Artificial intelligence for cervical cancer screening: Scoping review, 2009-2022.

BACKGROUND: The intersection of artificial intelligence (AI) with cancer research is increasing, and many of the advances have focused on the analysis of cancer images. OBJECTIVES: To describe and synthesize the literature on the diagnostic accuracy of AI in early imaging diagnosis of cervical cancer following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). SEARCH STRATEGY: Arksey and O'Malley methodology was used and PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases were searched using a combination of English and Spanish keywords. SELECTION CRITERIA: Identified titles and abstracts were screened to select original reports and cross-checked for overlap of cases. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: A descriptive summary was organized by the AI algorithm used, total of images analyzed, data source, clinical comparison criteria, and diagnosis performance. MAIN RESULTS: We identified 32 studies published between 2009 and 2022. The primary sources of images were digital colposcopy, cervicography, and mobile devices. The machine learning/deep learning (DL) algorithms applied in the articles included support vector machine (SVM), random forest classifier, k-nearest neighbors, multilayer perceptron, C4.5, Naïve Bayes, AdaBoost, XGboots, conditional random fields, Bayes classifier, convolutional neural network (CNN; and variations), ResNet (several versions), YOLO+EfficientNetB0, and visual geometry group (VGG; several versions). SVM and DL methods (CNN, ResNet, VGG) showed the best diagnostic performances, with an accuracy of over 97%. CONCLUSION: We concluded that the use of AI for cervical cancer screening has increased over the years, and some results (mainly from DL) are very promising. However, further research is necessary to validate these findings.

Barriers to adherence to cytology exam: a case study in low-income Colombian women.

BACKGROUND: Cervical cytology is essential for the early detection of cervical cancer. However, in Colombia, only 50% of women with subsidized health insurance were screened in 2019, compared to 100% of women with contributory insurance. This disparity highlights significant barriers that must be addressed. This study aimed to identify the factors that contribute to or hinder adherence to cervical cytology screening among low-income women with subsidized health insurance in a public primary care network in Cali, Colombia, from 2014 to 2018. METHODS: In a qualitative case study, the experience of women and health care and administrative personnel was recovered. Forty-seven women participated in seven focus group discussions. Five other women using the program participated in in-depth interviews. Finally, we interviewed eight people from the healthcare area and the health services administration. The qualitative data collected underwent content analysis, guided by the theoretical framework of Social Determinants of Health. Within this framework, five interconnected dimensions that influence adherence were incorporated. RESULTS: Adherence is a multifactorial phenomenon, and in relation to attendance at cervical cytology, the analysis delved into the mechanisms that affect it in a low-income context. Barriers to adherence were identified across multiple dimensions, including social and economic factors, health conditions, and patient-related factors, among both adherent and non-adherent women. Among adherent women, barriers and facilitators related to the healthcare team and system, as well as patient-related factors, were identified. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this research can be useful in developing personalized interventions and strategies to improve adherence and screening outcomes in low-income settings. It is necessary to increase the resources of health insurance entities to establish effective communication channels with women who attend the cervical cancer prevention program.

Women's critical experiences with the pap smear for the development of cervical cancer screening devices.

Global cervical cancer incidence and mortality have remained a major public health problem. Depending on the quality and coverage of preventive programs, and the capacity of health care systems, different screening tests are used, with the Pap smear being the most widely implemented. Several difficulties have been reported in accessing timely detection, causing late cervical cancer diagnosis. Trying to close these gaps, new screening devices have been developed in recent years; however, there is a lack of knowledge about whether or not women perspective has been included in the design process and technological development of these devices. This scoping review aimed to describe and synthesize scientific literature on women's critical experiences with Pap smears to prospectively contribute to the design, development, and scale-up of cervical cancer screening devices. The electronic databases Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO and SciELO were searched for relevant studies published between 2012 and 2021; finally, 18 qualitative studies were included. Experiences were classified into four categories: fear and embarrassment, speculum pain and discomfort, outcome distress and health service barriers. Critical experiences before, during, and after the test were analyzed in turn. In particular, during the test, women reported pain associated with the use of the speculum. The acceptability of new screening devices will largely depend on comfort during the test and timely delivery of results. This review provides a useful qualitative synthesis, not only to advance the design of novel devices but also for future implementation research in cervical screening services.

