Medición de procesos psicológicos y sociales en aficionados al deporte: adaptación al español del Identification with a Psychological Group Scale y Moral Disengagement in Sport Scale / Medição de processos psicológicos e sociais em seguidores de esportes: adaptação para o espanhol da escala Identification with a Psychological Group e Moral Disengagement in Sport Scale / Measurement of psychological and social processes in sports fans: adaptation to Spanish of the Identification with a Psychological Group Scale and Moral Disengagement in Sport Scale

En los últimos años han aumentado los estudios científicos que evalúan procesos psicológicos y sociales en aficionados al deporte, destacando aquellos relacionados con las agresiones y el comportamiento antisocial. Dos de los constructos clave para entender la violencia entre aficionados deportivos son la identificación grupal y la desconexión moral. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue la adaptación de los instrumentos Identification with a Psychological Group Scale y del Moral Disengagement in Sport Scale al español, en una muestra de 400 aficionados a diversas modalidades deportivas. Para ambos cuestionarios se realizaron los siguientes análisis de datos: análisis factoriales confirmatorios, análisis de fiabilidad mediante el cálculo de a de Cronbach y la fiabilidad compuesta, así como análisis de invarianza de los modelos de medida en función de si los participantes eran aficionados al fútbol u a otra modalidad deportiva. Las respuestas a los ítems mostraron buenas propiedades psicométricas para dos modelos unifactoriales, de nueve ítems en el caso de la identificación grupal y siete ítems para desconexión moral. Ambas adaptaciones presentaron buenos indicadores de fiabilidad en ambas perspectivas, y de homogeneidad de los modelos de medida en función del moderador multigrupal. Las adaptaciones resultaron satisfactorias y permiten evaluar de forma breve dos constructos clave en la comprensión de los procesos psicológicos y sociales de violencia y comportamiento antisocial en el deporte. (AU)

In recent years, scientific studies evaluating psychological and social processes in sports fans have increased, highlighting those related to aggression andantisocial behaviour. Two of the key constructs to understand violence among sports fans are group identification and moral disengagement. The objective of this research is the adaptation of the Identification with a Psychological Group Scale and the Moral Disengagement in Sport Scale to Spanish, in a sample of 400 sports fans of various sports modalities. The following data analyses were performed for both questionnaires: confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis by calculating Cronbach's aand composite reliability, as well as invariance analysis of the measurement models depending on whether the participants were soccer fans or to another sports modality. The responses to the items showed good psychometric properties for two unifactorial models,with nine items in the case of group identification and seven items for moral disengagement. Both adaptations presented good reliability indicators in both perspectives, and of homogeneity of the measurement models based on the multigroup moderator. The adaptations were satisfactory and allow a brief evaluation of two key constructs in understanding the psychological and social processes of violence and antisocial behaviour in sport. (AU)

Nos últimos anos, aumentaram os estudos científicos que avaliam processos psicológicos e sociais em seguidores esportivos, destacando-se aqueles relacionados à agressividade e ao comportamento antissocial. Dois dos construtos-chave para entender a violência entre torcedores são a identificação com o grupo e o desengajamento moral. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi a adaptação para o espanhol dos instrumentos Identification with a Psychological Group Scale e Moral Disengagement in Sport Scale, em uma amostra de 400 seguidores de diversas modalidades esportivas. Para ambos os questionários foram realizadas as seguintes análises de dados: análise fatorial confirmatória, análise de confiabilidade por cálculo de Cronbach ae confiabilidade composta, bem como análise de invariância dos modelos de medição dependendo se os participantes eram seguidores de futebol ou de outra modalidade esportiva. As respostas aos itens apresentaram boas propriedades psicométricas para dois modelos unifatoriais, comnove itens no caso de identificação grupal e sete itens para desengajamento moral. Ambas as adaptações apresentaram bons indicadores de confiabilidade em ambas as perspectivas e de homogeneidade dos modelos de mensuração baseados no moderador multigrupo. As adaptações foram satisfatórias e permitem uma breve avaliação de dois construtos fundamentais na compreensão dos processos psicológicos e sociais da violência e do comportamento antissocial no esporte. (AU)

Cognitive Status and Nutritional Markers in a Sample of Institutionalized Elderly People.

