A Cadaveric Study: Does Ankle Positioning Affect the Quality of Anatomic Syndesmosis Reduction?

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the quality of syndesmotic reduction with the ankle in maximal dorsiflexion versus neutral plantarflexion (normal resting position). METHODS: Baseline computed tomography (CT) imaging of 10 cadaveric ankle specimens from 5 donors was obtained with the ankles placed in normal resting position. Two fellowship-trained orthopaedic surgeons disrupted the syndesmosis of each ankle specimen. All ankles were then placed in neutral plantarflexion and were subsequently reduced with thumb pressure under direct visualization through an anterolateral approach and stabilized with one 0.062-inch K-wire placed from lateral to medial in a quadricortical fashion across the syndesmosis. Postreduction CT scans were then obtained with the ankle in normal resting position. This process was repeated with the ankles placed in maximal dorsiflexion during reduction and stabilization. Postreduction CT scans were then obtained with the ankles placed in normal resting position. All postreduction CT scans were compared with baseline CT imaging using mixed-effects linear regression with significance set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: Syndesmotic reduction and stabilization in maximal dorsiflexion led to increased external rotation of the fibula compared with baseline scans [13.0 ± 5.4 degrees (mean ± SD) vs. 7.5 ± 2.4 degrees, P = 0.002]. There was a tendency toward lateral translation of the fibula with the ankle reduced in maximal dorsiflexion (3.3 ± 1.0 vs. 2.7 ± 0.7 mm, P = 0.096). No other statistically significant differences between measurements of reduction with the ankle placed in neutral plantarflexion or maximal dorsiflexion compared with baseline were present (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Reducing the syndesmosis with the ankle in maximal dorsiflexion may lead to malreduction with external rotation of the fibula. There was no statistically significant difference in reduction quality with the ankle placed in neutral plantarflexion compared with baseline. Future studies should assess the clinical implications of ankle positioning during syndesmotic fixation.

Does Scheduled Low-Dose Short-Term NSAID (Ketorolac) Modulate Cytokine Levels After Orthopaedic Polytrauma? A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether scheduled low-dose, short-term ketorolac modulates cytokine concentrations in orthopaedic polytrauma patients. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of a double-blinded, randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Single Level I trauma center from August 2018 to October 2022. PATIENT SELECTION CRITERIA: Orthopaedic polytrauma patients between 18 and 75 years with a New Injury Severity Score greater than 9 were enrolled. Participants were randomized to receive 15 mg of intravenous ketorolac every 6 hours for up to 5 inpatient days or 2 mL of intravenous saline similarly. OUTCOME MEASURES AND COMPARISONS: Daily concentrations of prostaglandin E2 and interleukin (IL)-1a, IL-1b, IL-6, and IL-10. Clinical outcomes included hospital and intensive care unit length of stay, pulmonary complications, and acute kidney injury. RESULTS: Seventy orthopaedic polytrauma patients were enrolled, with 35 participants randomized to the ketorolac group and 35 to the placebo group. The overall IL-10 trend over time was significantly different in the ketorolac group ( P = 0.043). IL-6 was 65.8% higher at enrollment compared to day 3 ( P < 0.001) when aggregated over both groups. There was no significant treatment effect for prostaglandin E2, IL-1a, or IL-1b ( P > 0.05). There were no significant differences in clinical outcomes between groups ( P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Scheduled low-dose, short-term, intravenous ketorolac was associated with significantly different mean trends in IL-10 concentration in orthopaedic polytrauma patients with no significant differences in prostaglandin E2, IL-1a, IL-1b, or IL-6 levels between groups. The treatment did not have an impact on clinical outcomes of hospital or intensive care unit length of stay, pulmonary complications, or acute kidney injury. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Nonoperative Treatment of Humeral Shaft Fractures With Immediate Functional Bracing Versus Coaptation Splinting and Delayed Functional Bracing: A Retrospective Study.

OBJECTIVES: To compare radiographic and clinical outcomes in nonoperative management of humeral shaft fractures treated initially with coaptation splinting (CS) followed by delayed functional bracing (FB) versus treatment with immediate FB. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Academic Level 1 Trauma Center. PATIENT SELECTION CRITERIA: Patients with closed humeral shaft fractures managed nonoperatively with initial CS followed by delayed FB or with immediate FB from 2016 to 2022. Patients younger than 18 years and/or with less than 3 months of follow-up were excluded. OUTCOME MEASURES AND COMPARISONS: The primary outcome was coronal and sagittal radiographic alignment assessed at the final follow-up. Secondary outcomes included rate of failure of nonoperative management (defined as surgical conversion and/or fracture nonunion), fracture union, and skin complications secondary to splint/brace wear. RESULTS: Ninety-seven patients were managed nonoperatively with delayed FB (n = 58) or immediate FB (n = 39). Overall, the mean age was 49.9 years (range 18-94 years), and 64 (66%) patients were female. The immediate FB group had less smokers ( P = 0.003) and lower incidence of radial nerve palsy ( P = 0.025), with more proximal third humeral shaft fractures ( P = 0.001). There were no other significant differences in demographic or clinical characteristics ( P > 0.05). There were no significant differences in coronal ( P = 0.144) or sagittal ( P = 0.763) radiographic alignment between the groups. In total, 33 (34.0%) humeral shaft fractures failed nonoperative management, with 11 (28.2%) in the immediate FB group and 22 (37.9%) in the delayed FB group ( P = 0.322). There were no significant differences in fracture union ( P = 0.074) or skin complications ( P = 0.259) between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that nonoperative treatment of humeral shaft fractures with immediate functional bracing did not result in significantly different radiographic or clinical outcomes compared to treatment with CS followed by delayed functional bracing. Future prospective studies assessing patient-reported outcomes will further guide clinical decision making. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Morbilidad y mortalidad del cáncer infantil en un departamento del surde Colombia / Morbidity and mortality rates of childhood cancer in a southern department of Colombia / Morbidade e mortalidade por câncer infantil em um Estado do sul da Colômbia

