[X-linked intellectual disability syndrome with macrocephaly due to BRWD3 gene deletion]. / Síndrome de discapacidad intelectual ligada a X con macrocefalia por deleción del gen BRWD3.

INTRODUCTION: Pathogenic variants in BRWD3 gene have been described as a rare cause of syndromic X-linked intellectual disability. Its phenotype shows neurodevelopmental delay with intellectual disability in all reported patients, facial dysmorphic features, macrocephaly, overgrowth and obesity. The great majority of cases yield point variants in the gene, only three large deletions including only the BRWD3 gene have been reported. The BRWD3 protein is an epigenetic reader that regulates chromatin remodeling. We report a boy with a compatible phenotype and a deletion including only this gene. CASE REPORT: Boy, without family and perinatal pathological background, with neurodevelopmental delay: psychomotor delay, speech delay and intellectual disability, macrocephaly (p > 99) and obesity. Phenotype with facial dysmorphic features: wide forehead, deep set eyes, bulbous nose, prominent ears and pointed chin. The array-CGH analysis showed a 586 kb deletion at Xq21.1 including only one gene with associated disorder, BRWD3. Afterwards, the deletion was also identified in his asymptomatic mother and sister. CONCLUSIONS: Our patient confirms that the haploinsufficiency due to BRWD3 deletion is a causal genetic mechanism of the BRWD3-related syndromic X-linked intellectual disability. It is important to recognize the phenotype for the diagnosis and follow up of the patients, and also to carry out the family genetic analysis in order to identify and give genetic counselling to the women who also have the genetic defect, because the majority of them are asymptomatic, as the mother and sister of our patient.

TITLE: Síndrome de discapacidad intelectual ligada a X con macrocefalia por deleción del gen BRWD3.Introducción. Variantes patógenas en el gen BRWD3 son la causa de un tipo poco frecuente de discapacidad intelectual sindrómica ligada a X. Su fenotipo se asocia a la alteración neuroconductual con discapacidad intelectual, dismorfia facial, macrocefalia, sobrecrecimiento y obesidad. La gran mayoría de los pacientes presenta variantes puntuales en el gen y sólo se han descrito tres casos con deleciones parciales que incluyen únicamente al gen BRWD3. Funcionalmente es un lector epigenético que regula la remodelación de la cromatina. Presentamos un varón con fenotipo compatible con una deleción que incluye sólo este gen asociado a patología. Caso clínico. Varón sin antecedentes familiares ni perinatales de interés con alteración en el neurodesarrollo: retraso psicomotor, retraso del lenguaje y discapacidad cognitiva, macrocefalia (p > 99) y obesidad. Fenotipo con dismorfia facial: frente amplia, ojos hundidos, nariz bulbosa, pabellones auriculares despegados y mentón afilado. Array de hibridación genómica comparada con deleción de 586 kb en Xq21.1, que incluye un único gen asociado a la patología, BRWD3. Posteriormente se realizó un estudio a la madre y a la hermana, asintomáticas, y ambas portan la deleción. Conclusiones. Nuestro caso confirma que la haploinsuficiencia debida a la deleción del gen BRWD3 es un mecanismo genético causal de la discapacidad intelectual sindrómica ligada a X asociada al gen BRWD3. Es importante reconocer el fenotipo para el diagnóstico y el seguimiento, así como la realización del estudio familiar para asesoramiento genético a las mujeres que porten la alteración, puesto que en la mayoría de los casos son asintomáticas, como la madre y la hermana de este paciente.

Síndrome de rotura de Varsovia: una causa de microcefalia congénita y sordera neurosensorial / Warsaw breakage syndrome: an etiology for congenital microcephaly and sensorineural deafness

