ABSTRACT
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline, is the most common form of dementia. Currently, there is no single test that can diagnose AD, especially in understudied populations and developing countries. Instead, diagnosis is based on a combination of medical history, physical examination, cognitive testing, and brain imaging. Exosomes are extracellular nanovesicles, primarily composed of RNA, that participate in physiological processes related to AD pathogenesis such as cell proliferation, immune response, and neuronal and cardiovascular function. However, the identification and understanding of the potential role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in AD diagnosis remain largely unexplored. Here, we clinically, cognitively, and genetically characterized a sample of 15 individuals diagnosed with AD (cases) and 15 controls from Barranquilla, Colombia. Advanced bioinformatics, analytics and Machine Learning (ML) techniques were used to identify lncRNAs differentially expressed between cases and controls. The expression of 28,909 lncRNAs was quantified. Of these, 18 were found to be differentially expressed and harbored in pivotal genes related to AD. Two lncRNAs, ENST00000608936 and ENST00000433747, show promise as diagnostic markers for AD, with ML models achieving > 95% sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in both the training and testing datasets. These findings suggest that the expression profiles of lncRNAs could significantly contribute to advancing personalized AD diagnosis in this community, offering promising avenues for early detection and follow-up.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease , RNA, Long Noncoding , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis , Alzheimer Disease/genetics , Humans , RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics , Female , Male , Aged , Precision Medicine/methods , Biomarkers , Machine Learning , Aged, 80 and over , Case-Control Studies , Gene Expression Profiling/methods , Computational Biology/methodsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Rate of cognitive decline (RCD) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) determines the degree of impairment for patients and of burden for caretakers. We studied the association of RCD with genetic variants in AD. METHODS: RCD was evaluated in 62 familial AD (FAD) and 53 sporadic AD (SAD) cases, and analyzed by whole-exome sequencing for association with common exonic functional variants. Findings were validated in post mortem brain tissue. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-two gene variants in FAD, and 227 gene variants in SAD associated with RCD. In FAD, performance decline of the immediate recall of the Rey-Osterrieth figure test associated with 122 genetic variants. Olfactory receptor OR51B6 showed the highest number of associated variants. Its expression was detected in temporal cortex neurons. DISCUSSION: Impaired olfactory function has been associated with cognitive impairment in AD. Genetic variants in these or other genes could help to identify risk of faster memory decline in FAD and SAD patients.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease , Cognitive Dysfunction , Humans , Alzheimer Disease/genetics , Alzheimer Disease/metabolism , Cognitive Dysfunction/genetics , Cognitive Dysfunction/metabolism , Brain/metabolism , Neurons/metabolism , Presenilin-1/genetics , Presenilin-1/metabolism , Mutation/geneticsABSTRACT
Background: People with Huntington's disease (HD) exhibit neurocognitive alterations throughout the disease, including deficits in social cognitive processes such as Theory of Mind (ToM). Objective: The aim is to identify methodologies and ToM instruments employed in HD, alongside relevant findings, within the scientific literature of the past two decades. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search for relevant papers in the SCOPUS, PubMed, APA-PsyArticles, Web of Science, Redalyc, and SciELO databases. In the selection process, we specifically focused on studies that included individuals with a confirmed genetic status of HD and investigated ToM functioning in patients with and without motor symptoms. The systematic review followed the PRISMA protocol. Results: A total of 27 papers were selected for this systematic review, covering the period from 2003 to 2023. The findings consistently indicate that ToM is globally affected in patients with manifest motor symptoms. In individuals without motor symptoms, impairments are focused on the affective dimensions of ToM. Conclusions: Based on our analysis, affective ToM could be considered a potential biomarker for HD. Therefore, it is recommended that ToM assessment be included as part of neuropsychological evaluation protocols in clinical settings. Suchinclusion could aid in the identification of early stages of the disease and provide new opportunities for treatment, particularly with emerging drugs like antisense oligomers. The Prospero registration number for this review is CRD42020209769.
