ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Although socioeconomic status is a major determinant of premature mortality in many populations, the impact of social inequalities on premature mortality in Cuba, a country with universal education and health care, remains unclear. We aimed to assess the association between educational level and premature adult mortality in Cuba. METHODS: The Cuba Prospective Study (a cohort study) enrolled 146â556 adults aged 30 years and older from the general population in five provinces from Jan 1, 1996, to Nov 24, 2002. Participants were followed up until Jan 1, 2017, for cause-specific mortality. Deaths were identified through linkage to the Cuban Public Health Ministry's national mortality records. Cox regression models yielded rate ratios (RRs) for the effect of educational level (a commonly used measure for social status) on mortality at ages 35-74 years, with assessment for the mediating effects of smoking, alcohol consumption, and BMI. FINDINGS: A total of 127â273 participants aged 35-74 years were included in the analyses. There was a strong inverse association between educational level and premature mortality. Compared with a university education, men who did not complete primary education had an approximately 60% higher risk of premature mortality (RR 1·55, 95% CI 1·40-1·72), while the risk was approximately doubled in women (1·96, 1·81-2·13). Overall, 28% of premature deaths could be attributed to lower education levels. Excess mortality in women was primarily due to vascular disease, while vascular disease and cancer were equally important in men. 31% of the association with education in men and 18% in women could be explained by common modifiable risk factors, with smoking having the largest effect. INTERPRETATION: This study highlights the value of understanding the determinants of health inequalities in different populations. Although many major determinants lie outside the health system in Cuba, this study has identified the diseases and risk factors that require targeted public health interventions, particularly smoking. FUNDING: UK Medical Research Council, British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK, CDC Foundation (with support from Amgen).
Subject(s)
Mortality, Premature , Vascular Diseases , Adult , Male , Humans , Female , Prospective Studies , Smoking/epidemiology , Cohort Studies , Cuba/epidemiologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease accounts for about one-third of all premature deaths (ie, age < 70) in Cuba. Yet, the relevance of major risk factors, including systolic blood pressure (SBP), diabetes, and body-mass index (BMI), to cardiovascular mortality in this population remains unclear. METHODS: In 1996-2002, 146,556 adults were recruited from the general population in five areas of Cuba. Participants were interviewed, measured (height, weight and blood pressure) and followed up by electronic linkage to national death registries until Jan 1, 2017; in 2006-08, 24,345 participants were resurveyed. After excluding all with missing data, cardiovascular disease at recruitment, and those who died in the first 5 years, Cox regression (adjusted for age, sex, education, smoking, alcohol and, where appropriate, BMI) was used to relate cardiovascular mortality rate ratios (RRs) at ages 35-79 years to SBP, diabetes and BMI; RR were corrected for regression dilution to give associations with long-term average (ie, 'usual') levels of SBP and BMI. RESULTS: After exclusions, there were 125,939 participants (mean age 53 [SD12]; 55% women). Mean SBP was 124 mmHg (SD15), 5% had diabetes, and mean BMI was 24.2 kg/m2 (SD3.6); mean SBP and diabetes prevalence at recruitment were both strongly related to BMI. During follow-up, there were 4112 cardiovascular deaths (2032 ischaemic heart disease, 832 stroke, and 1248 other). Cardiovascular mortality was positively associated with SBP (>=120 mmHg), diabetes, and BMI (>=22.5 kg/m2): 20 mmHg higher usual SBP about doubled cardiovascular mortality (RR 2.02, 95%CI 1.88-2.18]), as did diabetes (2.15, 1.95-2.37), and 10 kg/m2 higher usual BMI (1.92, 1.64-2.25). RR were similar in men and in women. The association with BMI and cardiovascular mortality was almost completely attenuated following adjustment for the mediating effect of SBP. Elevated SBP (>=120 mmHg), diabetes and raised BMI (>=22.5 kg/m2) accounted for 27%, 14%, and 16% of cardiovascular deaths, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This large prospective study provides direct evidence for the effects of these major risk factors on cardiovascular mortality in Cuba. Despite comparatively low levels of these risk factors by international standards, the strength of their association with cardiovascular death means they nevertheless exert a substantial impact on premature mortality in Cuba.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases , Diabetes Mellitus , Adult , Aged , Blood Pressure , Body Mass Index , Cuba/epidemiology , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective StudiesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The associations of cause-specific mortality with alcohol consumption have been studied mainly in higher-income countries. We relate alcohol consumption to mortality in Cuba. METHODS: In 1996-2002, 146 556 adults were recruited into a prospective study from the general population in five areas of Cuba. Participants were interviewed, measured and followed up by electronic linkage to national death registries until January 1, 2017. After excluding all with missing data or chronic disease at recruitment, Cox regression (adjusted for age, sex, province, education, and smoking) was used to relate mortality rate ratios (RRs) at ages 35-79 years to alcohol consumption. RRs were corrected for long-term variability in alcohol consumption using repeat measures among 20 593 participants resurveyed in 2006-08. FINDINGS: After exclusions, there were 120 623 participants aged 35-79 years (mean age 52 [SD 12]; 67 694 [56%] women). At recruitment, 22 670 (43%) men and 9490 (14%) women were current alcohol drinkers, with 15 433 (29%) men and 3054 (5%) women drinking at least weekly; most alcohol consumption was from rum. All-cause mortality was positively and continuously associated with weekly alcohol consumption: each additional 35cl bottle of rum per week (110g of pure alcohol) was associated with â¼10% higher risk of all-cause mortality (RR 1.08 [95%CI 1.05-1.11]). The major causes of excess mortality in weekly drinkers were cancer, vascular disease, and external causes. Non-drinkers had â¼10% higher risk (RR 1.11 [1.09-1.14]) of all-cause mortality than those in the lowest category of weekly alcohol consumption (<1 bottle/week), but this association was almost completely attenuated on exclusion of early follow-up. INTERPRETATION: In this large prospective study in Cuba, weekly alcohol consumption was continuously related to premature mortality. Reverse causality is likely to account for much of the apparent excess risk among non-drinkers. The findings support limits to alcohol consumption that are lower than present recommendations in Cuba. FUNDING: Medical Research Council, British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK, CDC Foundation (with support from Amgen).
