Thermal treatment under oxidative conditions increases the antioxidant and antiglycation activity of Chilean Tórtola beans (Phaseolus vulgaris).

The influence of oxygen on the thermal treatment (TT) of secondary metabolite-enriched extracts (SMEEs) from Tórtola beans and procyanidin C1 (PC1) on the inhibition of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) generation in proteins was investigated. SMEE was incubated at 4 °C (control) or thermally treated at 60 °C for 2 h, at either 0 % O2 (I) or 20 % O2 (II). Treatments I and II increased the content of procyanidin dimers B2. Treatment II was more effective than the control or treatment I in preventing homocysteine oxidation and AGEs generation. TT of PC1 at 0 % or 20 % O2 generated procyanidin dimers and tetramers. PC1 TT at 20 % O2 exhibited higher oxidation potentials and lower IC50 values of fluorescent AGEs than those of controls or TT at 0 % O2. These findings indicate that SMEE from Tórtola beans after treatment II changes the degree of polymerization and oxidation procyanidins, thereby increasing their antiglycation activity.

Formation of a Conducting Polymer by Different Electrochemical Techniques and Their Effect on Obtaining an Immunosensor for Immunoglobulin G.

In this work, a conducting polymer (CP) was obtained through three electrochemical procedures to study its effect on the development of an electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG-Ag) by square wave voltammetry (SWV). The glassy carbon electrode modified with poly indol-6-carboxylic acid (6-PICA) applied the cyclic voltammetry technique presented a more homogeneous size distribution of nanowires with greater adherence allowing the direct immobilization of the antibodies (IgG-Ab) to detect the biomarker IgG-Ag. Additionally, 6-PICA presents the most stable and reproducible electrochemical response used as an analytical signal for developing a label-free electrochemical immunosensor. The different steps in obtaining the electrochemical immunosensor were characterized by FESEM, FTIR, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and SWV. Optimal conditions to improve performance, stability, and reproducibility in the immunosensing platform were achieved. The prepared immunosensor has a linear detection range of 2.0-16.0 ng·mL-1 with a low detection limit of 0.8 ng·mL-1. The immunosensing platform performance depends on the orientation of the IgG-Ab, favoring the formation of the immuno-complex with an affinity constant (Ka) of 4.32 × 109 M-1, which has great potential to be used as point of care testing (POCT) device for the rapid detection of biomarkers.

When material science meets microbial ecology: Bacterial community selection on stainless steels in natural seawater.

The passive film depends on the alloy's composition and the exposure conditions. How the surface composition affects the selection of microbial biofilms though, has not been fully elucidated or incorporated into the analysis of corrosive biofilms. The degradation of stainless steel (SS) exposed to natural seawater was studied to understand how the oxide layer composition of SS could affect the selection and variability of the bacterial community. To accomplish this goal, austenitic and superferritic SS grades were exposed to natural seawater on the central coast of Chile. The deterioration of steel and qualitative description of biofilm formation was monitored at different exposure periods. Biofilms were evaluated based on massive sequencing analysis of the bacterial community and subsequent ecological studies. The results revealed that variability of the calculated corrosion rate correlated with the similarity of the bacterial community within samples from each SS and its corrosion inferred capacity. The associated bacterial families showed a higher representation in SSs with a more significant increase in the Fe/Cr ratio over the exposure time. These findings revealed that iron content in the oxide layer represents a key feature of the surface composition for selecting bacterial assemblages in marine environments.

Testing the Test: A Comparative Study of Marine Microbial Corrosion under Laboratory and Field Conditions.

Microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) is an aggressive type of corrosion that occurs in aquatic environments and is sparked by the development of a complex biological matrix over a metal surface. In marine environments, MIC is exacerbated by the frequent variability in environmental conditions and the typically high diversity of microbial communities; hence, local and in situ studies are crucial to improve our understanding of biofilm composition, biological interactions among its members, MIC characteristics, and corrosivity. Typically, material performance and anticorrosion strategies are evaluated under controlled laboratory conditions, where natural fluctuations and gradients (e.g., light, temperature, and microbial composition) are not effectively replicated. To determine whether MIC development and material deterioration observed in the laboratory are comparable to those that occur under service conditions (i.e., field conditions), we used two testing setups, in the lab and in the field. Stainless steel (SS) AISI 316L coupons were exposed to southeastern Pacific seawater for 70 days using (i) acrylic tanks in a running seawater laboratory and (ii) an offshore mooring system with experimental frames immersed at two depths (5 and 15 m). Results of electrochemical evaluation, together with those of microbial community analyses and micrographs of formed biofilms, demonstrated that the laboratory setup provides critical information on the early biofilm development process (days), but the information gathered does not predict deterioration or biofouling of SS surfaces exposed to natural conditions in the field. Our results highlight the need to conduct further research efforts to understand how laboratory experiments may better reproduce field conditions where applications are to be deployed, as well as to improve our understanding of the role of eukaryotes and the flux of nutrients and oxygen in marine MIC events.

Peloids as Thermotherapeutic Agents.

The use of peloids as heat-providing therapeutic systems dates back to antiquity. Such systems consist of a liquid phase and an organic or inorganic solid phase. The latter facilitates the handling, preparation and stability of the solid-liquid system, modifying its organoleptic and phy-sicochemical properties, and improves its efficacy and tolerance. Peloids enable the application of heat to very specific zones and the release of heat at a given rate. The aims of this work are to study 16 reference peloids used in medical spa centers as thermo-therapeutic agents as well as to propose nine raw materials as a solid phase for the preparation of peloids. The physical properties studied are the centesimal composition, the instrumental texture and the thermal parameters. In conclusion, the peloids of the medical spas studied are used as thermotherapeutic agents in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, especially in knee osteoarthritis and to a lesser extent in back pain and psoriatic arthropathy. The clinical experience in these centers shows that the main effects of the application of their peloids are the reduction of pain, an increase in the joint's functional capacity and an improvement in the quality of life. As thermotherapeutic agents, all the peloids of the me-dical spas studied and the pastes (raw materials with distilled water) examined showed a heat flow rate of up to four times lower than that shown by the same amount of water. The raw materials studied can be used as solid phases for the preparation of peloids with mineral waters.

Electrochemical Bacterial Enrichment from Natural Seawater and Its Implications in Biocorrosion of Stainless-Steel Electrodes.

Microbial electrochemical technologies have revealed the opportunity of electrochemical enrichment for specific bacterial groups that are able to catalyze reactions of interest. However, there are unsolved challenges towards their application under aggressive environmental conditions, such as in the sea. This study demonstrates the impact of surface electrochemical potential on community composition and its corrosivity. Electrochemical bacterial enrichment was successfully carried out in natural seawater without nutrient amendments. Experiments were carried out for ten days of exposure in a closed-flow system over 316L stainless steel electrodes under three different poised potentials (-150 mV, +100 mV, and +310 mV vs. Ag/AgCl). Weight loss and atomic force microscopy showed a significant difference in corrosion when +310 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) was applied in comparison to that produced under the other tested potentials (and an unpoised control). Bacterial community analysis conducted using 16S rRNA gene profiles showed that poised potentials are more positive as +310 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) resulted in strong enrichment for Rhodobacteraceae and Sulfitobacter. Hence, even though significant enrichment of the known electrochemically active bacteria from the Rhodobacteraceae family was accomplished, the resultant bacterial community could accelerate pitting corrosion in 316 L stainless steel, thereby compromising the durability of the electrodes and the microbial electrochemical technologies.

Efficacy of aquatic therapy for neck pain: a systematic review.

This study systematically reviews the current state of aquatic treatment of neck pain and assesses the scientific evidence of its benefits. The databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and PEDro were searched for relevant reports published from January 1, 2008, to November 7, 2017, using the keywords "neck pain" in addition to "balneotherapy", "spa treatment", "spa", "thalassotherapy", "hydrotherapy", "aquatic therapy" or "aquatic". Inclusion criteria were full-text articles published in journals included in Journal Citation Reports in English and Spanish describing human studies. Case studies, letters to the editor and meeting presentations or other contributions were excluded. Of 367 articles identified, only 13 fulfilled the inclusion criteria: 5 randomized trials, 1 single blind controlled study, 2 pilot studies, 2 observational retrospective studies, 1 prospective study, 1 clinical study and 1 not specified. Participants were 658 subjects with chronic neck pain. Main symptoms and signs treated were neck pain, disability, cervical disc herniation and compromised quality of life. Evidence that aquatic treatment improves quality of life in affected individuals was good in four studies, fair in eight and weak in one. Treatment of neck pain using different waters and techniques reduced pain and disability, and improved functional capacity, quality of life, joint mobility, balance, relaxation and mood.

