Cardiotoxic Effects Produced by Omeprazole and Methylene Blue in an Animal Model of Cardiac Ischemia and Reperfusion and Potential Implications for the Pharmacological Strategy for Vasoplegic Syndrome.

Defined as systemic hypotension caused by intense vasodilation due to the loss of systemic vascular resistance, vasoplegic syndrome (VS) is associated with elevated morbidity and mortality in humans. Although vasopressors such as norepinephrine and vasopressin are the first-choice drugs for VS treatment, several other drugs such as methylene blue (MB) can be used as adjuvant therapy including rescue therapy. To develop new pharmacological strategies to reduce the risk of VS, we investigated the effects of treatments with MB (2 mg/kg/IV), omeprazole (OME, 10 mg/kg/IV), and their combination in an animal model of cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (CIR). The ventricular arrhythmia (VA), atrioventricular block (AVB), and lethality (LET) incidence rates caused by CIR (evaluated via ECG) and serum levels of the cardiac lesion biomarkers creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and troponin I (TnI) in adult rats pretreated with saline solution 0.9% and submitted to CIR (SS + CIR group) were compared to those pretreated with MB (MB + CIR group), OME (OME + CIR group), or the MB + OME combination (MB + OME + CIR group). The AVB and LET incidence rates in the MB + CIR (100%), OME + CIR (100%), and MB + OME + CIR (100%) groups were significantly higher compared to the SS + CIR group (60%). The serum level of CK-MB in these groups were also significantly higher compared to the SS + CIR group, demonstrating that the treatments before CIR with MB, OME, and MB + OME produced similar effects in relation to cardiac function and the occurrence of lesions. These results demonstrate that the treatment of animals subjected to the CIR protocol with OME produced the same effects promoted by the treatment with MB, which may suggest the possibility of using OME alone or in combination with MB in medical clinics in treatment of VS.

Evaluation of quality and utility of YouTube vitreoretinal surgical videos.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the utility and quality of surgical videos posted on the main retinal YouTube channels by surgeons at different career stages and assessed how well the steps of the vitrectomy videos conformed to the parameters in the Casey Eye Institute Vitrectomy Indices Tool for Skills assessment (CEIVITS) scale. METHODS: Forty-five videos were included from nine retinal YouTube channels posted from 2011 to 2021. For each surgeon, 10 videos were randomized and the utility, quality, and educational content were assessed. For each video, the surgeons also assessed how the validated CEIVITS items were presented in the videos. The surgeons were divided based on years of experience: fellows (0-3 years), young surgeons (4-10 years), and senior surgeons (more than 10 years). RESULTS: The video image quality was rated as good in 63.52% of evaluations, moderate in 30.37%, and poor in 6.11%. The quality assessment of the videos among the groups did not differ. The fellows rated the use of the videos as educational tools higher (3.99) than the young (3.87) and senior surgeons (3.47) (p < 0.0002, Kruskal-Wallis test); 34.76% of the fellows reported learning something new from the videos compared with 19.17% of the senior surgeons (p < 0.05). The CEIVITS scale item that was seen more frequently was related to core vitrectomies (72.29%) and the least represented was about checking infusion lines (80.17%). CONCLUSIONS: Vitreoretinal surgical videos are useful educational tools during all stages of surgeons' careers, and the evaluation of the quality of the images did not differ significantly among the groups, however, surgeons with expertise shorter than 10 years report significantly greater use of videos than experienced surgeons. Videos posted to the public domain on different social media, most often YouTube, are widespread and unregulated for providing complimentary surgical education. Retinal societies should formulate guidelines and improve the educational value of the surgical videos posted on the Internet. Trial Registration The Federal University of São Paulo institution's Research Ethics Committee reviewed and approved this study protocol (Approval Number, 4.726.589).

Novel OCT findings in choroidal osteoma: brief report.

The aim of this article is to report the presence of choroidal loculation of fluid and choroidal cavern in a case of choroidal osteoma, previously undescribed in this disease.

Mathematical methods to model rodent behavior in the elevated plus-maze.

The elevated plus maze is a widely used experimental test to study anxiety-like rodent behavior. It is made of four arms, two open and two closed, connected at a central area forming a plus shaped maze. The whole apparatus is elevated 50 cm from the floor. The anxiety of the animal is usually assessed by the number of entries and duration of stay in each arm type during a 5-min period. Different mathematical methods have been proposed to model the mechanisms that control the animal behavior in the maze, such as factor analysis, statistical inference on Markov chains and computational modeling. In this review we discuss these methods and propose possible extensions of them as a direction for future research.