Background: Since many of the risk factors for cognitive decline can be modified by diet, the study of nutrition and its relationships with cognitive status in aging has increased considerably in recent years. However, there are hardly any studies that have assessed cognitive status using a comprehensive set of neuropsychological tests along with measures of functional capacity and mood and that have related it to nutritional status measured from several nutritional parameters that have shown its relationships with cognitive function. Objective: To test the differences in depressive symptomatology and in several measures of nutritional status between three groups classified according to their cognitive status (CS hereafter). Method: One hundred thirteen participants from nursing homes in Galicia, Spain, underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological examination, including a general screening test (MMSE) and tests for different cognitive domains along with measures of activities of daily living (ADL) and assessment of depressive symptomatology (GDS-SF). According to established clinical criteria, participants were divided into three CS groups, Cognitively Intact (CI), Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), and All-Cause Dementia (ACD). Nutritional status was also examined using blood-derived measures, body mass index (BMI) and a nutritional screening test (MNA-SF). Differences between CS groups in all nutritional variables were studied by one-way ANOVAs with post-hoc Bonferroni correction or Kruskal-Wallis with Games-Howell post-hoc correction when appropriate. Multinomial logistic regression was also applied to test the association between nutritional variables and CS. Results: Differences between CS groups were statistically significant for depressive symptomatology, vitamin A and D, albumin, selenium (Se), uric acid (UA), and BMI. The results of multinomial logistic regression found positive associations between groups with better CS and higher concentrations of vitamins A and D, transthyretin (TTR), albumin, Se, and UA, while negative associations were found for BMI. Conclusion: Higher serum levels of vitamin A, vitamin D, TTR, albumin, Se, and UA could act as protective factors against cognitive decline, whereas higher BMI could act as a risk factor.

The Relationship between Motivation and Burnout in Athletes and the Mediating Role of Engagement.

The purpose of our research was to analyze the relationship among motivation, burnout, and engagement in sports. Five hundred athletes of both sexes from multiple sports modalities took part, with a mean age of 17.39 years (SD = 4.60). The instruments applied were as follows: Spanish versions of the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS), the Athlete Engagement Questionnaire (AEQ) and the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Pearson correlations showed that motivation is negatively related to burnout and positively to engagement, while burnout and engagement are inversely related to each other. Through structural equation modeling, it was shown that engagement has a mediating role between motivation and burnout. Furthermore, there are no gender differences in this relationship, although there are differences between athletes who practice individual sports and those who practice collective sports. Encouraging high levels of self-determined motivation can help to increase athletes' degree of engagement and protect them against burnout and sport withdrawal.

Basic Psychological Needs, Burnout and Engagement in Sport: The Mediating Role of Motivation Regulation.

The purpose of the present research was to analyze the mediating role of motivational regulation between the satisfaction of basic psychological needs and burnout and engagement in athletes. From different sports 1011 young Spanish athletes participated in the study. Participants completed several measurement instruments concerning: the Basic Needs Satisfaction in Sport Scale, Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire, Athlete Burnout Questionnaire and Athlete Engagement Questionnaire. The results of structural equation modeling showed that the satisfaction of basic psychological needs has direct effects on burnout and engagement: a negative effect on athlete burnout (-0.49, p < 0.001) and a positive effect on engagement (0.54, p < 0.001). In addition, the satisfaction of basic psychological needs has a partial indirect effect over these variables in the same direction mediated by the self-determined degree of motivation. Thus, low levels of self-regulated motivation are positively related to burnout, but high levels of self-determined motivation are not. The same was observed with engagement, but vice versa: high levels of self-determined motivation are positively related to athlete engagement, but low levels of self-determined motivation are not. The proposed model explained 37% of the variance of burnout and 51% of the variance of engagement.

A Follow-Up Study of Cognitive Development in Low Risk Preterm Children.