Subject(s)
Huntington Disease , Theory of Mind , Huntington Disease/genetics , Huntington Disease/psychology , HumansABSTRACT
Class 2 HLA and PLA2R1 alleles are exceptionally strong genetic risk factors for membranous nephropathy (MN), leading, through an unknown mechanism, to a targeted autoimmune response. Introgressed archaic haplotypes (introduced from an archaic human genome into the modern human genome) might influence phenotypes through gene dysregulation. Here, we investigated the genomic region surrounding the PLA2R1 gene. We reconstructed the phylogeny of Neanderthal and modern haplotypes in this region and calculated the probability of the observed clustering being the result of introgression or common descent. We imputed variants for the participants in our previous genome-wide association study and we compared the distribution of Neanderthal variants between MN cases and controls. The region associated with the lead MN risk locus in the PLA2R1 gene was confirmed and showed that, within a 507 kb region enriched in introgressed sequence, a stringently defined 105 kb haplotype, intersecting the coding regions for PLA2R1 and ITGB6, is inherited from Neanderthals. Thus, introgressed Neanderthal haplotypes overlapping PLA2R1 are differentially represented in MN cases and controls, with enrichment In controls suggesting a protective effect.
Subject(s)
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous , Neanderthals , Humans , Animals , Neanderthals/genetics , Haplotypes , Glomerulonephritis, Membranous/genetics , Genome, Human , Genome-Wide Association Study , Receptors, Phospholipase A2/geneticsABSTRACT
The FMR1 5' regulation gene region harbors a CGG trinucleotide repeat expansion (CGG-TRE) that causes Fragile X syndrome (FXS) when it expands to more than 200 repetitions. Ricaurte is a small village in southwestern Colombia, with an FXS prevalence of 1 in 38 men and 1 in 100 women (~100 times higher than the worldwide reported prevalence), defining Ricaurte as the largest FXS cluster in the world. In the present study, using next-generation sequencing of whole exome capture, we genotype 55 individuals from Ricaurte (49 with either full mutation or with premutation), four individuals from neighboring villages (with either the full mutation or with the premutation), and one unaffected woman, native of Ricaurte, who did not belong to any of the affected families. With advanced clustering and haplotype reconstruction, we modeled a common haplotype of 33 SNPs spanning 83,567,899 bp and harboring the FMR1 gene. This reconstructed haplotype was found in all the men from Ricaurte who carried the expansion, demonstrating that the genetic conglomerate of FXS in this population is due to a founder effect. The definition of this founder effect and its population outlining will allow a better prediction, follow-up, precise and personalized characterization of epidemiological parameters, better knowledge of the disease's natural history, and confident improvement of the clinical attention, life quality, and health interventions for this community.
Subject(s)
Fragile X Syndrome , Male , Humans , Female , Fragile X Syndrome/epidemiology , Fragile X Syndrome/genetics , Founder Effect , Molecular Epidemiology , Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein/genetics , Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion , MutationABSTRACT
Objective: We aim to determine the prevalence of mental disorders in siblings of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and to determine how psychosocial adversity factors relate to this psychopathology, in a low-middle income country (Colombia). Methods: We evaluated subjects with ADHD diagnosed according to the DSM-5 criteria, one of their parents and one of their siblings (ages 8-19). We used the ADHD rating scale and a set of instruments to assess the presence of mental disorders as well as psychosocial adversity. Results: We evaluated 74 trios formed by the index case with ADHD, one sibling and one of the parents. We found that 24.3% of the participating siblings also met the criteria for ADHD and another 24.3% for other psychiatric disorders. The risk of these siblings having ADHD increased further when one of the parents reported a history of ADHD. We also found that 28.3% of the families faced high levels of psychosocial adversity as per their scores in the Rutter Adversity Index. Conclusions: Siblings of subjects with ADHD showed a significant risk for ADHD and other mental disorders. That risk increased if a parent reported a history of ADHD and also when two or more psychosocial adversity factors were present. This study supports the importance of early detection in efforts to decrease the risk for other siblings.
Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo es determinar la prevalencia de trastornos mentales en hermanos de casos con TDAH y cómo los factores de adversidad psicosocial se relacionan con esta psicopatología en un país de ingresos bajos-medios (Colombia). Métodos: Se evaluó a sujetos con TDAH diagnosticado según los criterios del DSM-5, uno de sus padres y uno de sus hermanos (edades, 8-19 anos). Mediante la escala de calificación del TDAH y un conjunto de otros instrumentos se evaluó la presencia de trastornos mentales y adversidad psicosocial. Resultados: Se evaluó a 74 tríos formados por el caso índice con TDAH, un hermano y uno de los padres. Se halló que un 24,3% de los hermanos participantes también cumplían los criterios de TDAH y otro 24,3%, otros trastornos psiquiátricos. El riesgo de que estos hermanos tuvieran TDAH aumentó aún más cuando uno de los padres informó antecedentes de TDAH. También, que el 28,3% de las familias se enfrentaron a altos niveles de adversidad psicosocial según sus puntuaciones en el Índice de Adversidad de Rutter. Conclusiones: Los hermanos de sujetos con TDAH mostraron un significativo riesgo de TDAH y otros trastornos mentales. Ese riesgo aumenta si uno de los padres reporta antecedentes de TDAH y también cuando se presentan 2 o más factores de adversidad psicosocial. Este estudio respalda la importancia de la detección temprana con el fin de disminuir el riesgo para otros hermanos.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has genetic and environmental aetiological factors. There are few publications on the environmental factors. The objective of this review is to present the role of psychosocial adversity in the aetiology and course of ADHD. Methods: A search was carried out in the following databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, SciELO, ClinicalKey, EMBASE, Lilacs, OVID, APA and PsycNET. English and Spanish were selected without being limited by type of study or year of publication. Finally, a qualitative synthesis was conducted. Results: ADHD development could be related to exposure to adverse factors in the family, school or social environment. It has been proposed as an explanatory mechanism that adversity interacts with genetic variants and leads to neurobiological changes. There may also be a gene-environment correlation whereby individual hereditary characteristics increase the risk of exposure to adversity, and indirectly increase the probability of developing ADHD. Research on psychosocial adversity represents a big challenge, not only due to the complexity of its construct, but also to the effect of subjective perception of a given event. Conclusions: ADHD aetiology is complex and involves the interaction of both genetic and environmental factors, in which these factors correlate and cause the disorder. The study of the role of psychosocial adversity in ADHD is fundamental, but it remains a task that entails great difficulties.
Introducción: El trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) tiene factores etiológicos genéticos y ambientales. Hay pocas publicaciones acerca de los factores ambientales. El objetivo de esta revisión es presentar el papel de la adversidad psicosocial en la etiología y el curso del TDAH. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda en las siguientes bases de datos: PubMed, ScienceDi-rect, SciELO, ClinicalKey, EMBASE, Lilacs, OVID, APA y PsycNET. Se seleccionaron artículos en inglés y español sin limitar por tipo de estudio o año de publicación. Finalmente, se hizo una síntesis cualitativa. Resultados: El desarrollo del TDAH podría estar relacionado con la exposición a factores adversos en el entorno familiar, escolar o social. Se ha propuesto como mecanismo explicativo que la adversidad interactúa con variantes genéticas y conduce a cambios neurobiológicos. También puede haber una correlación entre gen y ambiente, en la que las características hereditarias individuales aumentan el riesgo de exposición a la adversidad e indirectamente aumentan la probabilidad de sufrir TDAH. La investigación sobre la adversidad psicosocial representa un gran desafío no solo por la complejidad de su constructo, sino también por el efecto de la percepción subjetiva sobre un evento determinado. Conclusiones: La etiología del TDAH es compleja y factores genéticos y ambientales presentan una interacción en la que estos factores se correlacionan y originan el trastorno. El estudio del papel de la adversidad psicosocial en el TDAH es fundamental, pero sigue siendo una tarea que conlleva grandes dificultades.
ABSTRACT
Currently, transcranial stimulation for CVA treatment is based on the interhemispheric rivalry model. This model has proven to have many anomalies, necessitating a new paradigm. Spontaneous recovery from post-CVA hemiplegia has an ontogenetic pattern. We reanalyzed the 2008 longitudinal London study and found that cortical disinhibition is the mechanism for ontogenetic CVA recovery. We propose that transcranial stimulation with 10 Hz rTMS or anode electrical microstimulation can produce CVA recovery similar to spontaneous recovery. (Acta Med Colomb 2022; 47. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2022.2466).