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality , Neoplasms/mortality , Smoking/adverse effects , Adult , Blood Pressure , Cardiovascular Diseases/ethnology , Cause of Death , Cohort Studies , Cuba/epidemiology , Female , Heart Diseases/ethnology , Heart Diseases/mortality , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Neoplasms/ethnology , Obesity , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Smoking/ethnologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: In Cuba, hypertension control in primary care has been prioritised as a cost-effective means of addressing premature death from cardiovascular disease. However, there is little evidence from large-scale studies on the prevalence and management of hypertension in Cuba, and no direct evidence of the expected benefit of such efforts on cardiovascular mortality. METHODS: In a prospective cohort study, adults in the general population identified via local family medical practices were interviewed between Jan 1, 1996, and Nov 24, 2002, in five areas of Cuba, and a subset of participants were resurveyed between July 14, 2006, and Oct 19, 2008, in one area. During household visits, blood pressure was measured and information obtained on diagnosis and treatment of hypertension. We calculated the prevalence of hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg, or receiving treatment for hypertension) and the proportion of people with hypertension in whom it was diagnosed, treated, and controlled (systolic blood pressure <140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg). Deaths were identified through linkage by national identification numbers to the Cuban Public Health Ministry records, to Dec 31, 2016. We used Cox regression analysis to compare cardiovascular mortality between participants with versus without uncontrolled hypertension. Rate ratios (RRs) were used to estimate the fraction of cardiovascular deaths attributable to hypertension. FINDINGS: 146â556 participants were interviewed in the baseline survey in 1996-2002 and 24â345 were interviewed in the resurvey in 2006-08. After exclusion for incomplete data and age outside the range of interest, 136â111 respondents aged 35-79 years (mean age 54 [SD 12] years; 75â947 [56%] women, 60â164 [44%] men) were eligible for inclusion in the analyses. 34% of participants had hypertension. Among these, 67% had a diagnosis of hypertension. 76% of participants with diagnosed hypertension were receiving treatment and blood pressure was controlled in 36% of those people. During 1·7 million person-years of follow-up there were 5707 cardiovascular deaths. In the age groups 35-59, 60-69, and 70-79 years, uncontrolled hypertension at baseline was associated with RRs of 2·15 (95% CI 1·88-2·46), 1·86 (1·69-2·05), and 1·41 (1·32-1·52), respectively, and accounted for around 20% of premature cardiovascular deaths. INTERPRETATION: In this Cuban population, a third of people had hypertension. Although levels of hypertension diagnosis and treatment were commensurate with those in some high-income countries, the proportion of participants whose blood pressure was controlled was low. As well as reducing hypertension prevalence, improvement in blood pressure control among people with diagnosed hypertension is required to prevent premature cardiovascular deaths in Cuba. FUNDING: Medical Research Council, British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality , Hypertension/epidemiology , Adult , Aged , Cuba/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Hypertension/therapy , Male , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Prospective Studies , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
La Comisión Nacional Técnica Asesora del Programa de Hipertensión Arterial (CNHTA) del Ministerio de Salud Pública (MINSAP), tiene la responsabilidad de mantener actualizada la Guía para la prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial** que aporta los conocimientos y orientaciones para los distintos niveles de atención médica, principalmente para la atención primaria, donde la hipertensión arterial (HTA) constituye una de las afecciones de mayor demanda asistencial, también para los cuerpos de guardia tanto de hospitales como de policlínicos donde acuden pacientes con descontrol o descompensación de su enfermedad hipertensiva que requieren de una adecuada y efectiva asistencia profesional, por lo que las guías de prácticas médicas han de estar disponibles y ser de conocimiento para su eficiente aplicación en su diagnóstico, tratamiento y eficaz orientación a pacientes y familiares. La Guía Cubana de Hipertensión Arterial (GCHTA), como habitualmente se le conoce, tuvo su origen en el primer Programa Nacional de Hipertensión, editado en el año 1998, que fue distribuido en todo el país, con el apoyo de una amplia campaña nacional que favoreció su conocimiento en toda Cuba. Posteriormente se comenzaron a editar las Guías de HTA, que fueron redactadas y actualizadas a través de talleres o reuniones de expertos, por miembros de las comisiones asesoras nacional y de las provincias. Se sucedieron ediciones de la Guía en los años 2003, 2006 y 2008, basadas en actualizaciones acorde al desarrollo del conocimiento y aportes de importantes documentos como el Joint National Committe (JNC) norteamericano y las guías editadas por la Sociedad Europea de Hipertensión Arterial y la NICE (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence) del Reino Unido, entre otras, así como en la experiencia profesional de los miembros de nuestra CNHTA. Teniendo en cuenta los años transcurridos desde la última publicación de la GCHTA en el 2008 y las numerosas guías de prácticas médica publicadas recientemente, se decidió, por la CNHTA del MINSAP, abordar su actualización, dado que la HTA sigue teniendo una alta prevalencia en la población general, con significación también en la niñez y adolescencia y particularidades relevantes en el adulto mayor. Se dedicó especial cuidado en su redacción, para que se ajustara a las normas evaluativas de instrumentos como el AGREE (Assessment of Guidelines for Research and Education), que fue confeccionado para la evaluación de la guías de prácticas médicas.1,2 La CNHTA participó en un taller preparatorio, para conocer mejor los elementos a tener en cuenta en su elaboración y lograr que nuestra GNHTA actualizada, se encuentre a la altura de las que se han publicado en los últimos cinco años y se cumpla con el objetivo fundamental...(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Heart Disease Risk Factors , Hypertension/complications , Hypertension/diagnosis , Hypertension/drug therapyABSTRACT