Applying implementation science frameworks to identify factors that influence the intention of healthcare providers to offer PrEP care and advocate for PrEP in HIV clinics in Colombia: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have used implementation science frameworks to identify determinants of PrEP prescription by healthcare providers. In this work, we developed and psychometrically examined a questionnaire using the theoretical domains framework (TDF) and the consolidated framework for implementation research (CFIR). We used this questionnaire to investigate what factors influence the intention of healthcare providers to offer PrEP care and advocate for PrEP. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 16 HIV healthcare organizations in Colombia. A 98-item questionnaire was administered online to 129 healthcare professionals. One hundred had complete data for this analysis. We used exploratory factor analysis to assess the psychometric properties of both frameworks, and multinomial regression analysis to evaluate the associations of the frameworks' domains with two outcomes: (1) intention to offer PrEP care and (2) intention to advocate for PrEP impmentation. RESULTS: We found support for nine indices with good internal consistency, reflecting PrEP characteristics, attitudes towards population needs, concerns about the use of PrEP, concerns about the role of the healthcare systems, knowledge, beliefs about capabilities, professional role, social influence, and beliefs about consequences. Notably, only 57% of the participants were likely to have a plan to care for people in PrEP and 66.7% were likely to advocate for PrEP. The perception of the need for PrEP in populations, the value of PrEP as a practice, the influence of colleagues, and seeing PrEP care as a priority was related to being less likely to be unwilling to provide or advocate for PrEP care. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggested the importance of multilevel strategies to increase the provision of PrEP care by healthcare providers including adquisition of new skills, training of PrEP champions, and strength the capacity of the health system.

AC-2020-12-1420.R1 - HIV care providers' familiarity, concerns, and attitudes about HIV PrEP in Colombia: insights from the PrEP-Col-Study.

In 2019, Colombia approved the combination of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine for HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP). Therefore, we conducted a situational analysis in HIV-care providers to identify barriers and facilitators for PrEP implementation. A survey was applied to a non-probabilistic sample of health care workers of HIV-specialized clinics. We examined PrEP awareness and familiarity, comfort with PrEP-related activities, perceived barriers for PrEP implementation, concerns, and attitudes. Poisson regressions assessed the relationship between these factors and the variable "having a plan to offer PrEP". The participation rate was 41% and included physicians (42.6%) and other health professionals (57.4%). Fifty-one percent of the participants reported more than five years of experience caring for people living with HIV. Forty-two percent of non-physician health care workers were nurses. Most reported high familiarity/comfort with PrEP-relevant activities. Concerns about PrEP were prevalent (> 50%) and included causing more harm than good, reducing condom use, medication non-adherence, drug resistance, and healthcare system barriers. Physicians had a plan to offer PrEP (72.2%) more often than other health professionals (52.6). Having a plan to offer PrEP was related to PrEP knowledge and comfort assessing sexual behavior and providing HIV counseling. Overall, about half of HIV-care providers seemed ready to offer PrEP and constitute an asset for PrEP implementation efforts in Colombia. PrEP awareness among non-physicians, PrEP concerns, and negative attitudes need to be addressed to enhance implementation.

Globalización, inequidades sociales y financierización de la salud, debate a partir del caso Colombia / Globalization, social inequalities and financialization of health: debate on the Colombian case

Este artículo tiene el objetivo de exponer la esencia, las fuerzas y el motor capitalista de la globalización como fenómeno histórico, mostrando las esferas de su intervención y sus efectos sobre la vida humana en general. Luego, se adentra en la relación globalización-mercados financieros y se enlazan sus impactos con las inequidades sociales y su expresión en el caso del sector de la salud en Colombia. Se cuestiona el rol de las Empresas Promotoras de Salud en este país y se ilustra cómo se han convertido en grupos empresariales como palanca financiera de negocios impensables del orden nacional y trasnacional. Uno a uno se fueron configurando entramados irreconocibles y difíciles de auditar que, junto a la falta de voluntad política por una reforma estructural al sistema de salud y seguridad social en Colombia mantiene al país en un escenario complejo, aun cuando luego de muchas disputas sociales, se declarara en el año 2015 que la salud es un derecho humano fundamental(AU)

This article has the aim of presenting the essence and capitalist forces of globalization as a historical phenomenon by showing the scopes of its intervention and its effects on human life in general terms. The article deepens in the globalization- financial markets relation and how its impacts link with social inequalities and its expression in the case of the health sector in Colombia. It is questionned the role of Health Promotion companies in that country and it is showed how they have become bussiness groups with financial leverage of inconceivable bussinesses in the national and transnational fields. There was step by step a configuration of unrecognizable structures and hard to audit which along together to the lack of political will for an structural reformation fo the health and the social wellfare systems in Colombia make the country to remain in a complex scenario; even after many social disputes it was declared in 2015 that health care is a fundamental human right(AU)

Innovative prototypes for cervical cancer prevention in low-income primary care settings: A human-centered design approach.