Electrochemical Immunosensing Platform for the Determination of the 20S Proteasome Using an Aminophenylboronic/Poly-indole-6-carboxylic Acid-Modified Electrode.

The first electrochemical immunosensor for the determination of the 20S proteasome (P20S) was developed, entailing the immobilization of an antibody on an aminophenylboronic/poly-indole-6-carboxylic acid-modified electrode. The proposed electrochemical bioplatform is a simple and feasible analytical tool applicable for the determination of P20S in human plasma, considering its high clinical and biological relevance. Cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and square wave voltammetry (SWV) were used to determine the optimal step-by-step process to obtain the electrochemical immunosensor. The interaction of P20S with the recognition layer of the immobilized antibody on the nanostructured surface took place by incubating the electrode in a P20S solution at 20 °C for 2 h. Using SWV as an electro-analytical technique, this immunosensor can quantify P20S. The current was linear with the P20S concentration within two dynamic concentration ranges from 20.0 to 80.0 and 80.0 to 200.0 ng·mL-1 (r2 = 0.992 and 0.98, respectively) with a limit of detection and quantification of 6 and 18 ng·mL-1, respectively. Moreover, the immunosensor showed considerable repeatability and reproducibility, when the determination was done in human serum, which confirms that it is a promising alternative for direct detection of P20S in biological fluids with minimal interference.

Efficacy of aquatic therapy for multiple sclerosis: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, progressive, disabling autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system. Symptoms and signs of MS vary widely and patients may lose their ability to walk. To date the benefits of aquatic therapy often used for rehabilitation in MS patients have not been reviewed. The aim of this study was to systematically review the current state of aquatic treatment for persons with MS (hydrotherapy, aquatic therapy, aquatic exercises, spa therapy) and to evaluate the scientific evidence supporting the benefits of this therapeutic option. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: The databases PubMed, Scopus, WoS and PEDro were searched to identify relevant reports published from January 1, 2011 to April 30, 2016. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Of 306 articles identified, only 10 fulfilled the inclusion criteria: 5 randomized controlled, 2 simple randomized quasi-experimental, 1 semi-experimental, 1 blind controlled pilot and 1 pilot. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence that aquatic treatment improves quality of life in affected patients was very good in two studies, good in four, fair in two and weak in two.

Electrosynthesis and characterization of nanostructured polyquinone for use in detection and quantification of naturally occurring dsDNA.

The detection of naturally occurring desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has become a subject of study by the projections that would generate to be able to sense the genetic material for the detection of future diseases. Bearing this in mind, to provide new measuring strategies, in the current work the preparation of a low-cost electrode, modified with poly(1-amino-9,10-anthraquinone) nanowires using a SiO2 template, is carried out; the assembly is next modified by covalently attaching ssDNA strands. It must be noted that all this is accomplished by using solely electrochemical techniques, according to methodology developed for this purpose. SEM images of the modified surface show high order and homogeneity in the distribution of modified nanowires over the electrode surface. In turn, after the hybridization with its complementary strand, the voltammetric responses enable corroborating the linear relationship between hybridization at different DNA concentrations and normalized current response, obtaining a limit of detection (LOD) 5.7·10(-12)gL(-1) and limit of quantification (LOQ) 1.9·10(-11)gL(-1). The working dynamic range is between 1.4·10(-7) and 8.5·10(-9)gL(-1) with a correlation coefficient 0.9998. The successful obtaining of the modified electrode allows concluding that the high order reached by the nanostructures, guides the subsequent single strand of DNA (ssDNA) covalent attachment, which after hybridization with its complementary strand brings about a considerable current increase. This result allows foreseeing a guaranteed breakthrough with regard to the use of the biosensor in real samples.