The results of a longitudinal study on the cognitive development of one group of full-term and three groups of low risk preterm children with different gestational ages (GA) are presented. The 181 participants were divided into four GA groups of similar size. The aims were: 1) To check if there are differences in cognitive development (measured through the Batelle scale) among the GA groups. 2) To establish the predictive factors of cognitive development at 22 and 60 months of age, taking into account biomedical, environmental and individual factors. The results of the repeated measures ANOVA performed at 22 and 60 months of age indicated that the cognitive trajectories of the four GA groups were similar. Linear regression analyses showed that the effect of the different predictors changed in relation to the time of measurement of cognitive development. Biological factors and the quality of home environment had a moderate effect on the cognitive development at 22 months of age. Cognitive results obtained at 22 months of age, and, to a lesser extent, working memory had the greatest effect on cognitive development at 60 months. GA does not predict cognitive development. Preterm children do not show cognitive delay if they are healthy.

Assessing the use of psychological skills by sports category and the relation with sports performance satisfaction.

BACKGROUND: The evaluation of psychological skills by athletes and their relationship with sports performance and satisfaction has been of great interest in recent decades. Likewise, there has been an emergent tendency to focus on developing specific psychological skills for each sport. The principal aim of this study was to determine the frequency with which athletes deploy psychological skills whilst competing and whether their frequency varies in accordance with the technical, tactical and physical characteristics of the sport in question. A further objective was to establish the connection between the frequency of use of psychological skills and athletes' degree of satisfaction with their performance. METHODS: The study comprised 1003 athletes practicing 43 different sports, grouped into 7 categories based on the similarities between them. Frequency of use of the psychological skills was measured with the Test of Performance Strategies 3. RESULTS: The data analyses allowed the following conclusions to be drawn: the degree to which psychological skills are used is dependent on the technical, tactical and physical characteristics of each sport; and the higher the frequency of the use of psychological skills, the greater the athletes' degree of satisfaction with their performance. CONCLUSIONS: These results allow athletes and coaches to increase levels of sports performance by working on the use of psychological skills, adapted to the technical, tactical or physical requirements of the category in which their sport is included. In addition, working on different psychological skills will improve their satisfaction with sports performance.

The mediating role of sport self-motivation between basic psychological needs satisfaction and athlete engagement / El rol mediador de la motivación autodeterminada entre la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas y el engagement deportivo

BACKGROUND: Engagement could constitute a frame of reference for promoting positive experiences in sport, hence the importance of learning about what precedes it in order to promote its development. This study was conducted to examine the role of self-motivation as a mediator between basic psychological needs satisfaction and athlete engagement. METHOD: A sample of 426 male and female athletes from different sports were asked to complete three questionnaires measuring each of the study variables: The Basic Needs Satisfaction in Sport Scale, the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire and the Athlete Engagement Questionnaire. A structural relationships model between the constructs analyzed was specified and implemented. RESULTS: High levels of self-motivation increased levels of athlete engagement and vice versa. CONCLUSION: Basic psychological needs satisfaction has a direct positive effect on athlete engagement and in turn, an indirect effect mediated by athletes' self-motivation

ANTECEDENTES: el engagement es un marco de referencia para la promoción de experiencias positivas en el deporte, de ahí la importancia de conocer sus antecedentes con el objetivo de promover su desarrollo. El presente estudio se realizó con el propósito de examinar el papel de la motivación autodeterminada como mediadora entre la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas y el engagement de los deportistas. MÉTODO: se utilizó una muestra de 426 deportistas, hombres y mujeres, de diferentes modalidades deportivas a los que les pidió que respondieran a tres cuestionarios que medían cada una de las variables de estudio: Basic Needs Satisfaction in Sport Scale, Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire y Athlete Engagement Questionnaire. Se especificó un modelo de relaciones estructurales entre los constructos analizados. RESULTADOS: niveles altos de motivación autodeterminada incrementan los niveles de engagement del deportista mientras que niveles bajos de motivación autodeterminada los debilitan. CONCLUSIÓN: existe un efecto directo de tipo positivo de la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas de los deportistas sobre su grado de engagement deportivo y a la vez un efecto indirecto mediado por su motivación autodeterminada

The mediating role of sport self-motivation between basic psychological needs satisfaction and athlete engagement.