Actualmente la aplicación de la estimulación transcraneal para el tratamiento del ACV se realiza con base en el modelo de rivalidad interhemisférica. Este modelo ha mostrado muchas anomalías que hacen necesario un nuevo paradigma. La recuperación espontánea de la hemiplejia post-ACV tiene patrón ontogénico. Reanalizamos el estudio longitudinal de Londres 2008 y encontramos que su propuesta corresponde al mecanismo de recuperación ontogénica del ACV. Planteamos que la estimulación transcraneal, utilizando EMTr a 10 Hz o microestimulación eléctrica anódica, podría recuperar el ACV de manera similar a la recuperación espontánea. (Acta Med Colomb 2022; 47. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2022.2466).
ABSTRACT
Abstract A patient with chronic brainstem CVA sequelae received one cycle of magnetic stimulation to treat her dysphagia and serendipitously obtained a minimal improvement in her axial movement. Two additional cycles gave her improved postural control and then distal movement, preceded by a display of ipsilateral and contralateral motor evoked potentials, respectively. Magnetic stimulation at 10 Hertz produces cortical disinhibition and reopens the critical neurodevelop ment periods. The ontogenic pattern of hemiplegia recovery in this patient may be explained by an increased and rejuvenated brain plasticity due to critical period reopening through cortical disinhibition. (Acta Med Colomb 2022; 47. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2022.2253).
Resumen Una paciente con secuelas crónicas de un ACV del tallo cerebral recibió un ciclo de estimulación magnética para el manejo de la disfagia y, por serendipia obtuvo mejoría leve del movimiento axial. Dos ciclos adicionales le permitieron mejoría del control postural y luego la aparición de movimiento distal, precedidos por la visualización de los potenciales evocados motores ipsilateral y contralateral, respectivamente. La estimulación magnética a 10 Hertz produce desinhibición cortical y reabre los periodos críticos del neurodesarrollo. Es posible, que el patrón ontogénico de recuperación de la hemiplejía en esta paciente se explique por el incremento y rejuvenecimiento de la plasticidad cerebral debido a la reapertura de los periodos críticos, por medio de la desinhibición cortical. (Acta Med Colomb 2022; 47. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2022.2253).
ABSTRACT
Introducción. El uso de los cuestionarios para caracterizar el trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad (TDAH) familiar del adulto ha sido estudiado por múltiples autores. Objetivo. Observar la validez convergente y concurrente de cuatro instrumentos estandarizados para cuantificar los síntomas del TDAH familiar del adulto. Pacientes y métodos. La muestra estuvo constituida por los 392 adultos de 18 a 84 años de edad, pertenecientes a 141 familias antioqueñas con múltiples afectados de TDAH, quienes respondieron mediante autoinforme los cuestionarios retrospectivos de Wender-Utah y la lista de síntomas de TDAH; además, contestaron en la entrevista neurológica el cuestionario del número de síntomas de TDAH presentados en el pasado y los síntomas actuales. Se hizo análisis de correlación de las puntuaciones y se calculó la sensibilidad y especificidad de los instrumentos para el diagnóstico de TDAH. Resultados. Se observaron correlaciones significativas y mayores de 0,6 entre los cuestionarios que exploraron síntomas de TDAH del pasado. Los cuestionarios tuvieron puntos de corte distantes para la sensibilidad y especificidad del 90%. La mejor razón de verosimilitud positiva (12,15) se encontró para el informe de cinco o más síntomas de hiperactividadimpulsividad en el pasado, seguido del informe de siete o más síntomas de TDAH en el pasado (6,92). Conclusiones. Para el uso de cualquiera de estos instrumentos en el rastreo de adultos con sospecha de TDAH, se debe ser cauteloso con los puntos de corte. El comportamiento psicométrico no permite su utilización en reemplazo de la entrevista estructurada como técnica de referencia del diagnóstico de TDAH del adulto (AU)
Introduction. Standard questionnaires to characterize familial attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) of adults have been studied in some studies. Aim. To observe convergent and concurrent validity of four standard rating scales to quantify the familial ADHD symptoms of adults. Patients and methods. The sample was constituted by the 392 adults; aged 18 through 84 years, belonging to 141 Antioquian families with multiple ADHD affected members, who fulfilled by self-report the Wender-Utah Rating Scale and the ADHD checklist; and, beside, answered a questionnaire asking for current and past ADHD symptoms, in a neurological interview. Correlation analyses were done. Sensitivity and specificity for ADHD