ABSTRACT
STUDY OBJECTIVES: Sleep is important for memory consolidation in children. This study intended to find out whether an evening milk-based drink could influence sleep efficiency and memory recall in a group of Indonesian children (5-6 years old) with sleep deprivation. METHODS: Children were randomly allocated to one of three interventions: Reference product, satiety-stimulating product, and a relaxing product. The intervention lasted for 6 weeks and children consumed two servings per day of each 200â ml, the serving in the morning being the same for all children. All measurements took place at baseline and at the end of the intervention. Sleep parameters were studied using actigraphy and a sleep diary during three consecutive days. Memory consolidation was tested using a 20 word-pair list, which was memorized the evening before being recalled the next morning at home-base. Anthropometry was measured using standard equipment. RESULTS: The Satiety group showed a significant decrease in word recall, and a significant increase in nocturnal awakenings that was inversely associated with sleep efficiency at the end of the intervention. Sleep efficiency did not differ between the three groups being 75.5 ± 8.6% and 75.7 ± 6.3% at baseline and end of the intervention, respectively. Despite the lower energy intake in the Standard (reference) group, this condition showed the highest increase in weight. DISCUSSION: Evening growing-up milks can affect memory recall, sleep characteristics, and growth. However, to correct sleep efficiency and sleep duration, improvement of parental behavior may be the most important factor with nutrition providing a supplementary effect.
Subject(s)
Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Dietary Supplements , Hypnotics and Sedatives/therapeutic use , Milk , Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic/therapy , Actigraphy , Animals , Appetite Depressants/administration & dosage , Appetite Depressants/adverse effects , Child , Child, Preschool , Dietary Supplements/adverse effects , Double-Blind Method , Female , Humans , Hypnotics and Sedatives/administration & dosage , Hypnotics and Sedatives/adverse effects , Indonesia , Male , Memory Consolidation , Memory Disorders/etiology , Memory Disorders/prevention & control , Mental Recall , Milk/adverse effects , Severity of Illness Index , Sleep Deprivation/etiology , Sleep Deprivation/prevention & control , Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic/physiopathology , Snacks , Weight GainABSTRACT
Glycaemic response to dietary carbohydrates might have an impact on cognitive performance. The present study investigated the effects of growing-up milks (GUM) with isomaltulose and extra minerals and vitamins or lower protein content on cognitive parameters in children aged 56 years. In a blinded, partly randomised, controlled, cross-over study, four GUM were provided, each taken over 14 d (2 × 200 ml/d): standard (Std) GUM; Std GUM+5 g isomaltulose (Iso-5 GUM); Iso-5 GUM with 26 % less protein (Iso-5 LP GUM); Std GUM with 2·5 g isomaltulose and extra Mg, Zn, Se, D3, B1, B2, B12, folic acid and choline (Iso-2·5 GUM). At test days, when GUM replaced breakfast, repeated (0, 60, 120 and 180 min post-dose) cognitive tasks were performed (picture presentation, simple reaction time, digit vigilance, choice reaction time, spatial and numeric working memory and picture recognition). Task performance of all subjects (n 50) worsened over the morning. Best performance was seen on isomaltulose GUM, most notably at 180 min. Iso-2·5 GUM showed best performance on several parameters of attention and memory, Iso-5 GUM performed best on parameters of memory and Iso-5 LP GUM was positively associated with parameters of attention but less with memory. Std GUM showed only a benefit on one attention and one memory task. Thus, isomaltulose-enriched GUM positively affected parameters of attention and memory at 180 min post-dose when compared with Std GUM. Extra minerals and vitamins seem beneficial, whereas lowering protein content might improve attention in particular.
Subject(s)
Food, Fortified , Isomaltose/analogs & derivatives , Lactose/pharmacology , Child , Child, Preschool , Cross-Over Studies , Female , Food Analysis , Humans , Indonesia , Isomaltose/chemistry , Isomaltose/pharmacology , Lactose/chemistry , Male , Nutrition Assessment , Nutritional RequirementsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Association of rs1344706 in the ZNF804A gene (2q32.1) with schizophrenia was first reported in a genome wide scan conducted in a sample of 479 cases and replicated in 6666 cases. Subsequently, evidence by replication was obtained in several samples with European- and Asian ancestral background. METHODS: We report ascertainment, clinical characterization, quality control, and determination of ancestral background of a case control sample from Indonesia, comprising 1067 cases and 1111 ancestry matched controls. Genotyping was performed using a fluorescence-based allelic discrimination assay (TaqMan SNP genotyping assay) and a newly designed PCR-RFLP assay for confirmation of rs1344706 genotypes. RESULTS: We confirmed association of the T-allele of rs1344706 with schizophrenia in a newly ascertained sample from Indonesia with Southeast Asian ancestral background (P=0.019, OR=1.155, 95%, CI 1.025-1.301). In addition, we studied several SNPs in the vicinity of rs1344706, for which nominally significant results had been reported. None of the association P values of the additional SNPs exceeded that of rs1344706. CONCLUSION: We provide additional evidence for association of the ZNF804A gene with schizophrenia. We conclude that rs1344706 or a yet unknown polymorphism in linkage disequilibrium is also involved in conferring susceptibility to schizophrenia in samples with different (Asian) ancestral backgrounds.