Introducción: La cesación tabáquica es una prioridad en la prevención de enfermedades cardiovasculares, pero existe poca evidencia de intervenciones dirigidas hacia estos pacientes.Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de un Programa de Cesación Tabáquica en términos de efectividad en pacientes con enfermedades cardiovasculares a los 12 meses de la intervención.Métodos: Estudio de intervención comunitaria no controlado sin grupo control, en 50 pacientes fumadores con enfermedades cardiovasculares que asistieron al Programa de Cesación Tabáquica. Las variables utilizadas fueron edad, sexo, nivel educacional, edad de comienzo en el consumo, número de años fumando, antecedentes de padres fumadores, tratamientos para la cesación tabáquica anteriores, dependencia a la nicotina, motivación para dejar de fumar y comportamiento de la abstinencia a los 12 meses. Para la cesación se utilizó la terapia multicomponente. Las técnicas de recolección de la información fueron el Test de Fagerstrom, el Test de Richmond y la encuesta. Para evaluar la posible relación entre variables cualitativas se utilizó el chi2, se trabajó con un 95 por ciento de confianza y una probabilidad asociada p≤0.05. Resultados: Al año de haber concluido la intervención, el 58 por ciento de los pacientes se mantenía en abstinencia. De los pacientes que continuaron fumando, el 26 por ciento redujo la cantidad de cigarrillos a menos de 10 por día y solo el 16 por ciento no obtuvo beneficios con el tratamiento, manteniendo su patrón de consumo inicial.Conclusiones: En términos de efectividad el Programa tuvo un buen impacto, demostrando una reducción del riesgo cardiovascular en los pacientes tratados a los 12 meses de la intervención(AU)
Introduction: Smoking cessation is a priority in the prevention of cardiovascular disease, but there is little evidence of interventions aimed at these patients. Objective: To evaluate the impact of a Smoking Cessation Program in terms of effectiveness in patients with cardiovascular at 12 months postoperatively diseases. Methods: Uncontrolled community intervention without a control group, in 50 smokers with cardiovascular disease who attended the Smoking Cessation Program. The variables used were age, sex, educational level, age at onset in consumption, number of years of smoking, parental smoking history, previous treatments for smoking cessation, nicotine dependence, motivation to quit and abstinence behavior at 12 months. Therapy was used multicomponent cessation. The techniques of data collection were the Fagerstrom Test, the Test of Richmond and survey. To evaluate the possible relationship between qualitative variables was used chi2, we worked with 95 percent confidence and an associated probability p 0.05. Results: One year after the intervention ended, 58 percent of patients remained abstinent. Of the patients who continued to smoke, 26 percent reduced the amount of less than 10 cigarettes per day and only 16 percent received no treatment benefits, maintaining its initial consumption pattern.Conclusions: In terms of effectiveness the program had a great impact, demonstrating a reduction in cardiovascular risk in patients treated at 12 months postoperatively(AU)
Subject(s)
HumansABSTRACT
Antecedente: se describe que la primera glucemia en ayunas en hospitalizados por infarto agudo del miocardio se asocia a un mal pronóstico. Objetivo: determinar la posible influencia de la hiperglucemia, en particular la primera glucemia en ayunas, en el pronóstico del infarto agudo del miocardio. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal y descriptivo donde se revisaron 157 historias clínicas de ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Coronarios del Instituto de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular, en la provincia de La Habana, con el diagnóstico de infarto agudo del miocardio (enero del año 2006 a diciembre del año 2007). Se dividieron en tres grupos: I) Sin antecedentes de diabetes mellitus con hiperglucemia al ingreso, II) con diagnóstico previo de diabetes mellitus al ingreso; y III) no diabéticos, sin hiperglucemia al ingreso. Variables estudiadas: edad, sexo, hábito de fumar, consumo de alcohol, cifras de la primera glucemia en ayunas, promedio de los valores de glucemia durante su estadía hospitalaria, tratamiento insulínico (convencional o intensivo), complicaciones del infarto agudo del miocardio, su evolución (mortal o no mortal) y estadía hospitalaria. Se correlacionaron los valores de glucemia y su tratamiento con las complicaciones cardiovasculares, la mortalidad y la estadía hospitalaria. Resultados: los grupos I y II presentaron mayores porcentajes de complicaciones dependientes del infarto agudo del miocardio, y mayor mortalidad a mayores cifras de la glucemia intrahospitalaria. Hubo una tendencia no significativa del pronóstico de la primera glucemia en ayunas. Conclusiones: el control metabólico malo o regular (intrahospitalario) se asocia a un mal pronóstico y a una mayor estadía hospitalaria. No hubo relación significativa de la primera glucemia en ayunas con la mortalidad en el infarto agudo del miocardio.
Background: it is described that the first fasting glycemia in people hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction is associated to a bad prognosis. Objective: to determine the possible influence of hyperglycemia, particularly in the first fasting glycemia, for the prognosis of acute myocardial infarction. Methods: a transversal and descriptive study was conducted in which 157 clinical histories of patients admitted to the Coronary Care unit of the Institute of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Service in Havana Province, who were diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction, were reviewed (January 2006-December 2007). They were divided into three groups: 1) without antecedents of diabetes mellitus, with hyperglycemia on admission; 2) with previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus on admission; 3) non-diabetics, without hyperglycemia on admission. The variables studied were: age, sex, smoking habit, alcohol intake, levels of first fasting glycemia, average values of blood glucose during hospitalization, insulin treatment (conventional or intensive), complications of acute myocardial infarction, evolution (mortal or non-mortal) and hospital stay. The values of glycemia and its treatment were correlated with cardiovascular complications, mortality and hospital stay. Results: groups 1 and 2 presented higher percentages of complications of acute myocardial infarction as well as a greater mortality in higher numbers of intra-hospital blood glucose. There was a non significant tendency of first fasting glycemia with this prognosis. Conclusions: the bad or regular intra-hospital metabolic control is associated to a bad prognosis and a greater hospital stay. There was no significant relation between first fasting glycemia and mortality after acute myocardial infarction.
