Retrograde Cricopharyngeus Dysfunction, a New Motility Disorder: Single Center Case Series and Treatment Results.

Background/Aims: Retrograde cricopharyngeus dysfunction (R-CPD) is a new clinical entity characterized by inability to belch and associated symptoms of loud gurgling noises, chest and/or abdominal pressure, abdominal bloating, and excessive flatulence. R-CPD can be treated with botulinum toxin (BT) injection in the upper esophageal sphincter. We hereby report patient demographics, symptomatology, and treatment results of a series of consecutive patients who presented at our center. Methods: Data on 50 consecutive patients presenting with R-CPD were prospectively collected using a standardized questionnaire prior to, 1 month after treatment and at the end of follow-up. All patients were diagnosed using a set of clinical symptoms. Results: Fifty patients (26 females) were included, median age was 27.5 years (range, 17-65). Median body mass index was 22.7 kg/m2 (range, 16.6-37.5). Inability to belch was present in all patients, > 90% of patients experienced gurgling noises and abdominal/chest discomfort as result of their condition. One month after injection of BT, 40.8% of patients experienced complete relief of symptoms, 24.5% good symptom improvement, 24.5% some symptom improvement and 10.2% no improvement. At median follow-up of 29 months (range, 3-50) post-treatment, 51.3% (n = 20/39) of patients reported persistent complete relief of symptoms, 12.8% good improvement of symptoms (n = 5/39), in 15.4% some improvement (6/39) and 20.5% loss of or no response (n = 8/39). Only minor and transient side effects were reported. Conclusions: Our case series of 50 patients with R-CPD shows very good short-term and good long-term improvement of symptoms after injection of BT. These results are in line with previous studies.

Treatment of non-constipated irritable bowel syndrome with the histamine 1 receptor antagonist ebastine: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the histamine 1 receptor antagonist ebastine as a potential treatment for patients with non-constipated irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in a randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 study. METHODS: Non-constipated patients with IBS fulfilling the Rome III criteria were randomly assigned to 20 mg ebastine or placebo for 12 weeks. Subjects scored global relief of symptoms (GRS) and abdominal pain intensity (API). A subject was considered a weekly responder for GRS if total or obvious relief was reported and a responder for API if the weekly average pain score was reduced by at least 30% vs baseline. The primary endpoints were the proportion of subjects who were weekly responders for at least 6 out of the 12 treatment weeks for both GRS and API ('GRS+API', composite endpoint) and for GRS and API separately. RESULTS: 202 participants (32±11 years, 68% female) were randomly allocated to receive ebastine (n=101) or placebo (n=101). Treatment with ebastine resulted in significantly more responders (12%, 12/92) for GRS+API compared with placebo (4%, 4/87, p=0.047) while the proportion of responders for GRS and API separately was higher for ebastine compared with placebo, although not statistically significant (placebo vs ebastine, GRS: 7% (6/87) vs 15% (14/91), p=0.072; API: 25% (20/85) vs 37% (34/92), p=0.081). CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that ebastine is superior to placebo and should be further evaluated as novel treatment for patients with non-constipated IBS. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: The study protocol was approved by the local ethics committee of each study site (EudraCT number: 2013-001199-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01908465).

Diet or medication in primary care patients with IBS: the DOMINO study - a randomised trial supported by the Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE Trials Programme) and the Rome Foundation Research Institute.

BACKGROUND: In Europe, IBS is commonly treated with musculotropic spasmolytics (eg, otilonium bromide, OB). In tertiary care, a low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) diet provides significant improvement. Yet, dietary treatment remains to be explored in primary care. We evaluated the effect of a smartphone FODMAP-lowering diet application versus OB on symptoms in primary care IBS. METHODS: IBS patients, recruited by primary care physicians, were randomised to 8 weeks of OB (40 mg three times a day) or diet and followed for 24 weeks. We compared IBS Symptom Severity Score and the proportion of responders (improvement ≥50 points) in all patients and the subgroup fulfilling Rome IV criteria (Rome+). We also evaluated treatment efficacy, quality of life, anxiety, depression, somatic symptom severity (Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ15, PHQ9)) and treatment adherence and analysed predictors of response. RESULTS: 459 primary care IBS patients (41±15 years, 76% female, 70% Rome+) were randomised. The responder rate after 8 weeks was significantly higher with diet compared with OB (71% (155/218) vs 61% (133/217), p=0.03) and more pronounced in Rome+ (77% (118/153) vs 62% (98/158), p=0.004). Patients allocated to diet (199/212) were 94% adherent compared with 73% with OB (148/202) (p<0.001). The significantly higher response rate with diet was already observed after 4 weeks (62% (132/213) vs 51% (110/215), p=0.02) and a high symptom response persisted during follow-up. Predictors of response were female gender (OR=2.08, p=0.04) for diet and PHQ15 (OR=1.10, p=0.02) for OB. CONCLUSION: In primary care IBS patients, a FODMAP-lowering diet application was superior to a spasmolytic agent in improving IBS symptoms. A FODMAP-lowering diet should be considered the first-line treatment for IBS in primary care. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04270487.