Introducción: El síndrome de rotura de Varsovia es una alteración genética muy poco frecuente originada por variantes patógenas bialélicas en el gen DDX11, implicado en la cohesión de las cromátidas hermanas, que pertenece al grupo de las cohesinopatías. Clínicamente se caracteriza por retraso del crecimiento, microcefalia y sordera neurosensorial, con otras manifestaciones menos frecuentes: dismorfia facial, anomalías esqueléticas, cardíacas, cutáneas y genitourinarias. Caso clínico: Presentamos a un varón con las manifestaciones cardinales del síndrome: bajo peso en el nacimiento, microcefalia congénita grave y sordera neurosensorial con agenesia de los nervios cocleares. También presenta cardiopatía, hipospadias, criptorquidia, anomalía cutánea y pies planos. En el exoma se han identificado dos variantes en heterocigosis probablemente patógenas en el gen DDX11, c.1403dup; p.(Ser469Valfs*32) y c.2371C>T; p.(Arg791Trp), heredadas cada una de un progenitor. Conclusión: Revisamos a los 23 pacientes descritos con el síndrome en la bibliografía, tanto desde el punto de vista clínico como desde el genético. Analizamos el significado etiopatógeno de las variantes de nuestro caso basándonos en los datos moleculares y las funciones celulares de DDX11 de los estudios publicados. Debido al solapamiento clínico con los síndromes con rotura cromosómica y las cohesinopatías, debemos realizar el diagnóstico diferencial con estas entidades, fundamentalmente la anemia de Fanconi, el síndrome de rotura de Nijmegen, el síndrome de Cornelia de Lange y el síndrome de Roberts. En la práctica clínica, debemos sospechar este síndrome en el período neonatal en un paciente con retraso del crecimiento intrauterino, microcefalia grave y sordera neurosensorial.(AU)

Introduction: Warsaw breakage syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder due to biallelic pathogenic variants in DDX11 gene, with a role in the sister chromatid cohesion process, and classified in the cohesinophaties group. It is characterized by the clinical triad of growth restriction, microcephaly and sensorineural deafness. Additional, but less frequent features, are facial dysmorphism, and skeletal, heart, skin and genitourinary anomalies. Case report: We report a boy with the cardinal features of the syndrome: prenatal growth restriction, severe congenital microcephaly, and sensorineural deafness with cochlear nerves agenesis. He also has a cardiac anomaly, hypospadias, cryptorchidism, skin abnormality, and pes planus. The exome yielded two heterozygous likely pathogenic variants in the DDX11 gene, c.1403dup; p.(Ser469Valfs*32) and c.2371C>T; p.(Arg791Trp), inherited in trans from the parents. Conclusion: We review the clinical and genetic data of the 23 reported cases with the syndrome in the literature and analyze the etiopathogenic interpretation of our case variants based on the molecular and cellular functions of DDX11 described. Due to the clinical overlap with the chromosomal breakage syndromes and cohesinopathies we must make the differential diagnosis with these entities, overall, with Fanconi anemia, Nijmegen breakage syndrome, Cornelia de Lange syndrome and Roberts syndrome. In clinical practice we must think in Warsaw breakage syndrome in the neonatal period in a patient with intrauterine growth restriction, severe microcephaly, and sensorineural deafness.(AU)

[Warsaw breakage syndrome: an etiology for congenital microcephaly and sensorineural deafness]. / Síndrome de rotura de Varsovia: una causa de microcefalia congénita y sordera neurosensorial.

INTRODUCTION: Warsaw breakage syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder due to biallelic pathogenic variants in DDX11 gene, with a role in the sister chromatid cohesion process, and classified in the cohesinophaties group. It is characterized by the clinical triad of growth restriction, microcephaly and sensorineural deafness. Additional, but less frequent features, are facial dysmorphism, and skeletal, heart, skin and genitourinary anomalies. CASE REPORT: We report a boy with the cardinal features of the syndrome: prenatal growth restriction, severe congenital microcephaly, and sensorineural deafness with cochlear nerves agenesis. He also has a cardiac anomaly, hypospadias, cryptorchidism, skin abnormality, and pes planus. The exome yielded two heterozygous likely pathogenic variants in the DDX11 gene, c.1403dup; p.(Ser469Valfs*32) and c.2371C>T; p.(Arg791Trp), inherited in trans from the parents. CONCLUSION: We review the clinical and genetic data of the 23 reported cases with the syndrome in the literature and analyze the etiopathogenic interpretation of our case variants based on the molecular and cellular functions of DDX11 described. Due to the clinical overlap with the chromosomal breakage syndromes and cohesinopathies we must make the differential diagnosis with these entities, overall, with Fanconi anemia, Nijmegen breakage syndrome, Cornelia de Lange syndrome and Roberts syndrome. In clinical practice we must think in Warsaw breakage syndrome in the neonatal period in a patient with intrauterine growth restriction, severe microcephaly, and sensorineural deafness.