ABSTRACT
Objetivo: determinar cuál de las tablas de riesgo cardiovascular y factores de riesgo, está más relacionada con la resistencia a la insulina en los adultos sobrepesos y obesos. Métodos: se estudiaron 350 pacientes sobrepesos u obesos de edades comprendidas entre los 19 y 70 años. Se les aplicó un cuestionario, que incluyó: edad, sexo, color de piel, hábitos tóxicos, práctica de actividad física y medicamentos utilizados. Las particularidades del examen físico realizado fueron: peso, talla, índice de masa corporal, tensión arterial, circunferencias de cintura y cadera e índice cintura-cadera. Los exámenes bioquímicos realizados fueron: glucosa, insulina, colesterol, triglicéridos y HDL-c en ayunas. La resistencia a la insulina fue evaluada mediante el índice de cálculo modelo homeostático de Mathews. Se utilizaron las tablas de Framingham, de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y las de Gaziano para medir el riesgo cardiovascular. Resultados: al comparar la frecuencia de riesgo cardiovascular según las tablas utilizadas, se observó que el riesgo moderado y alto, según Gaziano, fue superior al encontrado por Framingham y la Organización Mundial de la Salud (20,6 por ciento [72/350] vs. 2,9 por ciento [10/350] y 3,7 por ciento [13/350]). La frecuencia de resistencia a la insulina se distribuyó de manera similar para todas las tablas de riesgo cardiovascular. Cuando se analizó la relación entre la resistencia a la insulina y cada factor de riesgo cardiovascular, predominaron los triglicéridos elevados (68,7 por ciento), seguido por el colesterol ³ 5,2 mmol/L (60,2 por ciento), el índice de masa corporal ³ 30 (59,0 por ciento) y la hipertensión (59,5 por ciento). La sensibilidad de identificar resistencia a la insulina para cada tabla de riesgo cardiovascular, se comportó de manera uniforme en todas, sin embargo, las tablas según Gaziano, presentaron mayor especificidad (43,0 por ciento). Con relación a la sensibilidad y especificidad de la resistencia a la insulina para cada factor de riesgo cardiovascular, el índice de masa corporal ³ 30 mostró una alta especificidad (74,5 por ciento). Conclusiones: se aconseja utilizar las tablas de Gaziano debido a que detectaron un mayor número de individuos con riesgo cardiovascular, además de mostrar mayor especificidad en identificar sujetos con resistencia a la insulina. La obesidad y la hipertrigliceridemia fueron los factores de riesgo cardiovascular que más se asociaron con la resistencia a la insulina, y deben ser tomados en cuenta para el inicio de intervenciones terapéuticas, con el fin de evitar la aparición de enfermedad cardiovascular(AU)
Objective: to determine the cardiovascular risk and risk factor table that is most associated with the insulin resistance in overweight and obese patients. Methods: three hundred fifty overweight and obese patients, aged 19 to 70 years, were studied. They were questioned about age, sex, race, toxic habits, physical exercising and pharmaceutical consumption. The details of the physical exam included weight, size, body mass index, blood pressure, waist and hip circumference, waist-hip index. The biochemical exams were glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL-C on fasting. Mathews' homeostatic model estimation index served to evaluate the insulin resistance. The WHO table, the Framingham table and Gaziano table sere used to measure the cardiovascular risk. Results: the comparison of the cardiovascular risk frequency according to the tables showed that the moderate and the high risks in Gaziano table were higher than those of the Framingham and of the World Health Organization (20.6 percent [72/350] vs. 2.9 percent [10/350] and 3.7 percent [13/350]). The insulin resistance frequency was similar in all the cardiovascular risk tables. In the analysis of the relations between the insulin resistance and each cardiovascular risk factor, increased triglyceride indexes prevailed (68.7 percent) followed by cholesterol index of ³ 5.2 mmol/L (60.2 percent), body mass index of ³ 30 (59.0 percent) and hypertension (59,5 percent). The sensitivity of detection of insulin resistance observed in each cardiovascular risk table was similar; however, Gaziano tables showed higher specificity (43 percent). As to the sensitivity and specificity of the insulin resistance for each cardiovascular risk factor, the body mass index of ³ 30 yielded the highest specificity (74.5 percent). Conclusions: it is advisable to use Gaziano tables because they detected a higher number of individuals with cardiovascular risks, in addition to their higher specificity to detect subjects with insulin resistance. Obesity and hypertriglyceridemia were the cardiovascular risk factors most associated to the insulin resistance, so they should be taken into account to start therapeutic intervention in order to prevent the onset of some cardiovascular diseases(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Insulin Resistance/physiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Risk Factors , Obesity , HypertriglyceridemiaABSTRACT
Objetivo: determinar cuál de las tablas de riesgo cardiovascular y factores de riesgo, está más relacionada con la resistencia a la insulina en los adultos sobrepesos y obesos. Métodos: se estudiaron 350 pacientes sobrepesos u obesos de edades comprendidas entre los 19 y 70 años. Se les aplicó un cuestionario, que incluyó: edad, sexo, color de piel, hábitos tóxicos, práctica de actividad física y medicamentos utilizados. Las particularidades del examen físico realizado fueron: peso, talla, índice de masa corporal, tensión arterial, circunferencias de cintura y cadera e índice cintura-cadera. Los exámenes bioquímicos realizados fueron: glucosa, insulina, colesterol, triglicéridos y HDL-c en ayunas. La resistencia a la insulina fue evaluada mediante el índice de cálculo modelo homeostático de Mathews. Se utilizaron las tablas de Framingham, de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y las de Gaziano para medir el riesgo cardiovascular. Resultados: al comparar la frecuencia de riesgo cardiovascular según las tablas utilizadas, se observó que el riesgo moderado y alto, según Gaziano, fue superior al encontrado por Framingham y la Organización Mundial de la Salud (20,6 por ciento [72/350] vs. 2,9 por ciento [10/350] y 3,7 por ciento [13/350]). La frecuencia de resistencia a la insulina se distribuyó de manera similar para todas las tablas de riesgo cardiovascular. Cuando se analizó la relación entre la resistencia a la insulina y cada factor de riesgo cardiovascular, predominaron los triglicéridos elevados (68,7 por ciento), seguido por el colesterol ³ 5,2 mmol/L (60,2 por ciento), el índice de masa corporal ³ 30 (59,0 por ciento) y la hipertensión (59,5 por ciento). La sensibilidad de identificar resistencia a la insulina para cada tabla de riesgo cardiovascular, se comportó de manera uniforme en todas, sin embargo, las tablas según Gaziano, presentaron mayor especificidad (43,0 por ciento). Con relación a la sensibilidad y especificidad de la resistencia a la....(AU)