This article presents the design process of innovative prototypes for cervical cancer prevention in primary care centers located in low-income settings in Cali, Colombia, using the Human-Centered Design (HCD). The project was developed in collaboration with a public healthcare network comprised of 38 urban and rural centers with women between the ages of 25 and 65 years, healthcare providers of the cancer program, healthcare administrators and the general manager of said network. Our HCD process involved five stages: research, need synthesis, ideation and co-design process, prototyping and in-context usability testing. In practice, some of the stages are overlapped and iterated throughout the design process. We conducted observations, open-ended interviews and conversations, multi-stakeholder workshops, focus groups, systematic text condensation analyses and tests in real contexts. As a result, we designed four prototypes: (1) 'Encanto': An educational manicure service, (2) 'No le des la espalda a la citología': A media-based strategy, (3) An educational wireless queuing device in the waiting room, and (4) Citobot: A cervical cancer early detection device, system, and method. The tests carried out with each prototype showed their value, limitations and possibilities in terms of subsequent development and validation through public health research or clinical research. We recognize that a longer-term evaluation is required in order to determine whether the prototypes will be used regularly, integrated into cervical cancer screening services and effectively improve access to cytology as a screening test. We conclude that HCD is a useful for design-based prevention in the field of cervical cancer. The integration of this approach with public health research would allow the generation of evidence during to the formulation of policies and programs as well as optimize existing interventions and, ultimately, facilitate the scalability and financing of what actually works.

Análisis de la política pública de discapacidad en relación con los cuidadores. Colombia, 2013-2017 / Analysis of the disability public policy in relation to caregivers. Colombia, 2013-2017 / Análise da política pública de deficiência em relação com os cuidadores. Colômbia, 2013-2017

Objetivo: Analizar la política pública de discapacidad en Colombia en relación con los cuidadores. Método: Este estudio consistió en un análisis de política pública, de tipo retrospectivo y descriptivo. Se tomaron como fuentes de información todos los documentos oficiales, de carácter nacional, en el periodo comprendido entre 2013 y 2017. Se realizó un inventario de normas: políticas, leyes, actos administrativos reglamentarios o concordantes con la política de discapacidad. Se realizó una lectura sistemática, organizando los contenidos en tres categorías a priori: normas en relación con la política de discapacidad y el derecho a la salud, vacíos referidos a los cuidadores en cuanto a las acciones dirigidas a ellos, y dinámicas de familiarización de la atención de personas con discapacidad. Resultados: Los hallazgos mostraron un total de 16 normas que expresan la relación entre discapacidad y derecho a la salud. El 64% de ellas refieren acciones dirigidas a los cuidadores, el 53% tienen contenidos en relación con las dinámicas de familiarización del cuidado, y 36% muestran vacíos en cuanto a los cuidadores de personas con discapacidad. Conclusiones: desde la perspectiva de derecho a la salud, el cuidado se concibe como un servicio asistencial, sin reconocimiento y participación del cuidador. Si bien en algunas de las normas revisadas se tiene en cuenta el papel del cuidador, en la mayoría de ellas se familiariza el rol del cuidado limitándolo al ámbito privado, además de invisibilizar la importancia del cuidador en el proceso de participación social y política de las personas con discapacidad.

Objective: To analyze the disability public policy in Colombia in relation to caregivers. Method: this study consisted of a retrospective and descriptive public policy analysis. All official documents of a national nature, in the period between 2013 and 2017, were taken as sources of information. An inventory of norms was carried out: policies, laws, and regulatory administrative acts or concordant with the disability policy. A systematic reading was carried out organizing the contents in three a priori categories: norms related to the disability policy and the right to health, gaps related to the caregivers regarding actions directed to them, and dynamics of familiarization of the care of people with disabilities. Results: the findings showed a total of 16 norms that express the relationship between disability and right to health. A 64% refer to actions aimed at caregivers, 53% have content related to the dynamics of familiarization of care, and 36% show gaps regarding caregivers of people with disabilities. Conclusions: From the perspective of the right to health, care is conceived as an assistance service, without recognition and participation of the caregiver. Although in some of the reviewed norms the role of the caregiver is taken into account, in most of them the role of care is familiarized, limiting it to the private sphere, in addition to making the importance of the caregiver invisible in the process of social and political participation of the caregivers of people with disabilities.