Contenido en nitratos de aguas de consumo público españolas / Nitrate concentrations in tap water in Spain

Objetivo: Analizar el contenido en nitratos de aguas de consumo público de una muestra de ciudades españolas. Material y métodos: Se determinaron los nitratos por cromatografía iónica en aguas de consumo público recogidas entre enero y abril de 2012 en 108 municipios españoles de más de 50.000 habitantes, donde viven 21.290.707 personas. El número total de muestras analizadas fue de 324. Resultados: La concentración mediana de nitratos es 3,47mg/l (rango: 0,38-66,76; rango intercuartílico: 4,51). El agua del 94% de los municipios estudiados contiene menos de 15mg/l. Solo en tres municipios la concentración es de más de 25mg/l y en uno es superior a 50mg/l. Conclusiones: El nivel de nitratos de la mayoría de las aguas de consumo público que abastecen los municipios donde habita casi la mitad de la población española tiene niveles inferiores a 15mg/l (AU)

Objective: To determine nitrate concentrations in drinking water in a sample of Spanish cities. Material and methods: We used ion chromatography to analyze the nitrate concentrations of public drinking water in 108 Spanish municipalities with more than 50,000 inhabitants (supplying 21,290,707 potential individuals). The samples were collected between January and April 2012. The total number of samples tested was 324. Results: The median nitrate concentration was 3.47mg/L (range: 0.38-66.76; interquartile range: 4.51). The water from 94% of the municipalities contained less than 15mg/L. The concentration was higher than 25mg/L in only 3 municipalities and was greater than 50mg/L in one. Conclusions: Nitrate levels in most public drinking water supplies in municipalities inhabited by almost half of the Spanish population are below 15mg/L (AU)

Cuando el radón es beneficioso para la salud / When radon is beneficial to health

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Magnesium in tap and bottled mineral water in Spain and its contribution to nutritional recommendations.

INTRODUCTION: An appropriate magnesium intake has proved to have beneficial effects on bone health, reduce insulin resistance and prevent atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVE: To determine the concentration of magnesium in drinking water and bottled mineral water in Spain and assess its daily contribution to dietary recommendations. METHODS: We used ion chromatography to analyse the magnesium concentrations of public drinking waters in a representative sample of 108 Spanish municipalities (supplying 21,290,707 potential individuals) and 109 natural mineral waters sold in Spain (97 Spanish and 12 imported). RESULTS: The water generally contained between 15 and 45 mg/L of magnesium, but in seven municipalities it contained over 45 mg/L. The average magnesium concentration of 97 brands of Spanish natural mineral water was 16.27 mg/L (range: 0.11-141.2 mg/L). Of these, 33 contained between 15 and 45 mg/L of magnesium and four contained over 45 mg/L. Of the 12 imported brands, 4 contained over 45 mg/L. Assuming water consumption is as recommended by the European Food Safety Agency, water containing 15 to 45 mg/L of magnesium provides between 9 and 76.5% of the recommended intake of magnesium for children aged one to thirteen, up to 25.7% in adolescents, between 7.5 and 25.7% for adults, and up to 27% for lactating women. Water with 60 mg/L of magnesium provides between 30 and 102% of the recommended dietary allowance, depending on the age of the individual. DISCUSSION: The consumption of public drinking water and natural mineral water in a third of Spanish cities can be regarded as an important supplementary source of magnesium.

Introducción: Una adecuada ingesta de magnesio condiciona una buena salud ósea y previene y la resistencia a la insulina y la arteriosclerosis. Objetivo: Determinar el contenido en magnesio en aguas de bebida en España y valorar su contribución diaria a las ingestas recomendadas de este mineral. Métodos: En 2012 se analizaron por cromatografía iónica las concentraciones de magnesio de distintas aguas de consumo público en una muestra representativa de 108 poblaciones españolas que abastecen a 21.290.707 personas, así como de 109 aguas minerales naturales embotelladas comercializadas en España (97 españolas y 12 importadas). Resultados: La concentración media de magnesio en aguas de consumo público fue de 14,65±16,23 mg/L (rango: 0,07-70,08 mg/L). En 25 poblaciones el agua contenía 15-45 mg/L de magnesio y en 7 fue superior a 45 mg/L. La concentración media de magnesio de las 97 marcas españolas de aguas fue 16,27 mg/L (rango: 0,11-141,2 mg/L), 33 de ellas contenían 15-45 mg/L de magnesio, mientras que en 4 de ellas era mayor de 45 mg/L. De las 12 marcas importadas, 4 contenían más de 45 mg/L. Asumiendo la cantidad de ingesta de agua recomendada por la EFSA, si el agua contiene 15-45 mg/L de magnesio, ésta aportaría entre el 9 y el 76,5% de la ingesta de magnesio recomendada para los niños de 1-13 años, hasta el 25,7% en adolescentes, entre 7,5 y 25,7% en adultos, y hasta el 27% en lactantes. El agua conteniendo 60 mg/L de magnesio aportaría entre el 30 y el 102% de las recomendaciones según la edad. Discusión: El agua de consumo público de un tercio de ciudades españolas y de aguas minerales naturales puede ser considerada como una fuente complementaria importante de magnesio ingerido.