Objective: to determine the cardiovascular risk and risk factor table that is most associated with the insulin resistance in overweight and obese patients. Methods: three hundred fifty overweight and obese patients, aged 19 to 70 years, were studied. They were questioned about age, sex, race, toxic habits, physical exercising and pharmaceutical consumption. The details of the physical exam included weight, size, body mass index, blood pressure, waist and hip circumference, waist-hip index. The biochemical exams were glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL-C on fasting. Mathews' homeostatic model estimation index served to evaluate the insulin resistance. The WHO table, the Framingham table and Gaziano table sere used to measure the cardiovascular risk. Results: the comparison of the cardiovascular risk frequency according to the tables showed that the moderate and the high risks in Gaziano table were higher than those of the Framingham and of the World Health Organization (20.6 percent [72/350] vs. 2.9 percent [10/350] and 3.7 percent [13/350]). The insulin resistance frequency was similar in all the cardiovascular risk tables. In the analysis of the relations between the insulin resistance and each cardiovascular risk factor, increased triglyceride indexes prevailed (68.7 percent) followed by cholesterol index of ³ 5.2 mmol/L (60.2 percent), body mass index of ³ 30 (59.0 percent) and hypertension (59,5 percent). The sensitivity of detection of insulin resistance observed in each cardiovascular risk table was similar; however, Gaziano tables showed higher specificity (43 percent). As to the sensitivity and specificity of the...(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Young Adult , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Risk Factors , Cardiovascular Diseases , Insulin Resistance , ObesityABSTRACT
Antecedente: se describe que la primera glucemia en ayunas en hospitalizados por infarto agudo del miocardio se asocia a un mal pronóstico. Objetivo: determinar la posible influencia de la hiperglucemia, en particular la primera glucemia en ayunas, en el pronóstico del infarto agudo del miocardio. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal y descriptivo donde se revisaron 157 historias clínicas de ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Coronarios del Instituto de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular, en la provincia de La Habana, con el diagnóstico de infarto agudo del miocardio (enero del año 2006 a diciembre del año 2007). Se dividieron en tres grupos: I) Sin antecedentes de diabetes mellitus con hiperglucemia al ingreso, II) con diagnóstico previo de diabetes mellitus al ingreso; y III) no diabéticos, sin hiperglucemia al ingreso. Variables estudiadas: edad, sexo, hábito de fumar, consumo de alcohol, cifras de la primera glucemia en ayunas, promedio de los valores de glucemia durante su estadía hospitalaria, tratamiento insulínico (convencional o intensivo), complicaciones del infarto agudo del miocardio, su evolución (mortal o no mortal) y estadía hospitalaria. Se correlacionaron los valores de glucemia y su tratamiento con las complicaciones cardiovasculares, la mortalidad y la estadía hospitalaria. Resultados: los grupos I y II presentaron mayores porcentajes de complicaciones dependientes del infarto agudo del miocardio, y mayor mortalidad a mayores cifras de la glucemia intrahospitalaria. Hubo una tendencia no significativa del pronóstico de la primera glucemia en ayunas. Conclusiones: el control metabólico malo o regular (intrahospitalario) se asocia a un mal pronóstico y a una mayor estadía hospitalaria. No hubo relación significativa de la primera glucemia en ayunas con la mortalidad en el infarto agudo del miocardio(AU)
Background: it is described that the first fasting glycemia in people hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction is associated to a bad prognosis. Objective: to determine the possible influence of hyperglycemia, particularly in the first fasting glycemia, for the prognosis of acute myocardial infarction. Methods: a transversal and descriptive study was conducted in which 157 clinical histories of patients admitted to the Coronary Care unit of the Institute of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Service in Havana Province, who were diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction, were reviewed (January 2006-December 2007). They were divided into three groups: 1) without antecedents of diabetes mellitus, with hyperglycemia on admission; 2) with previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus on admission; 3) non-diabetics, without hyperglycemia on admission. The variables studied were: age, sex, smoking habit, alcohol intake, levels of first fasting glycemia, average values of blood glucose during hospitalization, insulin treatment (conventional or intensive), complications of acute myocardial infarction, evolution (mortal or non-mortal) and hospital stay. The values of glycemia and its treatment were correlated with cardiovascular complications, mortality and hospital stay. Results: groups 1 and 2 presented higher percentages of complications of acute myocardial infarction as well as a greater mortality in higher numbers of intra-hospital blood glucose. There was a non significant tendency of first fasting glycemia with this prognosis. Conclusions: the bad or regular intra-hospital metabolic control is associated to a bad prognosis and a greater hospital stay. There was no significant relation between first fasting glycemia and mortality after acute myocardial infarction(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Myocardial Infarction/diagnosis , Blood Glucose/analysis , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Cross-Sectional Studies/methodsABSTRACT
Introducción La grasa epicárdica ha mostrado una estrecha asociación con diversos marcadores de aterosclerosis subclínica. Sin embargo, en pacientes con síndrome metabólico (SM) los estudios son escasos y ninguno ha sido realizado en pacientes hispanos. Por ello decidimos evaluar la posible relación de la grasa epicárdica con marcadores de aterosclerosis subclínica y otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes con SM. Métodos Se estudiaron 115 pacientes (76 mujeres y 39 hombres, con una edad media de 56,9±8,6 vs 56,7±9,4 años, respectivamente) con diagnóstico de SM. Se recogieron variables clínicas (edad, sexo, antecedentes de tabaquismo, presión arterial sistólica [PAS] y diastólica [PAD]), antropométricas (índice de masa corporal [IMC] y circunferencia de la cintura) y hemoquímicas (glucemia, colesterol total, colesterol HDL, colesterol LDL, triglicéridos, apolipoproteína B [ApoB], apolipoproteína A-I [ApoA-I] y ratio ApoB/ApoA-I). Realizamos además un examen ecocardiográfico transtorácico y carotídeo a todos los participantes, y cuantificación del calcio arterial coronario en 79 pacientes. Resultados La grasa epicárdica mostró una asociación significativa e independiente con la presencia de un grosor íntima-media (GIM) carotídeo >75 percentil (OR: 1,51; IC: 1,22-1,86; p=0,000). Los valores de grasa epicárdica fueron significativamente mayores en los pacientes con presencia de placa ateromatosa carotídea (6,39±1,8 vs 5,14±2,4mm; p=0,007), incremento en los cuartiles de calcificación arterial coronaria (p=0,042) y con un ratio ApoB/ApoA-I elevado para hombres y mujeres (p=0,027, p=0,037, respectivamente).Conclusiones La grasa epicárdica mostró una asociación significativa e independiente con marcadores de aterosclerosis subclínica, así como el ratio ApoB/ApoA-I en pacientes con SM (AU)