Objetivo: Analisar a política pública de deficiente em Colômbia em relação com os cuidadores. Método: Este estudo consistiu em uma análise de política pública, de tipo retrospectivo e descritivo. Tomaram se como fontes de informação todos os documentos oficiais, de carácter nacional, no período compreendido entre 2013 e 2017. Realizou se um inventário de normas: políticas, leis, atos administrativos regulamentários ou concordantes com a política de deficientes. Realizou se uma leitura sistemática, organizando os conteúdos em três categorias a priori: normas em relação com a política de deficiente e o direito à saúde, vazios referidos aos cuidadores em quanto às ações dirigidas a eles, e dinâmicas de familiarização da atenção de pessoas com deficiência. Resultados: As descobertas amostraram um total de 16 normas que expressam a relação entre deficiência e direito à saúde. O 64% delas referem ações dirigidas aos cuidadores, o 53% têm conteúdo em relação com as dinâmicas de familiarização do cuidado, e 36% amostram vazios enquanto aos cuidadores de pessoas com deficiência. Conclusões: desde a perspectiva de direito à saúde, o cuidado se concebe como um serviço assistencial, sem reconhecimento e participação do cuidador. Se bem em algumas das normas revisadas se tem em conta o papel do cuidador, na maioria delas se familiariza o rol do cuidado limitando-o ao âmbito privado, além de não fazer ressaltar a importância do cuidador no processo de participação social e política das pessoas com deficiência.

Acceso a servicios de salud de personas en situación de discapacidad física en Zarzal (Valle del Cauca, Colombia) / Health services accessibility for people with physical disabilities in Zarzal (Valle del Cauca, Colombia)

Resumen Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir y analizar el acceso a los servicios de salud de las personas en situación de discapacidad física en el municipio de Zarzal (Valle del Cauca, Colombia). Materiales y métodos: Se efectuó un estudio observacional con 56 adultos con diagnóstico de discapacidad física. La encuesta final aplicada se denominó EASS-DISCAPACIDAD FÍSICA, que evalúa perfil sociodemográfico y socioeconómico, acceso a servicios preventivos, acceso a servicios curativos o de rehabilitación, gasto de bolsillo y acceso a la atención específica en discapacidad física. Resultados: Los resultados confirman la desventaja social y económica en la que se encuentra la población en situación de discapacidad. Aun cuando el total de las personas encuestadas se encontraban afiliadas al SGSSS, indicando cobertura, esto no ha garantizado el acceso a servicios de salud integrales y oportunos. Se encontraron problemas en el acceso y continuidad de los servicios de rehabilitación, en especial por retrasos en las autorizaciones por las EPS, demoras en las citas para procedimientos y terapias, y falta de educación para la salud en manejo de la discapacidad física. Conclusiones: Se recomienda aplicar la Encuesta en otros territorios del país, con el fin de visibilizar dicha población y sus necesidades de acceso al sistema de salud. Es necesario que el Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social fortalezca el Sistema Nacional de Discapacidad con el objetivo de establecer prioridades de atención para estas personas.

Abstract Objective: This study aimed to describe and analyze access to health services for people with physical disabilities in the municipality of Zarzal, Valle, Colombia. Materials and methods: An observational study was conducted with 56 adults diagnosed with physical disability. The applied survey was EASS-DISCAPACIDAD FÍSICA that evaluates sociodemographic and socioeconomic profile, access to preventive services, access to curative or rehabilitative services, out-of-pocket expenses and access to personalized care in physical disability. Results: The results confirm the social and economic disadvantage of the population in a situation of disability. Although the total number of people surveyed were affiliated to SGSSS, indicating coverage, it has not guaranteed access to comprehensive and timely health services. Problems were found in the access and continuity of rehabilitation services, especially delays in the authorization of health insurance companies, delays in appointments for procedures and therapies, and lack of health education in the management of physical disability. Conclusions: It is recommended to apply the survey in other territories of the country, in order to make the population more visible and their needs for access to the health care system. It is necessary that the Ministry of Health and Social Protection strengthen the National Disability System with the aim of establishing priorities of care for this population.