Magnesium in tap and bottled mineral water in Spain and its contribution to nutritional recommendations / Magnesio en el agua de consumo público y aguas minerales naturales en España y su contribución en cubrir las necesidades nutricionales

Introduction: An appropriate magnesium intake has proved to have beneficial effects on bone health, reduce insulin resistance and prevent atherosclerosis. Objective: To determine the concentration of magnesium in drinking water and bottled mineral water in Spain and assess its daily contribution to dietary recommendations. Methods: We used ion chromatography to analyse the magnesium concentrations of public drinking waters in a representative sample of 108 Spanish municipalities (supplying 21,290,707 potential individuals) and 109 natural mineral waters sold in Spain (97 Spanish and 12 imported). Results: The water generally contained between 15 and 45 mg/L of magnesium, but in seven municipalities it contained over 45 mg/L. The average magnesium concentration of 97 brands of Spanish natural mineral water was 16.27 mg/L (range: 0.11-141.2 mg/L). Of these, 33 contained between 15 and 45 mg/L of magnesium and four contained over 45 mg/L. Of the 12 imported brands, 4 contained over 45 mg/L. Assuming water consumption is as recommended by the European Food Safety Agency, water containing 15 to 45 mg/L of magnesium provides between 9 and 76.5% of the recommended intake of magnesium for children aged one to thirteen, up to 25.7% in adolescents, between 7.5 and 25.7% for adults, and up to 27% for lactating women. Water with 60 mg/L of magnesium provides between 30 and 102% of the recommended dietary allowance, depending on the age of the individual. Discussion: The consumption of public drinking water and natural mineral water in a third of Spanish cities can be regarded as an important supplementary source of magnesium (AU)

Introducción: Una adecuada ingesta de magnesio condiciona una buena salud ósea y previene y la resistencia a la insulina y la arteriosclerosis. Objetivo: Determinar el contenido en magnesio en aguas de bebida en España y valorar su contribución diaria a las ingestas recomendadas de este mineral. Métodos: En 2012 se analizaron por cromatografía ió- nica las concentraciones de magnesio de distintas aguas de consumo público en una muestra representativa de 108 poblaciones españolas que abastecen a 21.290.707 personas, así como de 109 aguas minerales naturales embotelladas comercializadas en España (97 españolas y 12 importadas). Resultados: La concentración media de magnesio en aguas de consumo público fue de 14,65±16,23 mg/L (rango: 0,07-70,08 mg/L). En 25 poblaciones el agua contenía 15-45 mg/L de magnesio y en 7 fue superior a 45 mg/L. La concentración media de magnesio de las 97 marcas españolas de aguas fue 16,27 mg/L (rango: 0,11-141,2 mg/L), 33 de ellas contenían 15-45 mg/L de magnesio, mientras que en 4 de ellas era mayor de 45 mg/L. De las 12 marcas importadas, 4 contenían más de 45 mg/L. Asumiendo la cantidad de ingesta de agua recomendada por la EFSA, si el agua contiene 15-45 mg/L de magnesio, ésta aportaría entre el 9 y el 76,5% de la ingesta de magnesio recomendada para los niños de 1-13 años, hasta el 25,7% en adolescentes, entre 7,5 y 25,7% en adultos, y hasta el 27% en lactantes. El agua conteniendo 60 mg/L de magnesio aportaría entre el 30 y el 102% de las recomendaciones según la edad. Discusión: El agua de consumo público de un tercio de ciudades españolas y de aguas minerales naturales puede ser considerada como una fuente complementaria importante de magnesio ingerido (AU)

[Nitrate concentrations in tap water in Spain]. / Contenido en nitratos de aguas de consumo público españolas.