Introducción:El cáncer infantil tiene repercusiones en la calidad de vida a corto y largo plazo de los niños afectados. En Colombia representa la tercera causa de muerte entre 1 y 14 años de edad. Objetivo:Describir la morbimortalidad por cáncer infantil en el departamento del Huila durante el periodo 2012 ­2016. Materiales y métodos:Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de tipo exploratorio en menores de 18 años con diagnóstico de cáncer durante el 2012 a 2016 en el Huila, a partir de la información obtenida del Sistema Integral de Información de la Protección Social y Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística de Colombia. Resultados:Se detectaron 568 casos de cáncer infantil durante el periodo de estudio. El 54,3% correspondía a pediátricos del sexo masculino, 39,8% con edades comprendidas entre 10 a 14 años de edad, 60,4% residentes de la zona norte del departamento. Se registraron 117 casos de mortalidad por cáncer, con mayor frecuencia entre 5-9 años de edad, del sexo masculino. Conclusiones:Se evidenció altas tasas de morbimortalidad por cáncer infantil en la zona norte del departamento, se resalta la necesidad de futuras investigaciones que puedan explicar el comportamiento de tumores infantiles y definir programas de intervención en salud.

Introduction: Childhood cancer affects the short-term and long-term quality of life of the sick children. In Colombia, this disease represents the third cause of death in children between 1 and 14 years of age. Objective: To describe morbidity and mortality rates caused by childhood cancer in the department of Huila during the 2012-2016 period. Materials and methods: A descriptive exploratory study was conducted in children under 18 years of age diagnosed with cancer from 2012 to 2016 in Huila. The information was obtained from the Integral Information System of the Social Protection Ministry and the National Administrative Department of Statistics of Colombia. Results: 568 cases of childhood cancer were identified during the study period. 54.3% corresponded to pediatric male patients, of which 39.8% were aged between 10 to 14 years and 60.4% lived in the northern area of the department. 117 deaths due to cancer were reported, the most frequent cases being male children with ages between 5 to9 years. Conclusions: High morbidity and mortality rates because of childhood cancer were identified in the northernpart of the department. This highlights the need for future research to understand the behavior of childhood tumors and define health intervention programs.

Introdução:Introdução: O câncer infantil repercute na qualidade de vida a curto e longo prazo das crianças acometidas. Na Colômbia representa a terceira causa de morte entre 1 e 14 anos de idade. Objetivo:Descrever a morbimortalidade por câncer infantil no estado de Huila durante o período 2012 -2016. Materiais e métodos:Estudo exploratório descritivo realizado em crianças menores de 18 anos diagnosticadas com câncer durante 2012 a 2016 em Huila, com base nas informações obtidas do Sistema de Informação Integral deProteção Social e do Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estatística da Colômbia. Resultados:Foram detectados 568 casos de câncer infantil no período do estudo. 54,3% correspondiam a médicos pediatras do sexo masculino, 39,8% com idade entre 10 e 14 anos, 60,4% residentes na zona norte do departamento. Foram registrados 117 casos de mortalidade por câncer, com maior frequência entre 5-9 anos de idade, do sexo masculino. Conclusões:Altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade por câncer infantil foram evidenciadas no norte do estado, destacando a necessidade de pesquisas futuras que possam explicar o comportamento dos tumores infantis e definir programas de intervenção em saúde.

Simulated keratometry and central corneal thickness measured in cats by autokeratometer, ultrasonic pachymeter, and Galilei G6™.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to compare the central corneal thickness (CCT) measured by an ultrasonic pachymeter (SP-100, Tomey, Japão) versus the Galilei G6™ (Ziemer Ophthalmics System AG, Port, Switzerland) and to compare the simulated keratometry (SimK) measured by an autokeratometer (KM 500 Nidek) versus the Galilei G6™. ANIMAL STUDIED: Eighteen mixed-breed cats, 10 males, and eight females, aged between 18 and 48 months, were evaluated (n = 36 eyes). PROCEDURE(S): The cats were manually restrained using a blanket. The operator held the autokeratometer close to the eye and measured the SimK. Next, one anesthetic eye drop was applied; the operator lightly touched the corneal using the ultrasound pachymeter and measured the CCT. At another moment, the cats were sedated using meperidine and xylazine and then evaluated using the Galilei. Student's t-test was employed to perform the statistical analyzes. RESULTS: Considering the CCT, the ultrasound pachymeter provided mean ± SD of 623.03 ± 48.17 µm and the Galilei 617.34 ± 53.38 µm. The autokeratometer produced a SimK of 38.20 ± 0.84D (8.84 ± 0.20 mm) and the Galilei 38.37 ± 0.83D (8.80 ± 0.19 mm). The CCT and SimK did not differ statistically regardless of the device used. CONCLUSION: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first work to compare the CCT measured by the Galilei versus the ultrasonic pachymeter and to compare the SimK measured by the Galilei versus the keratometer in cats. No statistical difference was found considering the CCT and the SimK measured by the different devices.