TITLE: Síndrome de rotura de Varsovia: una causa de microcefalia congénita y sordera neurosensorial.Introducción. El síndrome de rotura de Varsovia es una alteración genética muy poco frecuente originada por variantes patógenas bialélicas en el gen DDX11, implicado en la cohesión de las cromátidas hermanas, que pertenece al grupo de las cohesinopatías. Clínicamente se caracteriza por retraso del crecimiento, microcefalia y sordera neurosensorial, con otras manifestaciones menos frecuentes: dismorfia facial, anomalías esqueléticas, cardíacas, cutáneas y genitourinarias. Caso clínico. Presentamos a un varón con las manifestaciones cardinales del síndrome: bajo peso en el nacimiento, microcefalia congénita grave y sordera neurosensorial con agenesia de los nervios cocleares. También presenta cardiopatía, hipospadias, criptorquidia, anomalía cutánea y pies planos. En el exoma se han identificado dos variantes en heterocigosis probablemente patógenas en el gen DDX11, c.1403dup; p.(Ser469Valfs*32) y c.2371C>T; p.(Arg791Trp), heredadas cada una de un progenitor. Conclusión. Revisamos a los 23 pacientes descritos con el síndrome en la bibliografía, tanto desde el punto de vista clínico como desde el genético. Analizamos el significado etiopatógeno de las variantes de nuestro caso basándonos en los datos moleculares y las funciones celulares de DDX11 de los estudios publicados. Debido al solapamiento clínico con los síndromes con rotura cromosómica y las cohesinopatías, debemos realizar el diagnóstico diferencial con estas entidades, fundamentalmente la anemia de Fanconi, el síndrome de rotura de Nijmegen, el síndrome de Cornelia de Lange y el síndrome de Roberts. En la práctica clínica, debemos sospechar este síndrome en el período neonatal en un paciente con retraso del crecimiento intrauterino, microcefalia grave y sordera neurosensorial.

[RIT1: a novel gene associated with Noonan syndrome]. / RIT1: un nuevo gen causal del sindrome de Noonan.

INTRODUCTION: Noonan syndrome is the most frequent of the congenital group of malformation syndromes caused by germline mutations that encode components of the RAS/MAPK pathway, termed RASopathies, one of the most frequent congenital genetic disorders in the clinical practice. Recently RIT1 mutations have been reported in patients with Noonan syndrome. CASE REPORT: A 7 years-old girl with a clinical diagnosis of Noonan syndrome, and with a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy included in her clinical manifestations, where a de novo heterozygous, probably pathogenic, novel mutation in RIT1, c.295T>C (p.Phe99Leu), has been identified. CONCLUSIONS: RIT1 shares homology with other RAS proteins and the expression of mutant alleles demonstrates a gain-of-function effect supporting a causative role in Noonan syndrome pathogenesis. Data suggest that the frequency of RIT1 mutations can be estimated as 3-5% in Noonan syndrome patients. These cases compared with Noonan patients harboring mutations in other genes are characterized by high frequency of prenatal abnormalities and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and lower frequencies of short stature and pectus abnormalities. We emphasize the importance of the novel identified genes in order to be included in the diagnostic panels.

TITLE: RIT1: un nuevo gen causal del sindrome de Noonan.Introduccion. El sindrome de Noonan es el mas frecuente del grupo de los sindromes malformativos congenitos originados por mutaciones germinales en genes de la via RAS/MAPK, denominados genericamente RAS-opatias, uno de los grupos mas comunes de alteraciones geneticas congenitas en la practica clinica. Recientemente se han descrito mutaciones en el gen RIT1 en pacientes con sindrome de Noonan. Caso clinico. Nina de 7 anos con diagnostico clinico de sindrome de Noonan, que entre sus manifestaciones clinicas incluye miocardiopatia hipertrofica, en la que se ha identificado una mutacion de novo en heterocigosis, en RIT1, c.295T>C (p.Phe99Leu), no descrita previamente, probablemente causal. Conclusiones. RIT1 comparte homologia con otras proteinas RAS y la expresion de alelos mutantes origina un efecto de ganancia de funcion que apoya su papel causal en el sindrome de Noonan. Podemos estimar actualmente que es responsable de un 3-5% de los casos del sindrome. Estos casos con sindrome de Noonan, respecto a los que presentan mutaciones en otros genes, se caracterizan por una mayor frecuencia de alteraciones prenatales, alta frecuencia de miocardiopatia hipertrofica y menor frecuencia de talla baja y deformidad toracica. Destaca la importancia de incorporar los nuevos genes identificados en los paneles diagnosticos.

Escroto accesorio / Accessory scrotum

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Síndrome oro-facio-digital tipo II: caso clínico y diagnóstico diferencial / Oral-facial-digital syndrome type II: Clinical case and differential diagnosis

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Hamartoma meningotelial en cuero cabelludo / Meningothelial hamartoma of the scalp

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Aarskog-Scott syndrome: clinical update and report of nine novel mutations of the FGD1 gene.