diagnosis were also determined. Results. Significant and over 0.6 correlations were observed between scales that explored past ADHD symptoms. Distant cut-off points for 90% sensitivity and specificity were observed for all questionnaires. The best LR+ (12.15) was found for the report of 5 or more past hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms; follow by the report of 7 or more past ADHD symptoms (6.92). Conclusions. Cut-off points should be taken with caution when these rating scales were used for adult ADHD screening. Psychometric properties do not allow using these scales as substitution of structured clinical interview for the gold standard ADHD diagnosis in adults (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/diagnosis , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/epidemiology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Sensitivity and Specificity , Interview, PsychologicalABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN: la migraña es una entidad de alta prevalencia cuya etiología parece tener un gran componente genético. OBJETIVOS: determinar las características clínicas y la de conglomerados de clases latentes (CCL) en las familias colombianas de la región de Antioquia con un caso índice con cefalea crónica. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: se estudiaron 550 individuos (374 mujeres y 176 hombres) de 121 familias colombianas de la región de Antioquia. A todos se les hizo una pregunta de rastreo para seleccionar a los miembros con posible migraña. A los sospechosos se les hizo una entrevista con los criterios de la International Headache Society (IHS) y un examen neurológico para establecer el diagnóstico y su clasificación en migraña con aura (MCA) y migraña sin aura (MSA). Los criterios de la IHS fueron usados para hacer un análisis de CCL, calculando índices de máxima verosimilitud y controlando el cumplimiento del supuesto de la independencia local. RESULTADOS: el 61,6 % de los miembros de las familias tuvieron migraña. El 40 % tuvo MSA y el 21,6 % MCA. La intensidad fue de moderada a severa en 96,4 % de los casos. Aproximadamente el 70 % presentaron síntomas de náuseas, vómitos, sonofobia, fotofobia e incremento con el ejercicio. Se derivaron 4 CCL: uno con MSA+MCA, con alta probabilidad de ser mujeres y con crisis de inicio temprano; otro grupo de personas sanas de ambos sexos; un tercero con MSA de aparición a edad intermedia, con crisis moderadas a severas de larga duración y predominante de mujeres; y un cuarto grupo de mujeres con MSA de aparición temprana y crisis de corta duración. CONCLUSIONES: las características clínicas de los pacientes con migraña de estas familias son similares a lo informado en otros estudios. La distribución de los CCL hace pensar en una probable transmisión de una predisposición genética que, en interacción con factores ambientales, determinaría la edad de inicio de las crisis y si esas son de tipo MSA o MSA+MCA.
INTRODUCTION: migraine is a disorder with high prevalence and with probable genetic etiology. OBJECTIVE: to determine the clinical and latent class cluster (LCC) characteristics of Antioquian families with one probands with chronic headache. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 550 individuals (374 females and 176 males) were studied. All participants were asked with one screening question in order to select suspicious of migraine. An interview with the International Headache Society (IHS) criteria and a neurological examination were administered to all probably migraine affected patients. Migraine diagnosis and classification into migraine with aura (MA) and migraine without aura (M0) was done. The IHS were used to develop a LCC analysis, calculating maximum likelihood index and controlling the local independence assumption. RESULTS: 61,6 per cent of the family members were affected with migraine, 40 per cent had M0 and 21,6 per cent had MA. Intensity was estimated between moderate to severe by 96,4 per cent of the cases. Approximately 70 per cent had nausea, vomiting, sonophobia, photophobia and worsening with exercise. 4 LCC were derived: one with M0 + MA, with high probability to be females, and early onset crisis; other group was constituted by healthy people of both genders; the third cluster had M0 of intermediate age onset, with moderate to severe attack, with long duration and predominantly females; finally a 4th cluster of females with M0 of early onset and short duration. CONCLUSIONS: clinical characteristics of migraine patients in these Antioquian families were similar to those informed by others studies. The distribution of LCC suggests a genetic transmission of vulnerability, which interacting with several environmental factors, would determine the age of onset and the types of attacks as M0, or M0+MA.