Determinación social del acceso a servicios de salud de población infantil en situación de discapacidad / Social determinants of access to health services of children with disabilities

Objetivo: Analizar las determinaciones sociales del acceso a servicios de salud en población infantil en situación de discapacidad física, en contexto de pobreza. Método: Estudio cualitativo, descriptivo-interpretativo, realizado en Buenaventura, uno los territorios más vulnerados social y económicamente de Colombia, entre enero de 2015 y mayo de 2016. Incluyó revisión documental de la normatividad nacional e internacional y entrevistas semiestructuradas a cuidadoras e informantes clave del sector gubernamental. Se realizó análisis de contenido con apoyo del software Atlas ti. Resultados: Se encontraron determinaciones del dominio general que demostraron el incumplimiento de la ley en materia de discapacidad y nula acción intersectorial para disponer servicios; a su vez, prevaleció la representación social de la discapacidad como impedimento y minusvalía, lo que conlleva a la invisibilización del problema. En términos de determinaciones particulares, se encontró pobre capacidad instalada, disponibilidad y promoción de servicios para la atención de la discapacidad física. La condición de género, clase y etnia de las cuidadoras impuso barreras de acceso e intensificó la vulnerabilidad de los menores. Respecto las determinaciones singulares, se revelaron historias de sufrimiento de las cuidadoras al enfrentarse a barreras administrativas, geográficas, de movilidad, relacionadas con la calidad de la atención, de acceso a recursos, a medicamentos y otros dispositivos médicos. Conclusiones: Existen diversas determinaciones sociales que limitan significativamente el acceso a los servicios de salud de los menores con discapacidad física en Buenaventura. Si bien Colombia ha tenido adelantos en las políticas relacionadas con discapacidad, aún persisten fallas en su implementación territorial(AU)

Objective: To analyze the social determinants of access to health services in children with physical disabilities, in a context of poverty. Method: Qualitative, descriptive-interpretive study carried out from January 2015 to May 2016 in Buenaventura, one of the most socially and economically vulnerable territories in Colombia. It included documents review of national and international regulations, and semi-structured interviews to caregivers and key informants of the governmental sector. Content analysis was performed with support of the software named Atlas ti. Results: Determinations of the general domain were found that demonstrated the non-compliance with the law in the matter of disability and null intersectoral action to provide services. On the other hand, social representation of disability as an impediment and a physical handicap prevailed, which leads to the invisibilization of the problem. In terms of particular determinations, poor installed capacity, availability and promotion of services for the attention of physical disabilities were found. The gender, class and ethnicity of caregivers imposed barriers to access and intensified the vulnerability of children. In regard to the singular determinations, it were revealed caregivers' stories of suffering while facing administrative, geographical, mobility barriers related to the quality of care, access to resources, medicines and other medical devices. Conclusions: There are several social determinations that significantly limit access to health services for children with physical disabilities in Buenaventura. Although Colombia has had advances in policies related to disability, there are still shortcomings in its territorial implementation(AU)

Encuesta de acceso a servicios de salud para hogares colombianos / Health services access survey for Colombian households

Objetivo: Diseñar y validar una encuesta de acceso a servicios de salud dirigida a hogares en Colombia para aportar una herramienta metodológica de país que permita ir acumulando evidencia sobre las condiciones de acceso real que tiene la población colombiana. Método: Se realizó un estudio de validación con personas expertas y prueba piloto aplicada en el municipio de Jamundí, en el departamento del Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Se realizó un muestreo probabilístico, polietápico, estratificado y por conglomerados. La muestra final fue de 215 hogares. Resultados: La encuesta quedó conformada por 63 preguntas distribuidas en cinco módulos: perfil sociodemográfico del jefe/a del hogar o adulto/a informante, perfil socioeconómico del hogar, acceso a servicios preventivos, acceso a servicios curativos y de rehabilitación, y gasto de bolsillo en acceso. En términos descriptivos, la promoción de servicios preventivos solo alcanzó valores del 44%; el uso de estos servicios siempre fue mayor, en especial en los grupos del primer año de vida y hasta los 10 años. Para los servicios de urgencias y hospitalización, la percepción de atención de la necesidad estuvo entre el 82% y el 85%. No obstante, hubo percepción de mala y muy mala calidad de la atención hasta en un 36%. Por su parte, la oportunidad de la atención de consulta médica general y con especialista presentó demoras. Discusión: La encuesta diseñada es válida, relevante y representativa del constructo acceso a servicios de salud en Colombia. En términos empíricos, la prueba piloto mostró debilidades institucionales en un municipio del país, indicando además que la cobertura en salud no significa acceso real y efectivo a los servicios (AU)