OBJECTIVE: To determine nitrate concentrations in drinking water in a sample of Spanish cities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We used ion chromatography to analyze the nitrate concentrations of public drinking water in 108 Spanish municipalities with more than 50,000 inhabitants (supplying 21,290,707 potential individuals). The samples were collected between January and April 2012. The total number of samples tested was 324. RESULTS: The median nitrate concentration was 3.47 mg/L (range: 0.38-66.76; interquartile range: 4.51). The water from 94% of the municipalities contained less than 15 mg/L. The concentration was higher than 25mg/L in only 3 municipalities and was greater than 50mg/L in one. CONCLUSIONS: Nitrate levels in most public drinking water supplies in municipalities inhabited by almost half of the Spanish population are below 15 mg/L.

Fluoruro en aguas minerales naturales envasadas en España y prevención de la caries dental / Fluoride content of bottled natural mineral waters in Spain and prevention of dental caries

OBJETIVO: El propósito del estudio es conocer la concentración en flúor de las aguas minerales naturales comercializadas en España para poder prevenir la caries dental sin el riesgo de causar fluorosis dental. DISEÑO: Estudio descriptivo y transversal a lo largo de 2012. Emplazamiento: Aguas minerales naturales comercializadas en España. PARTICIPANTES: Tres muestras con fechas distintas de embotellado de 109 marcas de aguas minerales naturales (97 marcas españolas y 12 aguas importadas). Medición principal: Determinación analítica por cromatografía iónica del contenido en fluoruro en el agua. RESULTADOS: La concentración mediana de fluoruro de las aguas minerales naturales españolas es de 0,22 (rango 0,00-4,16; rango intercuartil: 0,37). La gran mayoría (61 marcas, 62%) contenían menos de 0,30 mg/L. Hay 19 marcas que contienen más de 0,6 mg/L. Hay 19 marcas españolas que contienen más de 0,6 mg/L. En las 12 aguas minerales importadas, la mediana es de 0,35 (rango 0,10-1,21; rango intercuartil: 0,23). Sólo en 28 de las 109 marcas examinadas (25,6%) se especificaba el contenido de fluoruro en la etiqueta. Se observa una buena correlación entre las concentraciones indicadas y los valores analizados. CONCLUSIONES: Las concentraciones de fluoruro en las aguas minerales naturales comercializadas en España muestran una gran variabilidad. Dado el creciente consumo de las aguas minerales naturales en España, este tipo de información es de suma importancia para poder hacer una correcta utilización de flúor en la prevención primaria de la caries dental

AIM: The aim of the study was to determine the concentration of fluoride in natural mineral waters marketed in Spain in order to prevent tooth decay without the risk of causing dental fluorosis DESIGN: Descriptive and cross-sectional study during 2012. LOCATION: Natural mineral waters marketed in Spain. PARTICIPANTS: Three bottles with different bottling dates of 109 natural mineral waters (97 Spanish and 12 imported brands). Main measures: Determination of fluoride by ion chromatography RESULTS: Median fluoride concentrations of the natural mineral waters bottled in Spain was 0.22 (range 0.00-4.16; interquartile range:0.37). Most samples (61 brands, 62%) contained less than 0.3 mg/L. There are 19 Spanish brands with more than 0.6 mg/L. The median level in imported brands was 0.35 (range 0.10-1.21; interquartile range: 0.23). Only 28 of the 109 brands examined (25.6%) specified the fluoride content on the label. Good correlation was observed between the concentrations indicated and those determined. CONCLUSIONS: Fluoride concentrations in natural mineral waters showed high variation. Given the growing consumption of natural mineral waters in Spain, this type of information is important to make proper use of fluoride in the primary prevention of dental caries

[Fluoride content of bottled natural mineral waters in Spain and prevention of dental caries]. / Fluoruro en aguas minerales naturales envasadas en España y prevención de la caries dental.