Accuracy, Reliability, and Repeatability of a Novel Artificial Intelligence Algorithm Converting Two-Dimensional Radiographs to Three-Dimensional Bone Models for Total Knee Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: With the emergence of advanced technology, such as robotics, three-dimensional (3D) imaging is necessary to execute preoperative surgical plans accurately. However, 3D imaging adds cost and potential risk to patients. This study determined the measurement accuracy, reliability, and repeatability of a novel artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm which converts two-dimensional (2D) radiographs to 3D bone models. METHODS: An AI algorithm was developed to convert 2D radiographs to 3D bone model reconstructions. The accuracy of the AI algorithm was evaluated by comparing mean absolute error in measurements performed on 3D bone reconstructions, 3D computed tomography (CT) scans, and manual measurements on five cadaveric knees. Reliability and repeatability of the AI algorithm were evaluated by assessing the inter-observer and intra-observer agreement between measurements performed on 3D bone reconstructions, respectively. RESULTS: Accuracy of the AI algorithm was considered excellent with mean absolute errors <2mm in 9 of 12 anatomical parameters compared with measurements performed on CTs and manual calipers. All inter-observer and intra-observer correlation coefficients were greater than 0.90 representing a high level of measurement reliability and repeatability by independent observers and the same observers. CONCLUSION: This particular AI algorithm demonstrated a high degree of accuracy, reliability, and repeatability for converting 2D radiographs to 3D bone reconstructions similar to a CT-scan. Study results suggest this AI algorithm has the potential for use in preoperative surgical planning due to its efficiencies related to cost and time and reduced radiation exposure without the use of 3D imaging.

Mechanical pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass toward enzymatic/fermentative valorization.

Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) has the potential to replace fossil fuels, thanks to the concept of biorefinery. This material is formed mainly by cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose. To maximize the valorization potential of this material, LCB needs to be pretreated. Milling is always performed before any other treatments. It does not produce chemical change and improves the efficiency of the upcoming processes. Additionally, it makes LCB easier to handle and increases bulk density and transfer phenomena of the next pretreatment step. However, this treatment is energy consuming, so it needs to be optimized. Several mills can be used, and the equipment selection depends on the characteristics of the material, the final size required, and the operational regime: continuous or batch. Among them, ball, knife, and hammer mills are the most used at the laboratory scale, especially before enzymatic or fermentative treatments. The continuous operational regime (knife and hammer mill) allows us to work with high volumes of raw material and can continuously reduce particle size, unlike the batch operating regime (ball mill). This review recollects the information about the application of these machines, the effect on particle size, and subsequent treatments. On the one hand, ball milling reduced particle size the most; on the other hand, hammer and knife milling consumed less energy. Furthermore, the latter reached a small final particle size (units of millimeters) suitable for valorization.

Dual-Scheimpflug-Placido-disc corneal analysis in cats.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the corneal topography and tomography of cats using a dual Scheimpflug and Placido disc device. ANIMAL STUDIED: Sixteen mixed-breed cats (32 eyes). PROCEDURE(S): Cats were sedated using meperidine (4.3 mg/kg/IM) and xylazine (0.5 mg/kg/IM), and evaluated using the software Galilei™. Values assessed included anterior and posterior corneal curvature, total corneal power, and corneal thickness. RESULTS: Ten males and six females aged between 18 and 48 months were evaluated. The simulated keratometry (SimK) was 38.37 ± 0.83D, mean posterior keratometry -4.89 ± 0.34D, and mean total corneal power 38.04 ± 0.94D. The mean central corneal thickness (CCT) was 617.34 ± 53.38 µm with a mean thinnest point of 583.74 ± 60.60 µm. CONCLUSION: The Galilei™ examination was feasible in cats, enabling a detailed study of the cornea. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating the corneal topography and tomography of cats using a device that integrates data from a dual Scheimpflug and Placido disc system.

Blood system ABO antigens as risk factor for severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

INTRODUCTION: Whether there is an influence of the ABO blood system on SARS-CoV-2 infection is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To analyze if there is an association between the ABO system antigens and susceptibility to and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The frequency of ABO system antigens was compared in 73 confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection and 52 clinically healthy donors. Infection severity was assessed by comparing the frequency of antigens by disease severity and mortality. RESULTS: The risk of suffering from SARS-CoV-2 infection increases in subjects with A vs. non-A antigen (OR = 1.45; 95 % CI: 1.061-1.921). Blood phenotype O reduces the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR = 0.686; 95 % CI: 0.522-0.903). No differences were found regarding disease severity. In critically ill patients, the risk of mortality increased in subjects with A vs. non-A antigen (OR = 3.34; 95 % CI: 1.417-8.159). CONCLUSION: Blood group A is a risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection, but not for disease severity, although in critically ill patients it is a risk factor for mortality.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Se desconoce si existe una influencia del sistema sanguíneo ABO en susceptibilidad y gravedad de la enfermedad. OBJETIVO: Analizar si existe una asociación entre los antígenos del sistema ABO y la susceptibilidad y gravedad de la infección por SARS-CoV-2. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se compararon las frecuencias de los antígenos del sistema ABO en 73 casos confirmados de infección por SARS-CoV-2 y 52 donadores clínicamente sanos. La gravedad de la infección se evaluó comparando la frecuencia de los antígenos por gravedad de la enfermedad y la mortalidad. RESULTADOS: El riesgo de padecer infección por SARS-CoV-2 se incrementa en sujetos con antígeno A vs los no-A (OR=1.45; IC95 %:1.061-1.921). El fenotipo sanguíneo O disminuye el riesgo de padecer infección por SARS-CoV-2 (OR=0.686; IC95 %: 0.522-0.903). No se encontraron diferencias entre la gravedad de la enfermedad. En los pacientes graves, el riesgo de mortalidad se incrementó en sujetos con antígeno A vs los no-A (OR= 3.34; IC95 %: 1.417-8.159). CONCLUSIÓN: El grupo sanguíneo A es un factor de riesgo para padecer infección por SARS-CoV-2, no así en la gravedad de la enfermedad, pero en los pacientes graves fue un factor de riesgo para la mortalidad.