Mutations in the FGD1 gene have been shown to cause Aarskog-Scott syndrome (AAS), or facio-digito-genital dysplasia (OMIM#305400), an X-linked disorder characterized by distinctive genital and skeletal developmental abnormalities with a broad spectrum of clinical phenotypes. To date, 20 distinct mutations have been reported, but little phenotypic data are available on patients with molecularly confirmed AAS. In the present study, we report on our experience of screening for mutations in the FGD1 gene in a cohort of 60 European patients with a clinically suspected diagnosis of AAS. We identified nine novel mutations in 11 patients (detection rate of 18.33%), including three missense mutations (p.R402Q; p.S558W; p.K748E), four truncating mutations (p.Y530X; p.R656X; c.806delC; c.1620delC), one in-frame deletion (c.2020_2022delGAG) and the first reported splice site mutation (c.1935+3A>C). A recurrent mutation (p.R656X) was detected in three independent families. We did not find any evidence for phenotype-genotype correlations between type and position of mutations and clinical features. In addition to the well-established phenotypic features of AAS, other clinical features are also reported and discussed.

Importancia diagnóstica de los signos de hipocinesia fetal en la atrofia muscular espinal de presentación neonatal / Role of signs of fetal hypokinesia in the diagnosis of spinal muscular atrophy of neonatal onset

Introducción: La atrofia muscular espinal (AME) se caracteriza por la degeneración precoz de las neuronas motoras del asta anterior, cuya forma de presentación neonatal más frecuente y grave es la enfermedad de Werdnig-Hoffmann. Las características neurológicas y genéticas de la AME son bien conocidas, siendo el objetivo de este estudio analizar sus características dismorfológicas. Pacientes y métodos: En este trabajo se presenta el análisis de los 10 casos de AME identificados entre 27.864 recién nacidos consecutivos con defectos congénitos registrados en el Estudio Colaborativo Español de Malformaciones Congénitas (ECEMC) desde abril de 1976 a diciembre de 1998. Así mismo, se expone un caso clínico de AME neonatal en el que se asociaban los signos clásicos de la secuencia deformativa de hipocinesia fetal. Resultados: La estimación mínima de la prevalencia de AME con defectos congénitos en nuestro medio es de 0,32 por 100.000 recién nacidos vivos. Encontramos una relación niños:niñas de 3,5. Los defectos congénitos asociados con mayor frecuencia en nuestra población de AME neonatal se encuentran localizados en extremidades (principalmente artrogriposis), cara y tórax, y que pueden ser explicados por la hipomovilidad fetal intrínseca secundaria a la enfermedad neuromuscular. Las características de la secuencia deformativa de hipocinesia fetal se describen en el caso clínico presentado: parto distócico, cordón umbilical corto, polihidramnios, retraso del crecimiento intrauterino, malformaciones craneofaciales, anomalías esqueléticas con contracturas articulares múltiples, hipoplasia pulmonar, etc. Conclusiones: Es importante reconocer los defectos congénitos asociados a las enfermedades neuromusculares, debido a que en ocasiones los signos dismorfológicos pueden ser más llamativos que los neurológicos en el período neonatal. Y, en concreto, la AME neonatal que, en su mayor espectro, se manifiesta con las características de una secuencia deformativa de hipocinesia fetal (AU)

[Role of signs of fetal hypokinesia in the diagnosis of spinal muscular atrophy of neonatal onset]. / Importancia diagnóstica de los signos de hipocinesia fetal en la atrofia muscular espinal de presentación neonatal.

INTRODUCTION: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is characterized by early degeneration of anterior horn cells. The most frequent and severe type of neonatal onset is Werdnig-Hoffmann disease. The neurologic and genetic characteristics of SMA are well-known. The aim of this study was to analyze the dysmorphologic features of this disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We present an analysis of 10 cases of SMA identified among 27,864 infants with congenital defects registered by the Spanish Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECEMC) between April 1976 and December 1998. We also report a clinical case of neonatal SMA presenting the classical signs of fetal hypokinesia deformation sequence. RESULTS: The minimum estimation of the prevalence of SMA with congenital defects in our population is 0.32 per 100,000 live births. We found a male-to-female ratio of 3.5. The most frequently associated congenital defects in our population of neonatal SMA were located in the extremities (mainly arthrogryposis), face and thorax and could be explained by intrinsic fetal hypomobility secondary to the neuromuscular disorder. The characteristics of fetal hypokinesia deformation sequence are discussed in the case report presented herein: dystocic delivery, short umbilical cord, polyhydramnios, intrauterine growth retardation, craniofacial malformations, skeletal abnormalities with multiple articular contractures, pulmonary hypoplasia, etc. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to recognize the congenital defects associated with neuromuscular disorders, because dysmorphologic features are sometimes more marked than neurologic features in the neonatal period and because of the wide spectrum of congenital defects in neonatal SMA that result in a fetal hypokinesia deformation sequence.