Introduction Epicardial fat has been shown to be strongly associated with several markers of subclinical atherosclerosis. However, few studies have been performed in patients with metabolic syndrome and none has been carried out in Hispanic patients. The purpose of our study was to determine the relationship between epicardial fat and markers of subclinical atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular risk factors in patients with metabolic syndrome. Methods A total of 115 patients (76 women and 39 men, mean age 56.9±8.6 vs 56.7±9.4 years, respectively) with metabolic syndrome were studied. We included clinical (age, sex, smoking history, systolic and diastolic blood pressure), anthropometric (body mass index and waist circumference) and biochemical variables (fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoprotein [Apo] B, Apo A-I and the ApoB/ApoA-I ratio). We also performed a transthoracic echocardiography and ultrasonographic carotid examination in all participants as well as coronary artery calcium score quantification in 79 patients. Results Epicardial fat was significantly and independently associated with the presence of carotid intima-media thickness >75th percentile (OR: 1.51; CI: 1.22-1.86; P=.000). Epicardial fat values were significantly higher in patients with carotid plaque (6.39±1.8 vs 5.14±2.4mm, P=.007), an increase in coronary calcium score quartiles (P=.042) and a high ApoB/ApoA-I ratio in both men and women (P=.027 and P=.037, respectively).Conclusions Epicardial fat was significantly and independently associated with several markers of subclinical atherosclerosis, as well as with the ApoB/ApoA-I ratio in patients with metabolic syndrome (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Pericardium/ultrastructure , Adipose Tissue , Atherosclerosis/diagnosis , Metabolic Syndrome/complications , Risk Factors , Apoprotein(a)/analysis , Body Mass Index , Abdominal Circumference , Cholesterol/analysisABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN: El infarto agudo del miocardio constituye una de las primeras causas de muerte en el mundo y en Cuba, su distribución se desconoce en el país en los últimos años. OBJETIVO: Describir la morbilidad del infarto agudo del miocardio en Cuba, 1999 -2008. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo. Universo el total de personas e» 25 años durante el período 1999-2008, en cuya población se identificaron los individuos que padecieron infarto agudo del miocardio. Los datos se obtuvieron de registros de la Dirección Nacional de Estadísticas y se calcularon las tasas de incidencia. Las variables utilizadas fueron: Lugar de ocurrencia: provincias: Pinar del Río, Provincia Habana, Ciudad de La Habana, Matanzas, Cienfuegos, Villa Clara, Sancti Spíritus, Ciego de Ávila, Camagüey, Las Tunas, Holguín, Granma, Santiago de Cuba, Guantánamo, municipio especial Isla de la Juventud. RESULTADOS: Las tasas de incidencia en el país se mantuvieron alrededor de 1,9 por 1 000 habitantes como promedio durante el periodo analizado. Ciudad de La Habana fue la provincia de mayor incidencia en el primer y segundo quinquenio con tasas de 3,0 y 2,6 por 1 000 habitantes respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: La incidencia por infarto agudo del miocardio en Cuba en el período 1999-2008, se mantuvo sin variaciones significativas. El riesgo de padecer dicha enfermedad para la población mayor de 25 años, estuvo elevada y constante durante el decenio. Las provincias de mayor incidencia fueron Ciudad de La Habana, Camagüey, Sancti Spíritus, y provincia Habana
INTRODUCTION: The myocardial acute infarction is one the first death causes in the world and in Cuba; in past years its distribution is unknown in our country. OBJECTIVE: To describe the morbidity of myocardial acute infarction in Cuba: 1999-2008. METHODS: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted. Universe included persons aged e» 25 during 1999-2008 in whose population were identified the subjects suffered myocardial acute infarction. Data were collected from registry of National Management of Statistics and the incidence rates were estimated. Variables used were: occurrence place; provinces: Pinar del Río, Provincia Habana, Ciudad de La Habana, Matanzas, Cienfuegos, Villa Clara, Sancti Spíritus, Ciego de Avila, Camagüey, Las Tunas, Holguín, Granma, Santiago de Cuba, Guantánamo, especial municipality of Isla de la Juventud. RESULTS: Incidence rates in our country remained around the 1,9 by 1 000 inhabitants as average during the study period. Ciudad de La Habana was the province of greater incidence in the first and second five-year period with rates of 3.0 and 2.6 by 1 000 inhabitants, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence due to myocardial acute infarction in Cuba during 1999-2008, remained without significant variations. Thr risk of suffering such disease for the population aged over 25, was high and constant during decade. The provinces with higher incidence were Ciudad de La Habana, Camagüey, Sancti Spíritus and province of Habana
Subject(s)
Myocardial Infarction/epidemiology , Cuba , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Cross-Sectional Studies/methodsABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN: El infarto agudo del miocardio constituye una de las primeras causas de muerte en el mundo y en Cuba, su distribución se desconoce en el país en los últimos años. OBJETIVO: Describir la morbilidad del infarto agudo del miocardio en Cuba, 1999 -2008. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo. Universo el total de personas e¼ 25 años durante el período 1999-2008, en cuya población se identificaron los individuos que padecieron infarto agudo del miocardio. Los datos se obtuvieron de registros de la Dirección Nacional de Estadísticas y se calcularon las tasas de incidencia. Las variables utilizadas fueron: Lugar de ocurrencia: provincias: Pinar del Río, Provincia Habana, Ciudad de La Habana, Matanzas, Cienfuegos, Villa Clara, Sancti Spíritus, Ciego de Ávila, Camagüey, Las Tunas, Holguín, Granma, Santiago de Cuba, Guantánamo, municipio especial Isla de la Juventud. RESULTADOS: Las tasas de incidencia en el país se mantuvieron alrededor de 1,9 por 1 000 habitantes como promedio durante el periodo analizado. Ciudad de La Habana fue la provincia de mayor incidencia en el primer y segundo quinquenio con tasas de 3,0 y 2,6 por 1 000 habitantes respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: La incidencia por infarto agudo del miocardio en Cuba en el período 1999-2008, se mantuvo sin variaciones significativas. El riesgo de padecer dicha enfermedad para la población mayor de 25 años, estuvo elevada y constante durante el decenio. Las provincias de mayor incidencia fueron Ciudad de La Habana, Camagüey, Sancti Spíritus, y provincia Habana(AU)