A double-blind randomized, multicenter, placebo-controlled study of itopride in functional dyspepsia postprandial distress syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Itopride, a mixed D2 antagonist and cholinesterase inhibitor, has prokinetic effects on gastric motility. The Leuven Postprandial Distress Scale is a validated patient-reported outcome instrument for functional dyspepsia (FD) postprandial distress syndrome (PDS). We aimed to use the LPDS to assess treatment outcome in PDS and PDS/EPS (epigastric pain syndrome). METHODS: Patients with PDS, with or without non-predominant EPS symptoms, were enrolled in an 8-week double-blind placebo-controlled multi-center trial with itopride (100 mg t.i.d.). Patients completed LPDS diaries and questionnaires to assess treatment response. Mann-Whitney test and mixed models were used. RESULTS: One hundred patients (79% females, 39.1 ± 1.5 yo) were included. No significant difference was observed between treatment arms (p = 0.6). Compared to baseline, itopride treatment significantly improved the LPDS score (p = 0.001) and all individual symptoms (p < 0.0001). In the placebo arm, this was only the case for belching and epigastric pain (p < 0.05). In an exploratory analysis, outcomes in "pure" PDS (n = 45) and overlapping PDS/EPS (n = 55) patients were assessed and showed that the latter subgroup has the largest benefit with itopride compared to placebo (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Using the LPDS score in a pilot controlled trial in FD, itopride shows no therapeutic benefit over placebo after 8 weeks of treatment. In an exploratory post hoc analysis, itopride but not placebo was associated with improvement of symptoms compared to baseline, and this was most prominent in patients with overlapping PDS/EPS. The efficacy of itopride in this subgroup needs to be evaluated in a large study using the same outcome measure. (clinialtrials.org ref.: NCT04647955).

Effects of Rome IV Definitions of Functional Dyspepsia Subgroups in Secondary Care.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Functional dyspepsia (FD) is subdivided into postprandial distress syndrome (PDS) and epigastric pain syndrome (EPS) according to the Rome III consensus. In clinical practice, there is a major overlap between these subgroups. The Rome IV criteria included postprandially occurring symptoms in the PDS subgroup. We aimed to analyze the effects of the Rome IV criteria, compared with Rome III, on FD subgroups in patients recruited from secondary care. METHODS: Patients with FD (n = 224; mean age, 43 ± 1 y; 77% women) were recruited from secondary-care units in Belgium and filled out symptom questionnaires, allowing subdivision according to Rome III and Rome IV criteria and identification of postprandial symptoms. Symptom patterns and demographics were compared between the subgroups. Statistical analysis was performed using the t test and the Fisher exact test. RESULTS: According to the Rome III criteria, 25% of participants had PDS, 8% had EPS, and 67% had an overlap. Postprandial fullness, early satiation, and bloating were present in significantly more patients in the PDS and overlap groups than the EPS group (P < .0001). A higher proportion of patients in the overlap group showed symptoms such as postprandial epigastric pain and nausea than in the EPS group (both P ≤ .02). With the Rome IV criteria, the overlap group was reduced to 35%; 57% of patients were considered to have PDS and 8% to have EPS. Postprandial pain was significantly more prevalent in the PDS than in the EPS group (P ≤ .002), and postprandial nausea was significantly more prevalent in the PDS group than the overlap group (P = .007). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with Rome III criteria, the Rome IV criteria significantly reduces the overlap between PDS and EPS groups. Studies are needed to determine if Rome IV subgroups are associated differently with psychological comorbidities and treatment responses.

International consensus on the diagnosis and management of dumping syndrome.

Dumping syndrome is a common but underdiagnosed complication of gastric and oesophageal surgery. We initiated a Delphi consensus process with international multidisciplinary experts. We defined the scope, proposed statements and searched electronic databases to survey the literature. Eighteen experts participated in the literature summary and voting process evaluating 62 statements. We evaluated the quality of evidence using grading of recommendations assessment, development and evaluation (GRADE) criteria. Consensus (defined as >80% agreement) was reached for 33 of 62 statements, including the definition and symptom profile of dumping syndrome and its effect on quality of life. The panel agreed on the pathophysiological relevance of rapid passage of nutrients to the small bowel, on the role of decreased gastric volume capacity and release of glucagon-like peptide 1. Symptom recognition is crucial, and the modified oral glucose tolerance test, but not gastric emptying testing, is useful for diagnosis. An increase in haematocrit >3% or in pulse rate >10 bpm 30 min after the start of the glucose intake are diagnostic of early dumping syndrome, and a nadir hypoglycaemia level <50 mg/dl is diagnostic of late dumping syndrome. Dietary adjustment is the agreed first treatment step; acarbose is effective for late dumping syndrome symptoms and somatostatin analogues are preferred for patients who do not respond to diet adjustments and acarbose.