Subject(s)
Humans , Headache , Genetics , Migraine DisordersABSTRACT
Se realizó un estudio de perfusión cerebral con el método de HMPAO SPECT para analizar y comparar las características y determinar diferencias significativas en etapas pre y sintomáticas del cuadro demencia! en personas portadoras de la mutación E280A de la PS1 y en un grupo control (no portador). Se realizaron 67 SPECT en 39 portadores de la mutación (17 sintomáticos y 22 asintomáticos) y en 28 sujetos no portadores. Entre los portadores asintomáticos y controles no portadores se observaron diferencias significativas de perfusión en la región frontal basal derecha y en la región occipital izquierda, en los cortes coronal y sagital respectivamente. La comparación entre sintomáticos y controles mostró diferencias significativas, con menor perfusión en los sintomáticos en tres regiones anteriores y cuatro posteriores que corresponden a las regiones occipitales, parietales y frontales y entre sintomáticos y asintomáticos portadores de la mutación en dos regiones anteriores, una medial y siete posteriores (APD, API, AOD, CFBD, CPBD, CPBI, CMD, SFD, SPD y SOD), que corresponden a las regiones frontal bilateral, parietal bilateral y occipital derecho. Según este estudio la alteración funcional parece comenzar en las áreas FBD y OI, lo que contrasta con lo descrito por otros autores. Se observó un predominio del compromiso posterior que caracteriza a la enfermedad de Alzheimer en etapas sintomáticas. La detección de un patrón de alteración en las neuroimágenes funcionales de los portadores asintomáticos del Alzheimer genético podría servir de marcador para el diagnóstico precoz antes de la edad de inicio de los sujetos a riesgo de sufrir demencia tipo Alzheimer esporádica.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease , Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures/instrumentation , Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures/trends , Diagnostic Techniques and ProceduresABSTRACT
Objetivo: discriminar los componentes genéticos y ambientales involucrados en generar la susceptibilidadpara labio hendido con o sin paladar hendido (LH+PH)en familias de Antioquia, Colombia y buscar asociación o ligamiento a marcadores genéticos. Material y método: se seleccionaron 60 individuos afectados de LH+PH y se reconstruyó su genealogía. Al tiempo, se seleccionaron 80 individuos apareados por edad, sexo y condición socioeconómica que sirvieron como controles. Se realizaron análisis de segregación simple, cálculos de heredabilidad, prueba de hipótesis sobre las prediciones del modelo multifactorial y análisis de asociaciones y ligamiento genético. Resultados: el análisis de segregación simple mostró un mejor ajuste del modelo de locus mayor recesivo con penetrancia incompleta. La heredabilidad de 96 por ciento está de acuerdo con la existencia de un gen mayor. Las pruebas de hipótesis refutaron el modelo de herencia multifactorial. La frecuencia del gen mayor que induce la susceptibilidad para desarrollar LH+PH fue de 0,037. Se encontró covarianza significante entre el fenotipo LH+PH y el genotipo JKa/JKa (grupo sanguíneo Kidd p<0,01, riesgo relativo =0,2). A partir de este se practicó análisis secuencial de ligamiento entre LH+PH y dicho marcador en una familia extendida multigeneracional que no mostró resultados concluyentes. Conclusiones: los hallazgos sugieren que los efectos ambientales son mínimos en la susceptibilidad a desarrollar LH+PH y es más importante el efecto de un gen mayor
Subject(s)
Humans , Cleft Lip/epidemiology , Cleft Lip/geneticsABSTRACT