Meningitis por streptococcus bovis en un recién nacido / Streptococcus bovis meningitis in a neonate

El Streptococcus bovis es un gérmen causal muy infrecuente de patología infecciosa neonatal y pediátrica. Presentamos un caso de meningitis neonatal por este gérmen con aislamiento del organismo en líquido cefalorraquídeo y hemocultivo. La clínica de nuestro caso, al igual que los casos descritos en la literatura, corresponde a una sepsis precoz indistinguible de la producida por el Streptococcus agalactiae, el origen de la misma parece en relación con la adquisición en el canal del parto. El tratamiento antibiótico de elección es penicilina asociada inicialmente a aminoglucósido. La evolución fue favorable sin secuelas neurológicas a los 25 meses de vida (AU)

[Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome: clinical and epidemiological analysis of a consecutive series of cases in Spain]. / Síndrome de Wiedemann-Beckwith: análisis clínico-epidemiológico de una serie consecutiva de casos en España.

OBJECTIVE: Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome is a multisystemic pattern of congenital anomalies with overgrowth. The most characteristic clinical features are macroglossia, high birth weight, omphalocele, visceromegaly and hypoglycemia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We show the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the 18 cases with Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome identified in the consecutive series of 25,967 malformed liveborn infants detected among 1,431,368 livebirths surveyed by the Spanish Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECEMC) between April 1976 and June 1997. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The minimal estimated frequency of Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome in Spain is 0.13 per 10,000 liveborn infants. These infants have a high birth weight for their gestational age and are born of shorter pregnancies (prematurity 33.3%). The clinical manifestations of our cases are concordant with the variable expression of the syndrome; the most frequent features were macroglossia (100%), omphalocele or umbilical hernia (77.8%) and high birth weight (64.7%). Other findings were polyhydramnios and placentomegaly. All of the cases were sporadic.

[The Townes-Brocks syndrome in Spain: the epidemiological aspects in a consecutive series of cases]. / Síndrome de Townes-Brocks en España: aspectos epidemiológicos en una serie consecutiva de casos.

INTRODUCTION: Townes-Brocks syndrome is constituted by a multi-systemic pattern of congenital anomalies with autosomal dominant inheritance. The most characteristic defects are those affecting hearing and the auricle, anal atresia and thumb anomalies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We present the epidemiological characteristics of six cases of Townes-Brocks syndrome identified in the consecutive series of 25,967 malformed live born infants detected among 1,431,368 live births surveyed by the ECEMC (Spanish Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations) between April 1976 and June 1997. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The minimal estimated frequency of Townes-Brocks syndrome in our data is 0.42 cases per 100,000 liveborn infants. These infants have low birth weights. Similar to other published studies, we have observed in our cases a wide variation in the clinical expression of the syndrome, showing great inter-family, as well as intrafamily variability.

[Apert syndrome: clinico-epidemiological analysis of a series of consecutive cases in Spain]. / Síndrome de Apert: análisis clínico-epidemiológico de una serie consecutiva de casos en España.

OBJECTIVE: Apert syndrome is one of the five craniosynostosis syndromes caused by allelic mutations of the fibroblast growth-factor receptor 2 (FGFR2). It is characterized by symmetrical cutaneous and bony syndactyly of the hands and feet and a variety of pleiotrophic features of the skeleton, central nervous system, skin and internal organs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We show the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the 17 cases of Apert syndrome identified in a consecutive series of 26,956 malformed liveborn infants detected among 1,502,639 livebirths surveyed by the Spanish Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (CEMC) between April 1976 and March 1998. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The estimated frequency of Apert syndrome in Spain is 0.11 per 10,000 liveborn infants. All of the cases were sporadic and were associated with an increased paternal age. The clinical manifestations of our cases are concordant with the variable expression of the syndrome, with the cardinal features of acrocephaly secondary to craniosynostosis and syndactyly of hands and feet present in all cases, and other anomalies, including cardiovascular (23.5%), cleft palate (23.5%), urinary (5.9%) and central nervous system (5.9%), in some of the patients.