public schools in the city of Aracaju, SE, Brazil, and the effects of growth and maturation on physical variables. The sample was composed of 288 elementary school students, 146 of whom were male and 142 female, aged between 10 and 14 years. The following variables were measured: body mass, height, flexibility, muscle strength/endurance and aerobic capacity. Descriptive statistics and Student?s t test for independent samples were used for data analysis, adopting a 5% significance level (p <0.05). When the results from the two sexes were compared, significant low variations were observed, always in favor of the males, in all variables with the exception of abdominal strength at 11, 12 and 13 years of age, strength/resistance of arms at 12 years and aerobic capacity (VO2max) at 10, 12 and 14 years, for all of which differences were not significant. Sexual maturity only had an effect on fl exibility in males and VO2max in both sexes.