INTRODUCTION: The myocardial acute infarction is one the first death causes in the world and in Cuba; in past years its distribution is unknown in our country. OBJECTIVE: To describe the morbidity of myocardial acute infarction in Cuba: 1999-2008. METHODS: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted. Universe included persons aged e¼ 25 during 1999-2008 in whose population were identified the subjects suffered myocardial acute infarction. Data were collected from registry of National Management of Statistics and the incidence rates were estimated. Variables used were: occurrence place; provinces: Pinar del Río, Provincia Habana, Ciudad de La Habana, Matanzas, Cienfuegos, Villa Clara, Sancti Spíritus, Ciego de Avila, Camagüey, Las Tunas, Holguín, Granma, Santiago de Cuba, Guantánamo, especial municipality of Isla de la Juventud. RESULTS: Incidence rates in our country remained around the 1,9 by 1 000 inhabitants as average during the study period. Ciudad de La Habana was the province of greater incidence in the first and second five-year period with rates of 3.0 and 2.6 by 1 000 inhabitants, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence due to myocardial acute infarction in Cuba during 1999-2008, remained without significant variations. Thr risk of suffering such disease for the population aged over 25, was high and constant during decade. The provinces with higher incidence were Ciudad de La Habana, Camagüey, Sancti Spíritus and province of Habana(AU)
Subject(s)
Myocardial Infarction/epidemiology , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Cross-Sectional Studies/methods , CubaABSTRACT
Se realizó una revisión de la bibliografía actual relacionada con el tema de las lipoproteínas y los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares con el objetivo de ofrecer una aproximación a la comprensión de los factores de riesgo relacionados con las enfermedades cardiovasculares. El perfil de riesgo cardiovascular se ha calculado, principalmente, por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, el estudio Framingham y a través de la razón ApoB/ApoA1. La Organización Mundial de la Salud ha elaborado una guía que integra los factores de riesgo para predecir un evento cardiovascular en los 10 años siguientes a la evaluación del enfermo. El estudio Framingham permitió identificar factores de riesgo mayores (hábito de fumar, hipertensión arterial, niveles elevados de colesterol total, bajos niveles de HDL colesterol, aumento de lipoproteína de baja densidad, diabetes mellitus y edad avanzada) y factores de riesgo no mayores (obesidad, sedentarismo, antecedentes familiares de enfermedad coronaria prematura, hipertrigliceridemia y aumento de la lipoproteína A). La razón ApoB/ApoA1 es un marcador predictivo de eventos mortales por enfermedad cardiovascular. Se concluye que los factores de riesgo no inducidos en las tablas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y en el estudio Framingham pudieran modificar, incrementándolo, el índice de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular
A review of current bibliography was carried out related to the subject of lipoproteins and the cardiovascular risk factors. To offer a approximation to the understanding of the risk factors related to cardiovascular diseases. The cardiovascular risk profile has been estimated, mainly by WHO, the Framingham study and through ApoB/Apo1 reason. The WHO has designed a guideline that includes the risk factor to predict a cardiovascular event in the following ten years to ill person assessment. The Farmingham study allowed identifying the greater risk factors (smoking, arterial high blood pressure, high levels of total cholesterol, low levels of HDL cholesterol, increase of low density lipoprotein (LDL), diabetes mellitus and old age) and no greater risk factors (obesity, sedentary state, family backgrounds of a premature coronary disease, hypertriglyceridemia and increase of A lipoprotein). The ApoB/ApoA1 reason is a predictive marker of mortal events from cardiovascular disease. We conclude that the risk factors not included in the tables of the WHO and the Framingham study may to modify increasing it, the cardiovascular disease risk rate
Subject(s)
Humans , Apolipoprotein A-I/metabolism , /metabolism , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Risk Factors , World Health OrganizationABSTRACT
Se realizó una revisión de la bibliografía actual relacionada con el tema de las lipoproteínas y los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares con el objetivo de ofrecer una aproximación a la comprensión de los factores de riesgo relacionados con las enfermedades cardiovasculares. El perfil de riesgo cardiovascular se ha calculado, principalmente, por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, el estudio Framingham y a través de la razón ApoB/ApoA1. La Organización Mundial de la Salud ha elaborado una guía que integra los factores de riesgo para predecir un evento cardiovascular en los 10 años siguientes a la evaluación del enfermo. El estudio Framingham permitió identificar factores de riesgo mayores (hábito de fumar, hipertensión arterial, niveles elevados de colesterol total, bajos niveles de HDL colesterol, aumento de lipoproteína de baja densidad, diabetes mellitus y edad avanzada) y factores de riesgo no mayores (obesidad, sedentarismo, antecedentes familiares de enfermedad coronaria prematura, hipertrigliceridemia y aumento de la lipoproteína A). La razón ApoB/ApoA1 es un marcador predictivo de eventos mortales por enfermedad cardiovascular. Se concluye que los factores de riesgo no inducidos en las tablas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y en el estudio Framingham pudieran modificar, incrementándolo, el índice de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular(AU)
A review of current bibliography was carried out related to the subject of lipoproteins and the cardiovascular risk factors. To offer a approximation to the understanding of the risk factors related to cardiovascular diseases. The cardiovascular risk profile has been estimated, mainly by WHO, the Framingham study and through ApoB/Apo1 reason. The WHO has designed a guideline that includes the risk factor to predict a cardiovascular event in the following ten years to ill person assessment. The Farmingham study allowed identifying the greater risk factors (smoking, arterial high blood pressure, high levels of total cholesterol, low levels of HDL cholesterol, increase of low density lipoprotein (LDL), diabetes mellitus and old age) and no greater risk factors (obesity, sedentary state, family backgrounds of a premature coronary disease, hypertriglyceridemia and increase of A lipoprotein). The ApoB/ApoA1 reason is a predictive marker of mortal events from cardiovascular disease. We conclude that the risk factors not included in the tables of the WHO and the Framingham study may to modify increasing it, the cardiovascular disease risk rate(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Risk Factors , Apolipoprotein A-I/metabolism , Apolipoprotein B-100/metabolism , World Health OrganizationABSTRACT
La grasa epicárdica evaluada mediante ecocardiografía refleja claramente el grado de adiposidad visceral más que el de obesidad general y ha sido recientemente reconocida como una fuente de moléculas bioactivas, ácidos grasos libres, adiponectina y citocinas inflamatorias, por lo que desempeña un papel fundamental en las enfermedades cardiovasculares, con una relación directa con el grado de insulinorresistencia en la población general. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la utilidad de la evaluación ecocardiográfica de la grasa epicárdica como predictor de riesgo de insulinorresistencia. Otras variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, antecedentes patológicos personales de tabaquismo, dislipidemia e hipertensión arterial y familiares con diabetes mellitus; antropométricas (circunferencia de la cintura, cociente cintura/cadera, índice de masa corporal), y hemoquímicas (glucosa e insulina en ayunas, colesterol total, triglicéridos, HDL-c). La media de grasa epicárdica fue significativamente mayor en los pacientes con HOMA-IR>2,6 (p=0,001), con sensibilidad y especificidad aceptables en su asociación a insulinorresistencia para valores de corte de grasa epicárdica ³ 3,5 mm