A populaçäo urbana Chilena contemporânea deriva da mistura de ameríndios nativos com espanhóis, apresentando uma incidência média de fissura labial näo sindrômica associada ou näo a fissura palativa (NSCLP) de 1,8 por 1000 nascimentos vivos. A análise de segregaçäo complexa usando o programa de computador POINTER foi feita em 249 pedigrees estendidos, distribuídos em 202 famílias simplex e 47 famílias multiplex obtidas de probands de NSCLP afetados (157 homens e 92 mulheres). Esses pedigrees deram origem a 326 indivíduos afetados e mais de 1454 parentes. Oito modelos hipotéticos foram examinados e comparados pelo teste X²log2 razäo de máxima verossimilhança. Os modelos que postulam que NSCLP näo era transmitida nestas famílias foram rejeitados, assim como os modelos que postulam apenas um componente multifatorial (P<0,0001). O modelo que postula näo haver componente poligênico para a transmissäo do efeito mais importante foi rejeitado (P<0,0001). Entre os modelos do locus mais importante apenas o modelo recessivo de transmissäo foi rejeitado, enquanto que as heranças codominante e dominante sem um componente multifatorial näo puderam ser excluídas. O modelo näo restrito sugere que a freqüência do alelo de suscetibilidade a NSCLP no locus mais importante é 0,0037 e sua penetrância é de 92 por cento.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adult , Cleft Lip/genetics , Cleft Palate/genetics , Chile , Genetic Variation , Models, Genetic , PedigreeABSTRACT
A partir de una cohorte de individuos del departamento de Antioquia, diagnosticados con enfermedad desmielinizante en Colombia, una región tropical con un fuerte componente genético caucásico, se realizó un análisis clínico-epidemiológico y genético con la finalidad de diagnosticar casos de esclerosis multiple (EM) definida, poder determinar las características clínicas y demográficas del conjunto, caracterizarlos étnicamente y evaluar la existencia de posibles desequilibrios de ligamiento a marcadores genéticos sospechosos de estar asociados al desarrollo de EM como el HLA. Este artículo constituye el primer informe clínico, demográfico de los casos diagnosticados con EM definida. 28 individuos se definieron gnosológicamente, 21 de ellos tenían EM definida, cinco con deficiencia de vitamina B12 y dos lupus eritematoso sistémico. El síntoma más frecuente de inicio fue la neuritis óptica. Otras formas de comienzo fueron las alteraciones motoras y sensitivas. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas en distribución de frecuencia de los síntomas iniciales con otras series descritas en el mundo, lo que podría significar un comportamiento diferente de la esclerosis múltiple
Subject(s)
Multiple Sclerosis/epidemiology , Multiple Sclerosis/genetics , ColombiaABSTRACT
The sample included 460 controls of a case control study of typhoid fever. The G1m-G2m-G3m most frequent haplotypes were: za,..;g or 1,17;(-);21=0.4493;fn;b or 3;23;5,13=0.2522;f-,..;b or 3;(-);5,13=0.1389; zax;..;g or 1,2,17;(-);21=0.0685;za;..;b or 1,17;(-);5,13=0.0454;za;n;g or 1,17;23;21=0.0207;f;..;g or 3;(-);21=0.0129. The frequencies of Km alleles were 0.2391 and 0.7609 for Km1 and km3 respectively. These frequencies are within those found in Amerindian and Caucasian populations as expected from the origin of the Chilean population. Gm haplotypes did not differ from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, while a significant lack of homozygous Km1/km1 was found in Km
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Typhoid Fever/genetics , Haplotypes/genetics , Immunoglobulin Gm Allotypes/isolation & purification , Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/genetics , Case-Control StudiesABSTRACT
Forty four randomly selected schizophrenic probands, 22 female, aged 28 to 48 years old, were studied. From them, an extensive genealogic reconstruction was performed. Probands and relatives were interviewed using the structured interview CIDI and DSM-III-R check list. Schizophrenia was diagnosed using DSM-III-R criteria. Complex segregation analysis was done using Pointer program. The hypothesis of a multifactorial inheritance, without the participation of major genes, could not be rejected. Likewise, the major dominant and co-dominant gene forms of transmission could not be rejected. Our results show the participation of a major dominant locus and a multifactorial component in the inheritance of schizophrenia, as has been reported elesewhere