Objective: The aim of this study was to design and validate a health services access survey for households in Colombia to provide a methodological tool that allows the country to accumulate evidence of real-life access conditions experienced by the Colombian population. Methods: A validation study with experts and a pilot study were performed. It was conducted in the municipality of Jamundi, located in the department of Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Probabilistic, multistage and stratified cluster sampling was carried out. The final sample was 215 households. Results: The survey was composed of 63 questions divided into five modules: socio-demographic profile of the head of the household or adult informant, household socioeconomic profile, access to preventive services, access to curative and rehabilitative services and household out of pocket expenditure. In descriptive terms, the promotion of preventive services only reached 44%; the use of these services was always highest among children younger than one year old and up to the age of ten. The perceived need for emergency medical care and hospitalisation was between 82% and 85%, but 36% perceived the quality of care to be low or very low. Delays were experienced in medical visits with GPs and specialists. Discussion: The designed survey is valid, relevant and representative of access to health services in Colombia. Empirically, the pilot showed institutional weaknesses in a municipality of the country, indicating that health coverage does not in practice mean real and effective access to health services (AU)

[Profiles of high-frequency users of primary care services and associations with depressive anxiety disorders in Cali, Colombia]. / Perfil del paciente hiperfrecuentador y su asociación con el trastorno ansioso depresivo en servicios de atención primaria de Cali, Colombia.

OBJECTIVES.: To determine the profiles of highly frequent users of primary care services and the associations of these profiles with depressive anxiety disorders in Cali, Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS.: A case-control study, high-frequency cases were defined as those involving patients with a percentile >75 with regard to the frequency of spontaneous use of outpatient facilities in the last 12 months; controls were defined as those with a percentile <25. A multiple correspondence analysis was used to describe patient profiles, and the influences of depression and anxiety on frequent attendance was determined via logistic regression. RESULTS.: Among the 780 participating patients, differences in the profiles among frequent users and controls were related to predisposing factors such as sex, age, and education, capacity factors such as the time required to visit the institution and the means of transport used, and need factors such as health perceptions, social support, family function, and the presence of anxiety or depressive disorders. A depression or anxiety disorder was found to associate positively with frequent attendance (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.99, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19-3.31) and a referral system (aOR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.01-2.76), but negatively with mild or no family dysfunction (aOR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.48-0.88) after adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, and health service-providing institutions. CONCLUSIONS.: The profiles of high-frequency patients differ from control patients with respect to factors related to capacity, need, and willingness; in particular, the latter were independently associated with frequent attendance. Notably, the presence of an anxious or depressive disorder doubled the risk of highfrequency attendance at a primary care facility.

Perfil del paciente hiperfrecuentador y su asociación con el trastorno ansioso depresivo en servicios de atención primaria de Cali, Colombia / Profiles of high-frequency users of primary care services and associations with depressive anxiety disorders in Cali, Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivos. Determinar el perfil de los pacientes hiperfrecuentadores en servicios de atención primaria y su asociación con el trastorno ansioso depresivo en Cali, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Estudio de casos y controles. Se definió como caso hiperfrecuentador a aquellos pacientes con un percentil >75 en la frecuencia de uso de consulta externa por demanda espontánea en los últimos 12 meses y como controles a aquellos con percentil <25. Se utilizó el análisis de correspondencias múltiples para describir los perfiles de los pacientes y mediante regresión logística se determinó la influencia de la depresión y ansiedad en la hiperfrecuentación. Resultados. Participaron 780 pacientes; las diferencia en los perfiles entre los hiperfrecuentadores y controles se observaron en los factores de predisposición: sexo, edad, escolaridad; de capacidad: tiempo en acudir a la institución y el medio de transporte que utilizan; y de necesidad: percepción de salud, apoyo social, función familiar, y la presencia de trastornos ansiosos o depresivos. Tener depresión o ansiedad se asoció con la hiperfrecuentación (ORa 1,99; IC 95%: 1,19-3,31) así como tener un sistema de referencias (ORa 1,61; IC 95%: 1,01-2,76), la disfunción familiar leve o buena se asoció de manera negativa (ORa: 0,79; IC 95%: 0,48-0,88) después de ajustar por edad, sexo, etnia e institución prestadora de servicios de salud. Conclusiones. Los pacientes hiperfrecuentadores tienen diferentes perfiles de capacidad, necesidad y predisposición que los controles, los últimos se asociaron de manera independiente a la hiperfrecuentación. En particular, lo trastornos ansioso depresivos duplicaron el riesgo de hiperfrecuentar en atención primaria.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To determine the profiles of highly frequent users of primary care services and the associations of these profiles with depressive anxiety disorders in Cali, Colombia. Materials and Methods. A case-control study, high-frequency cases were defined as those involving patients with a percentile >75 with regard to the frequency of spontaneous use of outpatient facilities in the last 12 months; controls were defined as those with a percentile <25. A multiple correspondence analysis was used to describe patient profiles, and the influences of depression and anxiety on frequent attendance was determined via logistic regression. Results. Among the 780 participating patients, differences in the profiles among frequent users and controls were related to predisposing factors such as sex, age, and education, capacity factors such as the time required to visit the institution and the means of transport used, and need factors such as health perceptions, social support, family function, and the presence of anxiety or depressive disorders. A depression or anxiety disorder was found to associate positively with frequent attendance (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.99, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19-3.31) and a referral system (aOR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.01-2.76), but negatively with mild or no family dysfunction (aOR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.48-0.88) after adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, and health service-providing institutions. Conclusions. The profiles of high-frequency patients differ from control patients with respect to factors related to capacity, need, and willingness; in particular, the latter were independently associated with frequent attendance. Notably, the presence of an anxious or depressive disorder doubled the risk of highfrequency attendance at a primary care facility.