Beclomethasone dipropionate in microscopic colitis: Results of an exploratory open-label multicentre study (COLCO).

Background: Budesonide has been proven to be an effective treatment for microscopic colitis (MC). However, the two current commercially available preparations are released in the ileum. Beclomethasone dipropionate (Clipper®) is a synthetic corticosteroid with topical colonic release. Objective: This study aimed to explore whether an open-label treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate is an effective treatment for MC. Methods: Prospectively collected data of 30 patients from six centres were retrospectively analysed. All patients had a confirmed diagnosis of idiopathic MC (lymphocytic and collagenous colitis) and were symptomatic (i.e. ≥ 21 loose stools over a seven-day period). Treatment consisted of 10 mg beclomethasone daily for four weeks, followed by 5 mg daily for another four weeks. The primary end point was the proportion of patients in remission (i.e. a mean of < 3 stools/day and a mean of <1 watery stool per day) after an eight-week treatment period. Secondary end points were the proportion of patients responding to therapy at weeks 4 and 8, remission at weeks 4 and 12 and relapse at week 12. Reported adverse events were collected. Results: Overall, at week 8, remission was achieved in 70%, and 77% of patients were responding to treatment. After four weeks of treatment, 80% were responding, and 67% were in remission. Four weeks after stopping treatment, 60% were still in remission. Conclusion: This open-label study suggests that an eight-week course of beclomethasone could be a promising and relatively safe treatment for MC. A randomised controlled study is warranted.

Efficacy and safety of lanreotide in postoperative dumping syndrome: A Phase II randomised and placebo-controlled study.

Background: Data on the efficacy and safety of the long-acting somatostatin analogue lanreotide (LAN) for postoperative dumping syndrome are lacking. Objective: We performed a double-blind, randomised and placebo-controlled crossover study of LAN Autogel® 90 mg in postoperative dumping. Methods: Adults with a positive prolonged oral glucose tolerance test or spontaneous hypoglycaemia and total dumping score (DS) ≥ 10 despite dietary measures were treated with three monthly injections of LAN or placebo in a randomised crossover fashion with an eight-week wash-out period. Primary outcome was the effect of LAN on total DS versus placebo. Secondary outcomes were the effect on early and late DS, treatment assessment, quality of life and safety. Results: Of 24 included patients (66.7% female; age 49.1 ± 2.1 years), 12 were randomised to LAN first. Pooled DS after three injections were lower compared to baseline after LAN (median=14 (interquartile range (IQR) 11.5-23) vs. median = 22 (IQR 16-27); p = 0.03) but not placebo (median = 20 (IQR 15-27) vs. median = 23 (IQR 13-29); p = 0.15). Improvement of early (median = 7.5 (IQR 4.5-13) vs. median = 12 (IQR 9-16); p = 0.03) but not late (median = 7 (IQR 6-10.3) vs. median = 9 (IQR 6-13); p = 0.26) DS was seen. Overall treatment assessment correlated with change in DS (r = -0.69, p = 0.004). Symptom improvement was not associated with changes in quality of life. Of the 81 reported adverse events, 44 occurred on LAN compared to 37 on placebo (p > 0.05), with seven serious adverse events on LAN. Conclusions: LAN is effective for treating early postoperative dumping symptoms, although side effects are common and quality of life is not significantly affected.

Prucalopride in Gastroparesis: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study.