Antígenos del sistema sanguíneo ABO como factor de riesgo para la gravedad de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 / Blood system ABO antigens as risk factor for severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection

Resumen Introducción: Se desconoce si existe una influencia del sistema sanguíneo ABO en susceptibilidad y gravedad de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Analizar si existe una asociación entre los antígenos del sistema ABO y la susceptibilidad y gravedad de la infección por SARS-CoV-2. Material y métodos: Se compararon las frecuencias de los antígenos del sistema ABO en 73 casos confirmados de infección por SARS-CoV-2 y 52 donadores clínicamente sanos. La gravedad de la infección se evaluó comparando la frecuencia de los antígenos por gravedad de la enfermedad y la mortalidad. Resultados: El riesgo de padecer infección por SARS-CoV-2 se incrementa en sujetos con antígeno A vs los no-A (OR=1.45; IC95 %:1.061-1.921). El fenotipo sanguíneo O disminuye el riesgo de padecer infección por SARS-CoV-2 (OR=0.686; IC95 %: 0.522-0.903). No se encontraron diferencias entre la gravedad de la enfermedad. En los pacientes graves, el riesgo de mortalidad se incrementó en sujetos con antígeno A vs los no-A (OR= 3.34; IC95 %: 1.417-8.159). Conclusión: El grupo sanguíneo A es un factor de riesgo para padecer infección por SARS-CoV-2, no así en la gravedad de la enfermedad, pero en los pacientes graves fue un factor de riesgo para la mortalidad.

Abstract Introduction: Whether there is an influence of the ABO blood system on susceptibility to the disease and its severity is unknown. Objective: To analyze if there is an association between the ABO blood system phenotypes and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and its severity. Material and methods: The frequency of ABO antigens was compared in 73 confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection and 52 clinically healthy donors. The severity of the infection was evaluated by comparing the frequency of antigens by severity of the disease and mortality. Results: The risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection is increased in subjects with antigen A vs non-A subjects (OR=1.45; 95 %: 1.061-1.921). Blood phenotype O decreases the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR= 0.686; 95 % CI: 0.522-0.903). No differences were found regarding disease severity. The mortality risk is increased in subjects antigen A vs non-A (OR= 3.34; 95% IC: 1.417-8.159). Conclusion: Blood group A is a risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection, but not for disease severity, although in critically ill patients it is a risk factor for mortality.

Irreversible incorporation of L-dopa into the C-terminus of α-tubulin inhibits binding of molecular motor KIF5B to microtubules and alters mitochondrial traffic along the axon.

L-dopa is the most effective drug used to date for management of Parkinson's disease symptoms. Unfortunately, long-term administration of L-dopa often results in development of motor disorders, including dyskinesias. Despite extensive research on L-dopa-induced dyskinesia, its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. We demonstrated previously that L-dopa can be post-translationally incorporated into the C-terminus of α-tubulin in living cells. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the presence of L-dopa-tubulin-enriched microtubules on mitochondrial traffic mediated by molecular motor KIF5B. Using biochemical approaches in combination with experiments on neuronal cell lines and mouse hippocampal primary cultures, we demonstrated that L-dopa incorporation into tubulin is irreversible. Transport of mitochondria along the axon was altered after L-dopa treatment of cells. In L-dopa-treated cells, mitochondria had reduced ability to reach the distal segment of the axon, spent more time in pause, and showed reduced velocity of anterograde movement. KIF5B motor, a member of the kinesin family involved in mitochondrial transport in neurons, showed reduced affinity for Dopa-tubulin-containing microtubules. Our findings, taken together, suggest that tyrosination state of tubulin (and microtubules) is altered by L-dopa incorporation into tubulin; the gradual increase in amount of altered microtubules affects microtubule functioning, impairs mitochondrial traffic and distribution, and this could be relevant in Parkinson's disease patients chronically treated with L-dopa.

Producción intelectual de los egresados de posgrados clínico-quirúrgicos de la Universidad Surcolombiana desde 1999 hasta 2016 / Intellectual production of physicians graduated from clinical-surgical specialisations of the Universidad Surcolombiana from 1999 to 2016

INTRODUCCIÓN: El proceso de la investigación en un pilar fundamental dentro de la formación de posgrado en el área de la medicina, ya que conlleva a que el médico residente desarrolle competencias que le permitan aplicar la medicina basada en la evidencia, incrementar la investigación en ciencias básicas y clínicas y generar nuevo conocimiento. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se presenta un estudio de tipo descriptivo con corte transversal en el que se evaluó la producción científica de los egresados de los posgrados clínico-quirúrgicos de la Universidad Surcolombiana. Se realizó análisis descriptivo de tipo univariado además de un análisis bivariado mediante cálculo de la razón de prevalencias y usando chi cuadrado y prueba exacta de Fisher. RESULTADOS: El total de publicaciones fue de 161, Cirugía general es la especialidad con el mayor número de publicaciones (n=79), el artículo en revista es el tipo de publicación con mayor frecuencia (86%). La media de publicación por egresado es de 0,76 y se observó una asociación entre la vinculación docente y las publicaciones (p = 0,0024). CONCLUSIONES: La producción científica de los egresados de los posgrados clínico-quirúrgicos de la Facultad de Salud de la Universidad Surcolombiana tiene un comportamiento diverso entre los diferentes programas. Con base en los resultados se evidencia la necesidad del fortalecimiento, fomento de la investigación y el apoyo para la publicación en los posgrados clínico-quirúrgicos

