ABSTRACT
Background: Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been implicated in host immune responses. Attempts have been made to examine how NETs affect the pathogenesis of complications such as autoimmune and vascular disorders. Aim: This study aimed to explore the relationship between NETs and vasculitis. Material and Methods: The current study entailed the searching of PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL for articles related to the research topic. The search terms and phrases included "vasculitis," "NETs," "neutrophil extracellular traps," "NETosis," and "pathogenesis." The search was limited to articles published between 2009 and 2019. Results: Researchers have shown that NETs contribute to the pathogenesis of vasculitis through different mechanisms and processes, including renal failure and vascular damage. The protective effects of NETs have also been highlighted. Discussion: Overall, some scholars have shown the effectiveness of using DNase I and the PAD4 inhibitor Cl-amidine to treat vasculitis by restricting NET formation. However, observations have been noted in only animal experimental models. Conclusion: Neutrophil hyperactivity and its role in vasculitis are not yet fully understood. More studies aiming to determine the accurate function of NETs in vasculitis pathogenesis, particularly in humans, should be undertaken. Intensive research on NETs and vasculitis can increase the knowledge of medical practitioners and contribute to the development of new treatment methods to enhance patient outcomes in the future.
Subject(s)
Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis/immunology , Extracellular Traps/immunology , Giant Cell Arteritis/immunology , Neutrophils/immunology , Takayasu Arteritis/immunology , Animals , Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis/blood , Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis/drug therapy , Apoptosis , Deoxyribonuclease I/pharmacology , Deoxyribonuclease I/therapeutic use , Disease Models, Animal , Extracellular Traps/drug effects , Giant Cell Arteritis/blood , Giant Cell Arteritis/drug therapy , Humans , Neutrophils/cytology , Neutrophils/drug effects , Neutrophils/pathology , Ornithine/analogs & derivatives , Ornithine/pharmacology , Ornithine/therapeutic use , Protein-Arginine Deiminase Type 4/antagonists & inhibitors , Protein-Arginine Deiminase Type 4/metabolism , Regulated Cell Death/drug effects , Regulated Cell Death/immunology , Takayasu Arteritis/blood , Takayasu Arteritis/drug therapyABSTRACT
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) are chronic diseases that affect nearly 425 million people worldwide, leading to poor health outcomes and high health care costs. High-throughput metabolomics screening can provide vital insight into the pathophysiological pathways of DM and help in managing its effects. The primary aim of this study was to contribute to the understanding and management of DM by providing reliable evidence of the relationships between metabolites and type 1 diabetes (T1D) and metabolites and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Information for the study was obtained from the PubMed, MEDLINE, and EMBASE databases, and leads to additional articles that were obtained from the reference lists of the studies examined. The results from the selected studies were used to assess the relationships between diabetes (T1D and/or T2D) and metabolite markers-such as glutamine, glycine, and aromatic amino acids-in patients. Seventy studies were selected from the three databases and from the reference lists in the records retrieved. All studies explored associations between various metabolites and T1D or T2D. This review identified several plasma metabolites associated with T2D prediabetes and/or T1D and/or T2D in humans. The evidence shows that metabolites such as glucose, fructose, amino acids, and lipids are typically altered in individuals with T1D and T2D. These metabolites exhibit significant predictive associations with T2D prediabetes, T1D, and/or T2D. The current review suggests that changes in plasma metabolites can be identified by metabolomic techniques and used to identify and analyze T1D and T2D biomarkers. The results of the metabolomic studies can be used to help create effective interventions for managing these diseases.