BACKGROUND: Engagement could constitute a frame of reference for promoting positive experiences in sport, hence the importance of learning about what precedes it in order to promote its development. This study was conducted to examine the role of self-motivation as a mediator between basic psychological needs satisfaction and athlete engagement. METHOD: A sample of 426 male and female athletes from different sports were asked to complete three questionnaires measuring each of the study variables: The Basic Needs Satisfaction in Sport Scale, the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire and the Athlete Engagement Questionnaire. A structural relationships model between the constructs analyzed was specified and implemented. RESULTS: High levels of self-motivation increased levels of athlete engagement and vice versa. CONCLUSION: Basic psychological needs satisfaction has a direct positive effect on athlete engagement and in turn, an indirect effect mediated by athletes' self-motivation.

Preliminary Empirical Validation of the "Basic Needs Satisfaction in Sport Scale" With a Sample of Spanish Athletes.

The theory of self-determination establishes the existence of three basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and relationship). If these needs are satisfied, optimal personal well-being will be achieved. The Basic Needs Satisfactions in Sport Scale (BNSSS) is a measurement developed to evaluate these needs within the sporting context. The BNSSS measures the satisfaction of the three basic psychological needs through 20 items distributed in five dimensions: autonomy-choice, autonomy-volition, autonomy-perceived locus of internal causality, competence, and relatedness. The purpose of this study is to validate a Spanish version of the BNSSS. The sample were 441 team athletes with a mean age of 17.46 (SD = 3.59), which 46.5% were men and the remaining percentage (53.5%) were women. After a standardised data collection, confirmatory factor analysis and invariance analyses were performed, as well as composite reliability. The obtained version showed a good overall fit of the model and values of composite reliability higher to 0.70. Therefore, a useful tool for assessing basic psychological needs in team sports was obtained.

Adaptation of the test of performance strategies competition subscale to spanish / Adaptación al español de la subescala de Competición del Test of Performance Strategies

Background: In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the conceptualisation and assessment of athletes’ psychological skills and the study of their impact on sports performance. The aim of this study was to adapt the Test of Performance Strategies 3 competition subscale to the Spanish context. Method: The items included in the original test in English were translated using a double-back method, and the test was completed by a sample of 1,003 Spanish athletes of both sexes. Analyses of the factorial validity, reliability and invariance of the measurement model were carried out. Results: Favourable evidence was obtained for a measurement model comprising 36 items grouped in 9 factors, similar to the original model. Model fit was reasonable for both individual parameters and overall. Reliability rates were satisfactory for the overall test and for each factor. Evidence was also favourable for sex-based measurement model invariance. Conclusions: The adaptation is satisfactory and fit for use by sports psychology researchers and professionals in assessing the psychological skills employed by athletes in competition (AU)

Antecedentes: en los últimos años ha crecido el interés por la conceptualización y la evaluación de las habilidades psicológicas de los deportistas y por el estudio de su relación con el rendimiento deportivo. El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de adaptar al español la subescala de competición del Test of Performance Strategies 3. Método: se siguió un proceso de doble traducción de los ítems del test original en inglés, y se aplicó a una muestra de 1.003 deportistas españoles de ambos sexos. Se realizaron análisis de validez factorial, de fiabilidad y de invarianza del modelo de medida. Resultados: se obtuvo evidencia favorable a un modelo de medida con 36 ítems agrupados en 9 factores, semejante al modelo original. El ajuste del modelo fue razonable a nivel individual de cada parámetro y a nivel global. Los índices de fiabilidad fueron satisfactorios para el total del test y para cada uno de sus factores. También se obtuvieron evidencias favorables a la invarianza del modelo de medida en función del sexo. Conclusiones: la adaptación realizada es satisfactoria y puede ser utilizada por investigadores y profesionales de la psicología del deporte para evaluar las habilidades psicológicas que los deportistas emplean en la competición (AU)

Adaptation of the Test of Performance Strategies Competition Subscale to Spanish.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the conceptualisation and assessment of athletes’ psychological skills and the study of their impact on sports performance. The aim of this study was to adapt the Test of Performance Strategies 3 competition subscale to the Spanish context. METHOD: The items included in the original test in English were translated using a double-back method, and the test was completed by a sample of 1,003 Spanish athletes of both sexes. Analyses of the factorial validity, reliability and invariance of the measurement model were carried out. RESULTS: Favourable evidence was obtained for a measurement model comprising 36 items grouped in 9 factors, similar to the original model. Model fit was reasonable for both individual parameters and overall. Reliability rates were satisfactory for the overall test and for each factor. Evidence was also favourable for sex-based measurement model invariance. CONCLUSIONS: The adaptation is satisfactory and fit for use by sports psychology researchers and professionals in assessing the psychological skills employed by athletes in competition.