The impact of oxygen consumption by the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei according to body weight, temperature, salinity and stocking density on pond aeration: a simulation / Impacto do consumo de oxigênio do camarão Litopenaeus vannamei em relação ao peso corporal, temperatura, salinidade na aeração do viveiro: uma simulação

A simulation was conducted to determinate the impact caused by the combination of Litopenaeus vannamei respiratory rate (mg O2 shrimp-1 h-1), the behavior of SOTR (kg O2 h-1) of mechanical aerators as a function of salinity, as well as the oxygen consumption rate of the pond water and soil (mg O2 L-1 h-1) on the aeration of shrimp ponds (1, 10, 50 and 100 ha) stocked with different densities (10, 40 and 120 shrimp m-2), salinities (1, 13, 25 and 37 ppt), temperatures (20, 25 and 30°C), and shrimp wet weight (5, 10, 15 and 20 g). Results showed that under lower salinity, with larger shrimp, and higher stocking density, higher will be the quantity of required 2-HP aerators to keep dissolved oxygen over 50% saturation. In addition, under low salinity, with 5 and 10 g shrimp, independent of stocking density, more aerators per hectare are required and electricity cost is higher at 20°C and salinity 1 ppt. Less aerators and lower electricity cost was observed at 30°C, salinities of 25 and 37 ppt, and shrimp of 15 and 20 g.

Baseado em estudos de respiração de Litopenaeus vannamei (mg O2 camarão-1 h-1), comportamento do Standard Oxygen Transfer Rate (SOTR, kg O2 h-1) de aeradores mecânicos em função da salinidade, assim como as taxas de respiração da água e do solo (mg O2 L-1 h-1), uma simulação foi realizada a fim de determinar o impacto que estas três variáveis juntas têm sobre a aeração de viveiros (1, 10, 50 e 100 ha), estocados com diferentes densidades (10, 40 e 120 camarões m-2) em salinidades de 1, 13, 25 e 37 ppm, temperaturas de 20, 25 e 30°C e peso úmido dos camarões de 5, 10, 15 e 20 g. Os resultados mostraram que em salinidades mais baixas, com animais maiores e maiores densidades de estocagem, maior será a quantidade de aeradores de 2 cv necessários para manter o oxigênio dissolvido acima de 50% da saturação. Igualmente, em baixas salinidades e com camarões de 5 e 10 g, independente da densidade de estocagem, mais aeradores por hectare serão necessários, e o custo com eletricidade é máximo em temperatura e salinidade de 20°C e 1 ppm. A menor exigência de aeradores e de eletricidade é obtida a uma temperatura de 30°C, salinidades de 25 a 37 ppm e com camarões de 15 e 20 g.

Análise epidemiológica das vítimas atendidas pelo SIATE e transportadas ao Hospital Cajuru / Epidemiological analysis of victims of accidents rescued by a prehospitalar trauma system

No período de 1º de junho a 31 de agosto de 1995 foram atendidas no Hospital Cajuru, em Curitiba, 1.337 vítimas trazidas pelo SIATE (Sistema Integrado de Atendimento ao Trauma em Emergência). Verificou-se que 35,22 por cento eram vítimas de colisao de veículos, 18,24 por cento de atropelamento, 11,74 por cento de queda e 8,07 por cento haviam sofrido acidente com motocicleta. Outras causas representaram 26,67 por cento dos atendimentos. Os homens representa 70,8 por cento das vítimas e as mulheres 29,2 por cento. A faixa etária dos 21 aos 30 anos teve 403 vítimas (30,14 por cento), seguida da dos 11 aos 20 anos com 292 vítimas (21,83 por cento) e da dos 31 aos 40 anos com 272 vítimas (20,34 por cento). Os acidentes de trânsito ocorreram com maior freqüência aos sábados. As quedas predominaram nas quartas e quintas-feiras. As colisoes ocorreram mais freqüentemente no período das 18 às 24h, enquanto que os atropelamentos, as quedas e os acidentes com motocicleta, das 12 às 18h. A cabeça e os membros inferiores foram os segmentos mais acometidos nas colisoes e nos atropelamentos. No grupo das vítimas de quedas, a cabeça e os membros superiores foram os segmentos mais atingidos. Houve aumento significativo no uso do cinto de segurança a partir do dia 1º de julho, data em que entrou em vigor a lei que tornou obrigatório o uso do cinto de segurança na cidade. As pessoas que usavam o cinto de segurança tiveram número menor de lesoes se comparadas àquelas que nao o usavam. O tronco foi um dos segmentos mais lesados nas vítimas que usavam o cinto de segurança. O capacete era usado por 52,77 por cento dos motociclistas acidentados. Os atropelamentos foram a principal causa de óbitos com sete casos, três durante deslocamento para o hospital e quatro no ambiente hospitalar. No total houve 21 óbitos (1,57 por cento). As vítimas de ferimentos penetrantes foram as que mais necessitaram de cirurgias: 77,41 por cento das de arma de fogo e 56,25 por cento das de arma branca. No trauma fechado foram as vítimas de acidentes de moto, com 27,77 por cento, as que mais necessitaram cirurgia. Foram liberadas 733 vítimas (70,83 por cento) no mesmo dia do atendimento. O número de dias de internamento variou de um a 137 dias, com média de 3,1 dias, para as vítimas que ficaram internadas.