BACKGROUND: Research is fundamental in the post-graduate areas of medicine, since it helps the resident doctors to develop aptitudes that will allow them to use evidence based medicine, as well as to increase research in basic and clinics sciences, and to generate new knowledge. METHODS: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the scientific production of graduated physicians from clinical-surgical specialisations of the Universidad Surcolombiana. A univariate descriptive analysis and bivariate analysis was performed, as well as the calculation of the prevalence ratio, using Chi-squared and the Fisher exact test. RESULTS: The total number of publications was 161, with general surgery being the specialisation with the highest number of publications (n = 79), with an article being the most frequent type of publication (86%). The mean of publication by graduated physicians was 0.76, and a relationship was observed between teaching links and publication (p = .0024). CONCLUSIONS: Scientific production by graduate physicians from clinical-surgical specialisations of the health faculty of the Universidad Surcolombiana varies between different courses. Based on the results obtained, there is evidence for the need of strengthening and promoting research, as well as support to publish in the clinical-surgical specialisations

Tubulin-Na+, K + -ATPase interaction: Involvement in enzymatic regulation and cellular function.

A new function for tubulin was described by our laboratory: acetylated tubulin forms a complex with Na+ ,K + -ATPase (NKA) and inhibits its activity. This process was shown to be a regulatory factor of physiological importance in cultured cells, human erythrocytes, and several rat tissues. Formation of the acetylated tubulin-NKA complex is reversible. We demonstrated that in cultured cells, high concentrations of glucose induce translocation of acetylated tubulin from cytoplasm to plasma membrane with a consequent inhibition of NKA activity. This effect is reversed by adding glutamate, which is coctransported to the cell with Na + . Another posttranslational modification of tubulin, detyrosinated tubulin, is also involved in the regulation of NKA activity: it enhances the NKA inhibition induced by acetylated tubulin. Manipulation of the content of these modifications of tubulin could work as a new strategy to maintain homeostasis of Na + and K + , and to regulate a variety of functions in which NKA is involved, such as osmotic fragility and deformability of human erythrocytes. The results summarized in this review show that the interaction between tubulin and NKA plays an important role in cellular physiology, both in the regulation of Na + /K + homeostasis and in the rheological properties of the cells, which is mechanically different from other roles reported up to now.

Evaluación de la calidad de los certificados de defunción del Hospital Amor de Patria, de San Andrés Islas, Colombia, en 2014 / An Evaluation of the Quality of the Death Certificates from the Hospital Amor de Patria, San Andrés Island, Colombia, in 2014 / Avaliação da qualidade das certificações do passamento do Hospital Amor de Pátria, de Santo Andrés ilhas, Colômbia, no ano de 2014

Resumen Introducción: La calidad de la certificación médica de defunción en el componente de "causas" tiene una importancia fundamental en salud pública, además de sus consecuencias éticas, medicolegales y jurídicas. Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad del diligenciamiento de las causas de muerte en el certificado de defunción en el Hospital Amor de Patria, de San Andrés Islas, con el propósito de generar las recomendaciones pertinentes que fortalezcan este sistema de información. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo transversal, mediante muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia para la selección del año. Se definieron las categorías de evaluación: "causas de defunción", "causa directa", "causa intermedia", "causa básica de la defunción", "otros estados patológicos" y "secuencia". Además, se llevó a cabo revisión de la calidad del diligenciamiento de las causas de muerte en el certificado de defunción desde dos puntos de vista: la estructura y la concordancia de los diagnósticos diligenciados en el certificado de defunción, con respecto a la certificación realizada por el equipo investigador. Se realizó cálculo de las proporciones de los errores tipificados, de concordancia e índice Kappa para las causas según Lista 6/67 de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Resultados: Se diligenciaron 172 certificados de defunción. De acuerdo con el sitio de defunción, 131 fallecimientos ocurrieron en la institución de salud y 41 en casa/domicilio; en el 9,9 % se identificó error de causa básica, y en el 10,5 %, ausencia de la secuencia; hubo concordancia en la causa básica en 55,9 % de las certificaciones. Conclusiones: Es necesario fortalecer la formación del talento humano institucional en la certificación de hechos vitales, dada la identificación de error en el 28 % de los certificados de defunción, con una concordancia moderada en la descripción de las causas de muerte, con un índice Kappa de 0,58.

Abstract Introduction: The quality of the medical death certifica te in the 'causes' section is of fundamental importance in public health, in addition to its ethical, medico-legal and juridical consequences. Objective: To evaluate the comple tion quality of the death certificates and the causes recorded at the Amor de Patria Hospital on the island of San Andrés (Colombia). Methodology: Cross-sectional descriptive stu dy, using non-probability sampling for convenience of year selection. The evaluation categories were defined: "causes of death", "direct cause", "intermediate cause", "basic cau se of death", "other pathological states" and "sequence". Additionally, a review of the completion quality of the cau ses of death was carried out from two points of view: the structure and consistency of the diagnoses completed on the death certificate. Calculation was made of the proportions of typed errors, consistency and kappa statistic for the cau ses according to the 6/67 list of the Pan American Health Organization. Results: 172 death certificates were comple ted. According to the place of death, 131 deaths occurred in the health institution and 41 at home; in 9.9% an error of basic cause was identified, and in 10.5% the absence of the sequence; there was consistency in the basic cause in 55.9% of the certifications. Conclusion: It is necessary to enhance the training of institutional human talent in the certification of vital facts, given the identification of error in 28% of death certificates, with a moderate consistency in the causes of death, with a kappa statistic of 0.58.