[Health services access survey for Colombian households]. / Encuesta de acceso a servicios de salud para hogares colombianos.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to design and validate a health services access survey for households in Colombia to provide a methodological tool that allows the country to accumulate evidence of real-life access conditions experienced by the Colombian population. METHODS: A validation study with experts and a pilot study were performed. It was conducted in the municipality of Jamundi, located in the department of Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Probabilistic, multistage and stratified cluster sampling was carried out. The final sample was 215 households. RESULTS: The survey was composed of 63 questions divided into five modules: socio-demographic profile of the head of the household or adult informant, household socioeconomic profile, access to preventive services, access to curative and rehabilitative services and household out of pocket expenditure. In descriptive terms, the promotion of preventive services only reached 44%; the use of these services was always highest among children younger than one year old and up to the age of ten. The perceived need for emergency medical care and hospitalisation was between 82% and 85%, but 36% perceived the quality of care to be low or very low. Delays were experienced in medical visits with GPs and specialists. DISCUSSION: The designed survey is valid, relevant and representative of access to health services in Colombia. Empirically, the pilot showed institutional weaknesses in a municipality of the country, indicating that health coverage does not in practice mean real and effective access to health services.

[A comprehensive and critical view of conceptual models for access to health services, 1970-2013]. / Visión comprensiva y crítica de los modelos conceptuales sobre acceso a servicios de salud, 1970-2013.

The aim of this study was to critically analyze various conceptual models on access to health services described in the literature from 1970 to 2013. A systematic review was conducted on applied and theoretical research publications that explicitly conceptualized access to health services. The review included 25 articles that met the study's objectives. The analysis used a matrix containing the conceptual model's logic and its description. Access to health services was classified in five categories: (i) decent minimums, (ii) market-driven, (iii) factors and multicausality, (iv) needs-based, and (v) social justice and the right to health. The study concludes that the predominant concept of access in the literature has been the market logic of medical care services, linked to the logic of factors and multicausality. Meanwhile, no conceptual model was found for access to health services based explicitly on social justice and the right to health.

Visión comprensiva y crítica de los modelos conceptuales sobre acceso a servicios de salud, 1970-2013 / A comprehensive and critical view of conceptual models for access to health services, 1970-2013 / Uma análise crítica e abrangente dos modelos conceituais sobre o acesso aos serviços da saúde, 1970-2013

Resumen: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar críticamente los modelos conceptuales sobre acceso a servicios de salud, descritos en la literatura entre 1970 y 2013. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de publicaciones empíricas y teóricas que conceptualizaron el acceso a servicios de salud de manera explícita. Se revisaron 25 publicaciones que respondían a los objetivos del estudio. El análisis se realizó utilizando una matriz que contenía la lógica del modelo conceptual y su descripción. Los resultados se clasificaron en cinco categorías: (i) acceso a servicios de salud en la lógica de los "mínimos decentes", (ii) de mercado, (iii) de factores y multicausalidad, (iv) de necesidades y (v) de justicia social y derecho a la salud. El estudio concluye que ha sido dominante en la literatura el concepto de acceso desde la lógica de mercado de servicios de atención médica, articulada con la lógica de factores y multicausalidad. Por el contrario, no se encontró ningún modelo conceptual de acceso a servicios de salud, basado explícitamente en la justicia sanitaria y el derecho a la salud.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to critically analyze various conceptual models on access to health services described in the literature from 1970 to 2013. A systematic review was conducted on applied and theoretical research publications that explicitly conceptualized access to health services. The review included 25 articles that met the study's objectives. The analysis used a matrix containing the conceptual model's logic and its description. Access to health services was classified in five categories: (i) decent minimums, (ii) market-driven, (iii) factors and multicausality, (iv) needs-based, and (v) social justice and the right to health. The study concludes that the predominant concept of access in the literature has been the market logic of medical care services, linked to the logic of factors and multicausality. Meanwhile, no conceptual model was found for access to health services based explicitly on social justice and the right to health.