Relationship between Leadership among Peers and Burnout in Sports Teams.

This study has been conducted with the aim of ascertaining the relationship between peer leaders in sport teams and the levels of burnout experienced by their team-mates. A total of 219 Spanish athletes involved in football and basketball participated in the study. To measure leadership among peers, we employed the Sports Peer Leadership Scale, which comprises 24 items, grouped into 6 primary factors: empathy, influence on decision making, sports values, social support, training orientation and competition orientation. And to measure burnout, we employed the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire, which comprises 15 items which are indicators of physical and emotional exhaustion, devaluation and reduced sense of accomplishment among athletes. The results led to the conclusion that there is a statistically significant negative relationship between perceived leadership capacity and the levels of burnout experience by a team. The greater the level of leadership capacity perceived, the lower the levels of burnout will be. A multiple regression analysis with total burnout as dependent variable and social and task orientations of the leader as predictors showed standardized regression coefficients of -.241 (p = .010) and -.076 (p = .413), respectively for social and task orientation, being the effect size equal to .089.

Preliminary validation of a Spanish version of the Athlete Engagement Questionnaire (AEQ) / Validación preliminar de una version Española del Athlete Engagement Questionnaire (AEQ)

The Athlete Engagement Questionnaire (AEQ) has showed evidence of its validity and reliability for measuring engagement in athletes. Engagement in athletes is a positive and persistent experience characterized by emotions and cognitions of confidence, vigor, dedication and enthusiasm. The purpose of this study was to adapt the AEQ into Spanish. AEQ-Spanish was administered to a sample of 509 Spanish athletes and data were subjected to a confirmatory factor analysis. The original model comprising four factors (confidence, vigor, dedication and enthusiasm) was replicated. All estimated parameters were statistically significant and overall fit of the model was reasonable (indexes of goodness of fit reached the minimum values). The values of Cronbach´s alpha were also satisfactory for each factor with values above .70 cutoff. In conclusion, the Spanish version of AEQ offers similar psychometric properties to the findings in original version and it will allow researchers to carry out research in the Spanish context to identify personal and situational factors that contribute to engagement (AU)

El Athlete Engagement Questionnaire (AEQ) es un instrumento que ha mostrado evidencias de su validez y fiabilidad para la medida del engagement en deportistas. Este se define como una experiencia positiva y mantenida en el tiempo caracterizada por emociones y pensamientos de confianza, vigor, dedicación y entusiasmo. El propósito de este estudio fue adaptar el AEQ al español con una muestra de 509 deportistas españoles. Los datos fueron sometidos a un análisis factorial confirmatorio, replicándose el modelo original de cuatro factores (confianza, vigor, dedicación y entusiasmo). Todos los parámetros estimados fueron estadísticamente significativos y el ajuste general del modelo fue aceptable, alcanzando los índices de bondad de ajuste los valores mínimos requeridos. Los valores de alfa de Cronbach de cada factor también fueron satisfactorios con valores por encima de .70. Con estos datos, se puede concluir que la versión española de AEQ ofrece propiedades psicométricas similares a la versión original. Por ello, al disponer de una herramienta de medida adecuada, esto permitirá a los investigadores realizar estudios en el contexto español para identificar factores personales y situacionales que contribuyen al engagement (AU)

Relationship between leadership among peers and Burnout in sports teams

This study has been conducted with the aim of ascertaining the relationship between peer leaders in sport teams and the levels of burnout experienced by their team-mates. A total of 219 Spanish athletes involved in football and basketball participated in the study. To measure leadership among peers, we employed the Sports Peer Leadership Scale, which comprises 24 items, grouped into 6 primary factors: empathy, influence on decision making, sports values, social support, training orientation and competition orientation. And to measure burnout, we employed the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire, which comprises 15 items which are indicators of physical and emotional exhaustion, devaluation and reduced sense of accomplishment among athletes. The results led to the conclusion that there is a statistically significant negative relationship between perceived leadership capacity and the levels of burnout experience by a team. The greater the level of leadership capacity perceived, the lower the levels of burnout will be. A multiple regression analysis with total burnout as dependent variable and social and task orientations of the leader as predictors showed standardized regression coefficients of -.241 (p = .010) and -.076 (p = .413), respectively for social and task orientation, being the effect size equal to .089 (AU)