The epicardial fat evaluated by echocardiography clearly reflects the grade of visceral adiposity more than general obesity, and it has been recently recognizedas a source of bioactive molecules as well as free fatty acids,adiponectin, and inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, it plays a fundamental role in the cardiovascular diseases, with a direct relationship with insulin resistance in the general population. The objective of this study was to determine the utility of the echocardiography evaluation of the epicardial fat as a risk predictor of insulin resistance. Fifty patients were divided in two groups according to the diagnosis of insulin resistance (n=25 respectively). Each subject underwent a transthoracicechocardiogram to evaluate epicardial adipose tissue thickness, as well as both fasting glucose and insulin to determine the HOMA-IR (gold standard for the diagnosis of insulin resistance). Other studied variables were: age, sex, personal history of smoke, dislipidemie and hypertension and family history of diabetes mellitus, anthropometric measurements as waist and hip circumferences, waist /hip ratio and body mass index , by other hand were also measured the fasting glucose and insulin and serum lipids levels as total cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL-c. The epicardial fat media thickness was significantly higher in patients with HOMA-IR>2.6 (p=0.001), with acceptable sensibility and specificity in the association to insulin resistance for cut off values of epicardial fat ³ 3.5 mm
Subject(s)
Body Fat Distribution , Cardiovascular Diseases , Echocardiography/methods , Insulin ResistanceABSTRACT
La grasa epicárdica evaluada mediante ecocardiografía refleja claramente el grado de adiposidad visceral más que el de obesidad general y ha sido recientemente reconocida como una fuente de moléculas bioactivas, ácidos grasos libres, adiponectina y citocinas inflamatorias, por lo que desempeña un papel fundamental en las enfermedades cardiovasculares, con una relación directa con el grado de insulinorresistencia en la población general. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la utilidad de la evaluación ecocardiográfica de la grasa epicárdica como predictor de riesgo de insulinorresistencia. Otras variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, antecedentes patológicos personales de tabaquismo, dislipidemia e hipertensión arterial y familiares con diabetes mellitus; antropométricas (circunferencia de la cintura, cociente cintura/cadera, índice de masa corporal), y hemoquímicas (glucosa e insulina en ayunas, colesterol total, triglicéridos, HDL-c). La media de grasa epicárdica fue significativamente mayor en los pacientes con HOMA-IR>2,6 (p=0,001), con sensibilidad y especificidad aceptables en su asociación a insulinorresistencia para valores de corte de grasa epicárdica ³ 3,5 mm(AU)
The epicardial fat evaluated by echocardiography clearly reflects the grade of visceral adiposity more than general obesity, and it has been recently recognizedas a source of bioactive molecules as well as free fatty acids,adiponectin, and inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, it plays a fundamental role in the cardiovascular diseases, with a direct relationship with insulin resistance in the general population. The objective of this study was to determine the utility of the echocardiography evaluation of the epicardial fat as a risk predictor of insulin resistance. Fifty patients were divided in two groups according to the diagnosis of insulin resistance (n=25 respectively). Each subject underwent a transthoracicechocardiogram to evaluate epicardial adipose tissue thickness, as well as both fasting glucose and insulin to determine the HOMA-IR (gold standard for the diagnosis of insulin resistance). Other studied variables were: age, sex, personal history of smoke, dislipidemie and hypertension and family history of diabetes mellitus, anthropometric measurements as waist and hip circumferences, waist /hip ratio and body mass index , by other hand were also measured the fasting glucose and insulin and serum lipids levels as total cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL-c. The epicardial fat media thickness was significantly higher in patients with HOMA-IR>2.6 (p=0.001), with acceptable sensibility and specificity in the association to insulin resistance for cut off values of epicardial fat ³ 3.5 mm(AU)
Subject(s)
Body Fat Distribution , Insulin Resistance , Cardiovascular Diseases , Echocardiography/methodsABSTRACT
La seguridad social cubana garantiza una cobertura total a toda la población desde el triunfo de la Revolución. La incapacidad laboral temporal es un aspecto que el sistema actual de seguridad social contempla. El Anexo II de la Resolución Ministerial 176/89 regula la prescripción, por los médicos, de los días de reposo. Este trabajo tiene el objetivo de valorar la repercusión económica, para el Instituto de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular, del pago por los certificados médicos presentados por sus trabajadores en el año 2005. Se realizó una evaluación económica parcial del tipo descripción de costos. Fueron revisados los 224 certificados médicos recibidos en el centro en ese año. Se confrontó la incapacidad laboral temporal prescrita con lo establecido y se cuantificaron las diferencias. Los certificados médicos recibidos prescribieron 523 días màs que lo reglamentado, en términos económicos significó el pago de 4 286,03 pesos por encima de lo estipulado. Se indican màs días de reposo por certificados médicos que lo autorizado por la Resolución Ministerial 176/89. Se considera que el Anexo ll tiene 17 años de emitido y debe ser revisado y ampliado el espectro diagnóstico
Since the triumph of the revolution, Cuban social welfare assures overall coverage to the whole population. Temporary work disability is an issue that the present social welfare system takes into account. Annex 2 to the ministerial resolution no 176 of 1989 stipulates the prescription by physicians of the number of days that an individual under treatment should rest. Objectives To assess the economic impact of the payment of medical leaves submitted by sick workers at the Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery and Cardiology in 2005. Partial cost description-type economic assessment was made in which all the 224 medical leaves submitted that year were checked. The prescribed temporary work disability was compared with that of the resolution, and then differences were estimated. Medical leaves prescribed 523 days more than the number set by the law, which economically accounted for the payment of 4 286,03 pesos in excess. The number of rest days prescribed in medical leaves was higher than the number stipulated by the ministerial resolution no 176 of 1989. It was considered that Annex 2 was issued 17 years ago; therefore, the diagnostic range should be reviewed and expanded