AIM: The aim of the study was to determine the concentration of fluoride in natural mineral waters marketed in Spain in order to prevent tooth decay without the risk of causing dental fluorosis DESIGN: Descriptive and cross-sectional study during 2012. LOCATION: Natural mineral waters marketed in Spain. PARTICIPANTS: Three bottles with different bottling dates of 109 natural mineral waters (97 Spanish and 12 imported brands). MAIN MEASURES: Determination of fluoride by ion chromatography RESULTS: Median fluoride concentrations of the natural mineral waters bottled in Spain was 0.22 (range 0.00-4.16; interquartile range:0.37). Most samples (61 brands, 62%) contained less than 0.3mg/L. There are 19 Spanish brands with more than 0.6 mg/L. The median level in imported brands was 0.35 (range 0.10-1.21; interquartile range: 0.23). Only 28 of the 109 brands examined (25.6%) specified the fluoride content on the label. Good correlation was observed between the concentrations indicated and those determined. CONCLUSIONS: Fluoride concentrations in natural mineral waters showed high variation. Given the growing consumption of natural mineral waters in Spain, this type of information is important to make proper use of fluoride in the primary prevention of dental caries.

The calcium concentration of public drinking waters and bottled mineral waters in Spain and its contribution to satisfying nutritional needs.

INTRODUCTION: A sufficient intake of calcium enables correct bone mineralization. The bioavailability of calcium in water is similar to that in milk. OBJECTIVE: To determine the concentration of calcium in public drinking water and bottled mineral water. METHODS: We used ion chromatography to analyse the calcium concentrations of public drinking waters in a representative sample of 108 Spanish municipalities (21,290,707 people) and of 109 natural mineral waters sold in Spain, 97 of which were produced in Spain and 12 of which were imported. RESULTS: The average calcium concentration of public drinking waters was 38.96 ± 32.44 mg/L (range: 0.40- 159.68 mg/L). In 27 municipalities, the water contained 50-100 mg/L of calcium and in six municipalities it contained over 100 mg/L. The average calcium concentration of the 97 Spanish natural mineral water brands was 39.6 mg/L (range: 0.6-610.1 mg/L). Of these, 34 contained 50-100 mg/L of calcium and six contained over 100 mg/L. Of the 12 imported brands, 10 contained over 50 mg/L. Assuming water consumption is as recommended, water containing 50-100 mg/L of calcium provides 5.4-12.8% of the recommended intake of calcium for children aged one to thirteen, up to 13.6% for adolescents, 5.8-17.6% for adults, and up to 20.8% for lactating mothers. Water with 100-150 mg/L of calcium provides 10-31% of the recommended dietary allowance, depending on the age of the individual. DISCUSSION: Public drinking water and natural mineral water consumption in a third of Spanish cities can be considered an important complementary source of calcium.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Una adecuada ingesta de calcio condiciona una buena mineralización ósea. OBJETIVO: Determinar el contenido en calcio en aguas de bebida. MÉTODOS: En 2012 se analizaron las concentraciones de calcio, por cromatografía iónica, de aguas de consumo público de una muestra representativa de 108 poblaciones españolas que abastecen a 21.290.707 personas, así como de 109 aguas minerales naturales comercializadas en España (97 españolas y 12 importadas). RESULTADOS: La concentración media de calcio en aguas de consumo público fue de 38,96 ± 32,44 mg/L (rango: 0,40-159,68 mg/L). En 27 poblaciones el agua contiene entre 50-100 mg/L de calcio y en 6 fue superior a 100 mg/L. La concentración media de calcio de las 97 marcas españolas de aguas fue de 39,6 mg/L (rango: 0,6-610,1 mg/L), 34 de ellas contenían entre 50-100 mg/L de calcio, mientras que en 6 de ellas más de 100 mg/L. De las 12 marcas importadas, 10 contenían más de 50 mg/L. Asumiendo una ingesta de agua recomendada, si el agua contiene entre 50-100 mg/L de calcio, ésta aportaría entre 5,4-12,8% de la ingesta de calcio recomendada para los niños de 1-13 años, hasta el 13,6% en adolescentes, entre 5,8-17,6% en adultos, y hasta el 20,8% en madres lactantes. El agua conteniendo 100-150 mg/L de calcio aportaría entre 10- 31% de las recomendaciones según la edad. DISCUSIÓN: El agua de consumo público de un tercio de ciudades españolas y de aguas minerales naturales puede ser considerada como una fuente complementaria importante de calcio ingerido.