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Antecedents and consequences of burnout in athletes: Perceived stress and depression / Antecedentes y consecuencias del burnout en deportistas: estrés percibido y depresión

Background/Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship among perceived stress, burnout and depression in a sample of athletes. It was hypothesized that stress is an antecedent of burnout and depression a possible consequence of both stress and burnout. Method: A sample of 453 athletes participated in the study. Stress and depression were measured with Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) and athlete burnout with Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Data analysis was conducted under the approach of structural equation modelling (SEM). Results: The direct effects of stress on burnout and depression were .66 and .24, respectively, and the direct effect of burnout on depression .53, all of them significant (p<.001). Stress accounted for 43% of the variance of burnout, and jointly stress and burnout for 50% of the variance of depression. Indexes of overall model fit were: χ2 (224)= 520.881 (p<.001), χ2/df=2.32, Goodness of fit index (GFI)=.91, Comparative fit index (CFI)=.89, Root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)=.054 (90% confidence interval, .048-.060), and Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR)=.063. Conclusions: This study provides evidence of the relationship among stress, burnout and depression in an only model (AU)

Antecedentes/Objetivo: El objetivo fue investigar la relación entre estrés percibido, burnout y depresión en deportistas. Se presenta el estrés como antecedente del burnout y la depresión como consecuencia de ambos. Método: Participaron en el estudio 453 deportistas. Estrés y depresión fueron medidos con Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) y burnout en deportistas con Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Los datos fueron analizados desde la perspectiva de modelos de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM). Resultados: El efecto directo del estrés sobre el burnout y la depresión fue de 0,66 y 0,24, respectivamente y el del burnout sobre la depresión de 0,53; todos ellos significativos (p<0,001). El estrés explica el 43% de la varianza del burnout y el estrés conjuntamente con el burnout, el 50% de la varianza de la depresión. Los índices de ajuste del modelo fueron: χ2 (224)= 520,881 (p <0,001), χ2/df=2,32, el índice de bondad de ajuste (GFI)=0,91, el índice de bondad de ajuste comparativo (CFI)= 0,89, la raíz del residuo cuadrático promedio de aproximación (RMSEA)=0,054 (90% intervalo de confianza, 0,048-0,060) y raíz cuadrada de la media cuadrática del residual estandarizado (SRMR)=0,063. Conclusiones: Este estudio permite conocer la relación existente entre estrés, burnout y depresión en un único modelo (AU)

Antecedents and consequences of burnout in athletes: Perceived stress and depression.

Background/Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship among perceived stress, burnout and depression in a sample of athletes. It was hypothesized that stress is an antecedent of burnout and depression a possible consequence of both stress and burnout. Method: A sample of 453 athletes participated in the study. Stress and depression were measured with Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) and athlete burnout with Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Data analysis was conducted under the approach of structural equation modelling (SEM). Results: The direct effects of stress on burnout and depression were .66 and .24, respectively, and the direct effect of burnout on depression .53, all of them significant (p<.001). Stress accounted for 43% of the variance of burnout, and jointly stress and burnout for 50% of the variance of depression. Indexes of overall model fit were: χ 2 (224)= 520.881 (p < .001), χ 2 /df = 2.32, Goodness of fit index (GFI) = .91, Comparative fit index (CFI) = .89, Root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = .054 (90% confidence interval, .048-.060), and Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) = .063. Conclusions: This study provides evidence of the relationship among stress, burnout and depression in an only model.