Resumo Introdução: A qualidade da certificação médica do pas samento no componente das "causais" tem um relevo fun damental na saúde pública, além das suas consequências éticas, médico-legais e judiciarias. Objetivo: Avaliar a qua lidade da expedição da certificação do passamento e as suas causas no Hospital Amor de Pátria, de Santo Andrés ilhas. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo em forma de viés, median te amostras no probabilístico por conveniência para a seleção do ano. Se definiram as categorias da avaliação: "causais do passamento", "causal direta", "causal intermedia", "causal bá sica do passamento", "outros estados patológicos" e "sequen cia". Além disso, se levou até o fim a revisada da qualidade do analise das causas do passamento desde dois pontos de visão: a estrutura e a concordância das diagnoses cadastradas na cer tificação do passamento. Se realizou cálculo das proporções dos erros tipificados, em concordância e índice de Kappa pros causais segundo Lista 6/67 da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde. Resultantes: Se expediram 172 certificações de passa mento. De acordo com o sitio de defunção, 131 falecimentos ocorreram na instituição de saúde e 41 na moradia/lar; no 9,9 % se identificou erro na causal básica, e no 10,5 %, ausência da sequência; houve concordância do causal básica no 55,9 % das certificações. Conclusões: É quesito engrossar a formação do talento humano institucional na certificação dos fatos vitais, dada a identificação dos erros do 28 % nas certificações dos passamentos, com uma concordância razoável das causas de morte cadastradas, com um Índice Kappa de 0,58.

Expectant management in non-severe pre-eclampsia, obstetric and perinatal outcomes in a high complexity hospital in Neiva (Colombia) / Manejo expectante en preeclampsia no severa, resultados obstétricos y perinatales en un hospital de alta complejidad, Neiva, Colombia

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the incidence of preeclampsia and identify maternal and perinatal outcomes in patients with initial expectant management. Materials and methods: Historical cohort of pregnant women with non-severe preeclampsia seen in a public high-complexity referral institution between June 2015 and May 2016. Convenience sampling was used. Sociodemographic, clinical and paraclinical characteristics were measured as well as maternal and perinatal outcomes; the incidence of non-severe preeclampsia is determined and a descriptive analysis is performed. Results: The incidence rate ratio of non-severe preeclampsia was 3%. 86 pregnant women with a mean age of 28 years (SD ± 8.1) were included in the cohort. The mean gestational age at the time of diagnosis was 29 weeks (SD ± 3.1). 47.7% of the pregnant women with an initial diagnosis of non-severe preeclampsia converted to severe preeclampsia and 27 neonates experienced at least one complication, the most frequent being admission to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (27.9%). Conclusion: the major maternal complication in patients with non-severe preeclampsia was transition to severe preeclampsia identified in around half of the patients, and perinatal complications in around one third of the pregnant mothers. Therefore, a strict control of the patients with non-severe preeclampsia and expectant management is required.

RESUMEN Objetivo: determinar la incidencia de preeclampsia no severa e identificar los resultados maternos y perinatales en pacientes a quienes se les realizó manejo expectante como conducta inicial. Materiales y métodos: estudio de cohorte histórica, en gestantes con preeclampsia no severa que fueron atendidas en una institución pública de referencia de alta complejidad entre junio de 2015 y mayo de 2016. Se realizó muestreo por conveniencia. Se midieron las características sociodemográficas, clínicas y paraclínicas, los desenlaces maternos y perinatales; se determina la razón de incidencia de preeclampsia no severa y se realiza análisis descriptivo. Resultados: la razón de incidencia de preeclampsia no severa fue del 3%. Ingresaron a la cohorte 86 gestantes, con media de edad de 28 años (DE ± 8,1). La media de edad gestacional al momento del diagnóstico fue 29 semanas (DE ± 3,1). El 47,7% de las gestantes con diagnóstico inicial de preeclampsia sin características de severidad presentó conversión a preeclampsia severa y 27 recién nacidos presentaron al menos una complicación, la más frecuente fue el ingreso a Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal en un 27,9%. Conclusión: de la mitad de las pacientes y complicaciones perinatales en cerca de un tercio de las gestantes, por lo que se requiere un estricto control de la pacientes con preclamsia no severa y manejo expectante.

[Mortality in Colombia traffic accidents. Comparative study with other countries]. / Mortalidad por accidentes de tráfico en Colombia. Estudio comparativo con otros países.