Resumo: O presente estudo tinha como objetivo analisar criticamente os modelos conceituais sobre o aceso a serviços de saúde descritos na literatura, entre 1970 e 2013. Foi feita uma revisão sistemática de publicações empíricas e teóricas que conceitualizaram o aceso a serviços de saúde de maneira explícita. Foram revistas 25 publicações que correspondiam aos objetivos do estudo. A análise lançou mão de uma matriz que contemplava a lógica do modelo conceitual e a sua descrição. Os resultados foram classificados em cinco categorias: (i) aceso a serviços de saúde pela lógica dos "mínimos decentes", (ii) de mercado, (iii) de fatores e multicausalidade, (iv) de necessidades e (v) de justiça social e de direito à saúde. O estudo conclui que na literatura predominou o conceito de aceso pela lógica de mercado de serviços de atenção médica, atrelado à lógica de fatores e multicausalidade. Em contraponto, não foi encontrado nenhum modelo conceitual de aceso a serviços de saúde explicitamente baseado na justiça sanitária e no direito à saúde.

The IMEA project: an intervention based on microfinance, entrepreneurship, and adherence to treatment for women with HIV/AIDS living in poverty.

A number of issues affect adherence to treatment and quality of life among women living with HIV/AIDS. In particular, women living in poverty have a higher risk of mortality due to their vulnerable conditions and socioeconomic exclusion. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention that combines microfinance, entrepreneurship and adherence to treatment (IMEA) for women with HIV/AIDS and living in poverty in Cali, Colombia. A pre-post research design without a control was utilized, and 48 women were included in the study. The evaluation showed effectiveness of the program in the majority of the results (knowledge of HIV and treatment, adherence to treatment, self-efficacy, and the formation of a microenterprise) (p < 0.001); the global indicator increased from 28.3% to 85.5% (p < 0.001). The findings of this study demonstrate that the intervention was partially effective; the health outcomes showed beneficial effects. However, at the end of the study and throughout the follow-up phase, only one third of the participants were able to develop and maintain a legal operating business. It is concluded that the IMEA project should be tested in other contexts and that its consequent results should be analyzed; so it could be converted into a large scale public health program.

A systematic review of microfinance-based interventions for HIV/AIDS prevention.

The aim of this study is to describe the scope of microfinance-based interventions for HIV/AIDS prevention. A systematic review was carried out of literature published between 1986 and 2012 from EBSCO, ProQuest, Science Direct, Emerald, and JSTOR. The search included original research articles that presented evaluated interventions. Books, dissertations, gray literature, and theoretical reviews were excluded. Findings revealed a total of fourteen studies focused on the evaluation of: the IMAGE project, female sex workers, life skills and risk behavior reduction, adherence to treatment, and children and their families. Most of these interventions have shown to have beneficial effects, although results depend on: the type of program, monitoring, sustainability of microcredits, and contextual conditions. The findings of this review should be complemented with interventions carried out by various NGOs and microfinance institutions in different countries that present their results in a dissimilar way.

Aportes de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo al mundo laboral de las personas con VIH/sida / Contributions by the International Labor Organization to the working context of the HIV/AIDS people

Este artículo de reflexión presenta los aportes de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo al mundo laboral de las personas que viven con VIH/sida. Se muestran los distintos momentos desde 1988 cuando se empieza a reconocer a nivel global que la infección afectaría de manera importante la fuerza de trabajo y se alcanza para el 2010 una norma internacional. Si bien se resalta que el papel de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo puede valorarse como positivo, aún son necesarios esfuerzos para que en general los países avancen en el reconocimiento de la capacidad productiva de las personas con la infección y se incluyan en especial los subgrupos más vulnerables, como son las mujeres. A nivel local es preciso fomentar la investigación sobre el mundo laboral de las personas con VIH/sida, con una perspectiva basada en derechos y determinación social.

This article reflected on the contributions by the International Labor Organization to the working context of the people living with HIV/AIDS. Various moments since 1988 were shown when it began to be admitted worldwide that this infection would significantly affect the working force; in 2010, an international standard was issued. Although the role of the International Labor Organization was assessed as positive, more efforts are still needed so that the countries could generally make progress in recognizing the productive capacity of the people with this infection, and the most vulnerable subgroups such as women could be included. At local level, it is necessary to promote research studies on the working world of the HIV/AIDS persons, with a perspective based on social rights and determination.