Antecedentes/Objetivo: El objetivo fue investigar la relación entre estrés percibido, burnout y depresión en deportistas. Se presenta el estrés como antecedente del burnout y la depresión como consecuencia de ambos. Método: Participaron en el estudio 453 deportistas. Estrés y depresión fueron medidos con Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) y burnout en deportistas con Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Los datos fueron analizados desde la perspectiva de modelos de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM). Resultados: El efecto directo del estrés sobre el burnout y la depresión fue de 0,66 y 0,24, respectivamente y el del burnout sobre la depresión de 0,53; todos ellos significativos (p < 0,001). El estrés explica el 43% de la varianza del burnout y el estrés conjuntamente con el burnout, el 50% de la varianza de la depresión. Los índices de ajuste del modelo fueron: χ 2 (224)= 520,881 (p <0,001), χ 2 /df = 2,32, el índice de bondad de ajuste (GFI) = 0,91, el índice de bondad de ajuste comparativo (CFI)= 0,89, la raíz del residuo cuadrático promedio de aproximación (RMSEA) = 0,054 (90% intervalo de confianza, 0,048-0,060) y raíz cuadrada de la media cuadrática del residual estandarizado (SRMR) = 0,063. Conclusiones: Este estudio permite conocer la relación existente entre estrés, burnout y depresión en un único modelo.

Liderazgo entre iguales en equipos deportivos: Elaboración de un instrumento de medida / Peer leadership in sport temas: elaboration of an assessment system / Liderança entre pares em equipas desportivas: elaboração de um instrumento de medida

El presente estudio se ha realizado con el doble objetivo de ampliar el modelo de medida del liderazgo deportivo entre iguales (EELD-30) elaborado por Arce, Torrado, Andrade y Alzate (2011) y a la vez reducir el número de indicadores para mejorar su aplicabilidad. Como resultado, se ha obtenido una versión, denominada EELD-24, con más factores (seis en lugar de cinco) y con menor número de ítems (24 en lugar de 30). El ajuste individual de los parámetros (cargas factoriales de los ítems, correlaciones entre factores, y varianzas de los errores de medida) ha sido satisfactorio y los índices de ajuste global del modelo razonables: χ2 (242) = 566.278 (p < .001); χ2/df = 2.340; GFI = 0.90; TLI = 0.92; CFI = 0.93; SRMR = 0.058; RMSEA = 0.058 ( I.C. 90%; 0.052; 0.064). También se han obtenido resultados satisfactorios de consistencia interna de los factores, con valores de alpha de Cronbach que oscilan entre .76 y .86, de validez convergente y discriminante, y de invarianza del modelo de medida. La escala resultante puede ser utilizada con fines profesionales y de investigación con las suficientes garantías psicométricas

The present study was developed with the aim of increasing the assessment model of peer leadership (EELD-30) elaborated by Arce, Torrado, Andrade and Alzate (2011) and, at the same time, shortening the number of indicators in order to improve its applicability. As a result, a new version was obtained, called EELD-24, with one more factor (six instead of five) and fewer items (24 instead of 30). Fit indexes (item loads, factor correlations and error variance) were satisfactory and global fit indexes of the model were reasonable: χ2(242) = 566.278 (p < .001); χ2/df = 2.340; GFI = 0.90; TLI = 0.92; CFI = 0.93; SRMR = 0.058; RMSEA = 0.058 (C.I. 90%; 0.052; 0.064). Apart from this, satisfactory indexes of internal consistence were obtained, with values of Cronbach’s Alpha between 0.76 and 0.86, and also convergent and discriminant validity and invariance of the model offer satisfactory results. The final scale can be used both for an applied context and for research with enough psychometric guarantees

O presente estudo foi realizado com um objectivo duplo de ampliar o modelo de medida de liderança desportiva entre pares (EELD-30)elaborado por Arce, Torrado, Andrade e Alzate (2011) e de reduzir o número de indicadores de forma a melhorar a sua aplicabilidade. Como resultado,foi obtida uma versão, denominada EELD-24, com mais factores (seis em vez de cinco) e com menor número de itens (24 em vez de 30). O ajustamentoindividual dos parâmetros (cargas factoriais dos itens, correlações entre factores e variâncias dos erros de medida) foi satisfatório e os índices deajustamento global do modelo razoáveis: χ2(242)= 566.278 (p< .001); χ2/df= 2.340; GFI = 0.90; TLI = 0.92; CFI = 0.93; SRMR = 0.058; RMSEA =0.058 (I.C. 90%; 0.052; 0.064). De igual modo foram obtidos resultados satisfatórios de consistência interna dos factores, com valores de alfa de Cronbachque oscilam entre os .76 e .86, de validade convergente e discriminante, e de invariância do modelo de medida. A escala resultante pode ser utilizada emcontexto aplicado e de investigação com suficientes garantias psicométricas