OBJECTIVE: Traffic accidents (TA) are a global problem with mortality of 1.25 million each year. The objective of this study was to compare adjusted mortality rates (AMR) by AT of Colombia, with Spain and the United States (US). The selection is justified because Colombia is a country with less development in road safety, Spain a nation that has adhered to European guidelines and US for having little adherence to international guidelines. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out for five-year periods, by calculating the AMRs by the direct method of standardization according to sex and age groups, as well as the adjustment of the motorization index. The mean values, the 95% confidence interval for each country and the relative change between the periods studied were calculated. RESULTS: The AMR of periods P1 and P2 in all countries decreased significantly (p <0.005). In periods P2 and P3 also decreased significantly in Spain, by 52.0% (p = 0.010), and in the US, by 23.6% p = 0.001), while in Colombia the difference of 4.0% it was not significant (p = 0.724). Spain stood out for the reduction in mortality (P1-P3), by 69.0%. CONCLUSIONS: Colombia presented a less favorable evolution of mortality due to AT than Spain and the US. Men aged 15 to 44, motorcyclists and cyclists were the most committed. The TAs are a public health problem that Colombia has raised and must adapt to its reality those successful measures in other countries.

OBJETIVO: Los accidentes de tráfico (AT) son un problema mundial con mortalidad de 1,25 millones cada año. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar tasas ajustadas de mortalidad (TAM) por AT de Colombia, con España y Estados Unidos (EEUU). La selección se justifica por ser Colombia un país con menor desarrollo en seguridad vial, España una nación que se ha adherido a directrices Europeas y EEUU por tener poca adherencia a directrices internacionales. METODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte trans- versal por quinquenios, mediante el cálculo de las TAM por el método directo de estandarización según sexo y grupos de edad, así como el ajuste del índice de motorización. Se calcularon los valores medios, el intervalo de confianza al 95% por cada país y el cambio relativo entre los períodos estudiados. RESULTADOS: Las TAM de los períodos P1 y P2 en todos los países disminuyeron significativamente (p <0.005). En los períodos P2 y P3 también disminuyeron significativamente en España, en un 52,0% (p=0,010), y en EU, en un 23,6% p=0,001), mientras que en Colombia la diferencia de 4,0% no fue significativa (p=0,724). Destacó España por la reducción de su mortalidad (P1-P3), en un 69.0%. CONCLUSIONES: Colombia presentó una evolución menos favorable de mortalidad por AT que España y EEUU. Los hombres de 15 a 44 años, motociclistas y ciclistas fueron los más comprometidos. Los AT son un problema de salud pública que tiene planteado Colombia y debe adaptar a su realidad aquellas medidas exitosas en otros países.

Incidencia de hiponatremia postoperatoria en pacientes neuroquirúrgicos en un hospital del sur colombiano / Incidence of postoperative hyponatremia in neurosurgical patients in a hospital in Southern Colombia

Abstract Introduction: Hyponatremia is the most frequently encountered electrolyte disorder in hospitalized patients, and its incidence is even greater when a neurological condition is present. A significant association has been found between hyponatremia and increases in mortality rates. Objective: To describe the incidence of hyponatremia in neurosurgical patients of a university hospital in southern Colombia. Methods: Descriptive, observational study that analyzed the medical records of adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit after having undergone a neurosurgical procedure in the period between 2014 and 2015. Perioperative characteristics and neurological outcomes were compared, central trend and scatter were calculated, and statistical confidence tests were applied. Results: A total of 79 patients were included in the study. The median age was 40 years and 73.4% were male. The most frequent diagnosis was head injury, followed by space-occupying lesion and non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. The incidence of hyponatremia was 25.3%; patients with a diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage were 8 times more likely to have hyponatremia (odds ratio 8.0, 95% confidence interval: 1.777-36.018). Mortality for the group of patients presenting hyponatremia was 35%, and unfavorable neurological outcomes were present in 80%. Conclusions: Neurosurgical patients with a diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage or space-occupying lesion associated with hyponatremia have a less favorable neurologic outcome, without circumstantially affecting mortality.

Resumen Introducción: La hiponatremia es el trastorno electrolítico más frecuentemente encontrado en los pacientes hospitalizados y su incidencia es aún mayor cuando se padece alguna afección neurológica. Se ha vinculado en forma significativa con incremento en las tasas de mortalidad. Objetivo: Describir la incidencia de la hiponatremia en los pacientes neuroquirúrgicos de un hospital universitario en el sur de Colombia. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo observacional, se analizaron las historias clínicas de pacientes adultos, que ingresaron a la unidad de cuidados intensivos después de haberles realizado algún procedimiento neuroquirúrgico en el periodo comprendido entre 2014 - 2015. Se compararon las características perioperatorias y los desenlaces neurológicos, se calcularon medidas de tendencia central y dispersión, se aplicaron pruebas de confianza estadística. Resultados: En total 79 pacientes fueron incluidos en el estudio. La mediana para la edad fue 40 años y 73,4% fueron del género masculino. El diagnóstico más frecuente fue trauma craneoencefálico, seguido por lesión ocupante de espacio y por hemorragia subaracnoidea no traumática. La incidencia de hiponatremia fue del 25,3%; los pacientes con diagnóstico de hemorragia subaracnoidea presentaron 8 veces más probabilidad de hiponatremia (odds ratio 8,0; IC95%: 1,777-36,018). La mortalidad para el grupo de paciente que presentó hiponatremia fue del 35% y los resultados neurológicos desfavorable se presentaron en un 80%. Conclusiones: Los pacientes que fueron intervenidos neuroquirúrgicamente con diagnóstico de hemorragia subaracnoidea o lesión ocupante de espacio asociados a hiponatremia suponen un desenlace neurológico más desfavorable, sin incidir circunstancialmente en la mortalidad.

Post-translational incorporation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine into the C terminus of α-tubulin in living cells.

The C-terminal tyrosine (Tyr) of the α-tubulin chain is subjected to post-translational removal and readdition in a process termed the "detyrosination/tyrosination cycle". We showed in previous studies using soluble rat brain extracts that l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-Dopa) is incorporated into the same site as Tyr. We now demonstrate that l-Dopa incorporation into tubulin also occurs in living cells. We detected such incorporation by determining the "tyrosination state" of tubulin before and after incubation of cells in the presence of l-Dopa. The presence of a tubulin isospecies following l-Dopa incubation that was not recognized by antibodies specific to Tyr- and deTyr-tubulin was presumed to reflect formation of Dopa-tubulin. l-Dopa was identified by HPLC as the C-terminal compound bound to α-tubulin. l-Dopa incorporation into tubulin was observed in Neuro 2A cells and several other cell lines, and was not due to de novo protein biosynthesis. Dopa-tubulin had microtubule-forming capability similar to that of Tyr- and deTyr-tubulin. l-Dopa incorporation into tubulin did not notably alter cell viability, morphology, or proliferation rate. CAD cells (a neuron-like cell line derived from mouse brain) are easily cultured under differentiating and nondifferentiating conditions, and can be treated with l-Dopa. Treatment of CAD cells with l-Dopa and consequent increase in l-Dopa-tubulin resulted in reduction of microtubule dynamics in neurite-like processes.

Analyzing predictors of graft survival in patients undergoing liver transplantation with donors aged 70 years and over.

AIM: To increase the number of available grafts. METHODS: This is a single-center comparative analysis performed between April 1986 and May 2016. Two hundred and twelve liver transplantation (LT) were performed with donors ≥ 70 years old (study group). Then, we selected the first cases that were performed with donors < 70 years old immediately after the ones that were performed with donors ≥ 70 years old (control group). RESULTS: Graft and patient survivals were similar between both groups without increasing the risk of complications, especially primary non-function, vascular complications and biliary complications. We identified 5 risk factors as independent predictors of graft survival: recipient hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positivity [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.35; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.55-3.56; P = 0.00]; recipient age (HR = 1.04; 95%CI: 1.02-1.06; P = 0.00); donor age X model for end-stage liver disease (D-MELD) (HR = 1.00; 95%CI: 1.00-1.00; P = 0.00); donor value of serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (HR = 1.00; 95%CI: 1.00-1.00; P = 0.00); and donor value of serum sodium (HR = 0.96; 95%CI: 0.94-0.99; P = 0.00). After combining D-MELD and recipient age we obtained a new scoring system that we called DR-MELD (donor age X recipient age X MELD). Graft survival significantly decreased in patients with a DR-MELD score ≥ 75000, especially in HCV patients (77% vs 63% at 5 years in HCV-negative patients, P = 0.00; and 61% vs 25% at 5 years in HCV-positive patients; P = 0.00). CONCLUSION: A DR-MELD ≥ 75000 must be avoided in order to obtain the best results in LT with donors ≥ 70 years old.

Mortalidad por accidentes de tráfico en Colombia. Estudio comparativo con otros países / Mortality caused by traffic accidents in Colombia. Comparison with other countries

Fundamentos: Los accidentes de tráfico (AT) son un problema mundial con mortalidad de 1,25 millones cada año. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar tasas ajustadas de mortalidad (TAM) por AT de Colombia, con España y Estados Unidos (EEUU). La selección se justifica por ser Colombia un país con menor desarrollo en seguridad vial, España una nación que se ha adherido a directrices Europeas y EEUU por tener poca adherencia a directrices internacionales. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal por quinquenios, mediante el cálculo de las TAM por el método directo de estandarización según sexo y grupos de edad, así como el ajuste del índice de motorización. Se calcularon los valores medios, el intervalo de confianza al 95% por cada país y el cambio relativo entre los períodos estudiados. Resultados: Las TAM de los períodos P1 y P2 en todos los países disminuyeron significativamente (p<0.005). En los períodos P2 y P3 también disminuyeron significativamente en España, en un 52,0% (p=0,010), y en EU, en un 23,6% p=0,001), mientras que en Colombia la diferencia de 4,0% no fue significativa (p=0,724). Destacó España por la reducción de su mortalidad (P1-P3), en un 69.0%. Conclusiones: Colombia presentó una evolución menos favorable de mortalidad por AT que España y EEUU. Los hombres de 15 a 44 años, motociclistas y ciclistas fueron los más comprometidos. Los AT son un problema de salud pública que tiene planteado Colombia y debe adaptar a su realidad aquellas medidas exitosas en otros países

Background: Traffic accidents (TA) are a global problem with mortality of 1.25 million each year. The objective of this study was to compare adjusted mortality rates (AMR) by AT of Colombia, with Spain and the United States (US). The selection is justified because Colombia is a country with less development in road safety, Spain a nation that has adhered to European guidelines and US for having little adherence to international guidelines. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out for five-year periods, by calculating the AMRs by the direct method of standardization according to sex and age groups, as well as the adjustment of the motorization index. The mean values, the 95% confidence interval for each country and the relative change between the periods studied were calculated. Results: The AMR of periods P1 and P2 in all countries decreased significantly (p <0.005). In periods P2 and P3 also decreased significantly in Spain, by 52.0% (p = 0.010), and in the US, by 23.6% p = 0.001), while in Colombia the difference of 4.0% it was not significant (p = 0.724). Spain stood out for the reduction in mortality (P1-P3), by 69.0%. Conclusions: Colombia presented a less favorable evolution of mortality due to AT than Spain and the US. Men aged 15 to 44, motorcyclists and cyclists were the most committed. The TAs are a public health problem that Colombia has raised and must adapt to its reality those successful measures in other countries