The Construct Validity of the Spanish Version of the ABQ Using a Multi-Trait/Multi-Method Approach / Validez de constructo de la versión española del ABQ a través de aproximación multi-rasgo/multi-método

This study was designed to evaluate construct validity evidence associated with the Spanish version of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) using a multi-trait/multi-method (MTMM) approach. The ABQ was administered to a sample of 302 Spanish athletes, along with two other questionnaires including the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) and the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21), which respectively measure burnout in organizational settings and indicators of illbeing including depression, anxiety and stress. A structural equation modeling approach to a MTMM analysis was used. Results revealed by comparative analysis of four models that the Spanish version of ABQ has convergent and internal discriminant validity evident by high correlations between matching burnout subscales across two measures and lower correlations between non-matching dimensions. In addition, the burnout measures exhibited external discriminant validity as the correlations between burnout dimensions were higher than those seen between conceptually related, but unique, constructs (AU)

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar la validez de constructo de la versión española del Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) utilizando la aproximación multi-rasgo/multi-método (MTMM). El ABQ fue administrado a una muestra de 302 deportistas españoles, junto con dos otros cuestionarios, el Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) y la Escala de Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés (DASS-21), que miden respectivamente burnout en el contexto organizacional e indicadores de depresión, ansiedad y estrés. El análisis multi-rasgo/multi-método se hizo desde la perspectiva de los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados obtenidos por medio de la comparación entre cuatro modelos revelaron que la versión española del ABQ tiene validez convergente y discriminante interna como lo evidencian las altas correlaciones observadas entre las dimensiones semejantes del burnout medidas por los dos cuestionarios de burnout y las bajas correlaciones observadas entre dimensiones no equivalentes. Además, se ha podido concluir que las medidas de burnout también disponen de validez discriminante externa dado que las correlaciones entre las dimensiones del burnout fueron más altas que las obtenidas entre los constructos únicos conceptualmente relacionados (AU)

Versión breve en español del cuestionario POMS para deportistas adultos y población general / Abbreviated version in spanish of the Poms questionnaire for adult athletes and general population

Este artículo ofrece una versión breve del cuestionario de perfil de estados de ánimo POMS en español. Se trata de un nuevo estudio sobre la validez interna de este instrumento con deportistas y presenta evidencia favorable para extender su uso a la población general no-deportista. Los participantes respondieron a la forma del cuestionario para adultos, con 44 ítems y 6 factores de primer orden, denominados Cólera, Fatiga, Vigor, Amistad, Tensión, y Estado Deprimido (Andrade et al., 2010). En la muestra de deportistas (n = 400), los resultados del análisis factorial confirmatorio fueron aceptables, aunque proporcionaron pautas para refinar el modelo de medida. Así, se procedió a reducir el número de ítems, manteniendo sólo 5 por cada dimensión teórica, aquellos que fueron estadística y sustantivamente más apropiados. De este modo también se consiguió un incremento significativo de la bondad de ajuste del modelo. En una segunda fase se realizó el análisis factorial confirmatorio del patrón obtenido en una muestra de población general (n = 400). Finalmente, empleamos la aproximación multigrupo para comprobar la invarianza del modelo a dos niveles, configuración y equivalencia métrica (AU)

This paper reports on an abbreviated Spanish form of the questionnaire for the profile of mood states, POMS. It is a new study on the internal validity of this instrument with athletes, and offers evidence to extend its use to the general population. The participants completed the POMS adult version, with 44 items and 6 first-order factors labelled Anger, Fatigue, Vigour, Friendliness, Tension, and Depressed Mood (Andrade et al., 2010). In the athletes’ sample (n = 400), the results of the confirmatory factor analysis were acceptable, although they provided guidelines to refine the measurement model. Thus, we proceeded to reduce the number of items, keeping only 5 for each theoretical dimension: the most statistically and substantively appropriate ones. This way we also achieved a significant increase in the goodness-of-fit of the model. Subsequently, we carried out confirmatory factor analysis of the same pattern in the general population sample (n = 400). Finally, we used a multi-group approach to test the invariance of the model on two levels, configuration and metric equivalence (AU)