OBJECTIVES: Prokinetics are considered the preferred treatment option for gastroparesis, but evidence of their efficacy is scarce. Prucalopride, a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 receptor agonist used in the treatment of constipation, is able to enhance the gastric emptying rate. In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study, we evaluated the efficacy of prucalopride to improve the gastric emptying rate and symptoms in patients with gastroparesis. METHODS: Thirty-four patients with gastroparesis (28 idiopathic, 7 men, mean age 42 ± 13 years) were evaluated in a double-blind crossover trial of 4-week treatment periods with placebo or prucalopride 2 mg q.d., separated by 2 weeks of washout. The primary end point was the change in symptom severity, assessed by the Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index; secondary end points comprised the Patient Assessment of Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders-Symptom Severity Index, the Patient Assessment of Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders-Quality of Life, and daily diaries, and the gastric emptying rate was assessed by the C-octanoic acid breath test. RESULTS: Three patients were lost to follow-up. One serious adverse event occurred (small bowel volvulus in the prucalopride group), and 3 patients dropped out because of adverse events of nausea and headache (all prucalopride). For the entire patient group, compared with placebo, prucalopride significantly improved the total Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index (1.65 ± 0.19 vs 2.28 ± 0.20, P < 0.0001) and the subscales of fullness/satiety, nausea/vomiting, and bloating/distention. Prucalopride significantly improved the overall Patient Assessment of Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders-Quality of Life score (1.15 ± 0.16 vs 1.44 ± 0.16, P < 0.05) and the domains of clothing and diet. The gastric half emptying time was significantly enhanced by prucalopride compared with placebo and baseline (98 ± 10 vs 143 ± 11 and 126 ± 13 minutes, P = 0.005 and <0.001, respectively). These significant improvements were also found when considering only the idiopathic gastroparesis subgroup. DISCUSSION: In a cohort of patients with predominantly idiopathic gastroparesis, 4 weeks of prucalopride treatment significantly improved symptoms and quality of life and enhanced gastric emptying compared with placebo.

Esophageal Sensorimotor Function and Psychological Factors Each Contribute to Symptom Severity in Globus Patients.

OBJECTIVES: Altered upper esophageal sphincter (UES) and esophageal body (EB) sensorimotor function and psychosocial factors may both be involved in symptom generation in globus, but their common impact is not yet assessed. The aim of the study is (1) to compare UES and EB sensitivity and compliance of globus patients with healthy controls (HC); (2) to study the association of globus symptom severity (GSS) with UES and EB sensitivity and compliance, UES motor function and psychosocial factors. METHODS: In 58 globus patients, GSS, somatization, and anxiety disorders were determined using validated questionnaires. In 26 HC and 42/58 patients, UES and EB sensitivity and compliance were assessed twice using barostat measurements. UES function of 27 globus patients was evaluated using high-resolution manometry. Bivariate correlations and a general linear model tested the association of these factors with GSS. RESULTS: UES and EB compliance did not differ between globus patients and HC. Upon repeated distension, UES habituation was seen in both groups, whereas EB sensitization (23.3±1.3 vs. 19.5±1.5 mm Hg, P<0.0001) only occurred in globus patients, (P=0.038). UES compliance (ρ=0.37, P=0.04), change in EB compliance upon repeated distension (ρ=0.45, P=0.007), somatization (ρ=0.43, P=0.003), panic disorder (t=3.04, P=0.004), and post-traumatic stress severity (ρ=0.40, P=0.005) were associated with GSS. UES compliance and somatization were independently associated with GSS. A trend (P=0.061) was found for the association of GSS with change in EB compliance. CONCLUSIONS: UES compliance, change in EB compliance, and somatization explain 40% of the variance in GSS. This indicates that globus is a complex disorder of the brain-gut axis rather than a "psychosomatic" disorder or a peripheral esophageal disorder.

Lanreotide Autogel in the Treatment of Idiopathic Refractory Diarrhea: Results of an Exploratory, Controlled, Before and After, Open-label, Multicenter, Prospective Clinical Trial.

PURPOSE: Chronic idiopathic diarrhea is the passage of loose stools >3 times daily, or a stool weight >200 g/d, persisting for >4 weeks without clear clinical cause. Patients refractory to standard anti-diarrhetics have limited treatment options. Somatostatin analogues have the ability to reduce gastrointestinal secretions and motility. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of lanreotide Autogel(*) 120 mg in chronic idiopathic diarrhea. METHODS: Other anti-diarrhetics were not allowed during the study and were stopped at screening. Patients received lanreotide Autogel 120 mg at baseline and day 28. Stool frequency and consistency (Bristol Stool Scale) were recorded; quality of life (QoL) was assessed using the 36-item Short Form Health Survey and irritable bowel syndrome QoL questionnaires; adverse events were monitored. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with a reduction of ≥50% or normalization to a mean of ≤3 stools/d at day 28. FINDINGS: Thirty-three patients with >3 stools/d at baseline were included; mean (SD) age was 55.2 (16.4) years. Fourteen patients (42.4%) had a response to lanreotide Autogel at day 28 and 17 (51.5%) at day 56. Mean (SD) number of stools decreased significantly from 5.7 (2.2) at baseline to 3.7 (2.2) at day 56 overall (n = 32; P < 0.001). Significant and clinically meaningful improvements in disease-specific QoL were found in the overall populations. No new safety signals emerged. IMPLICATIONS: Lanreotide Autogel 120 mg decreased symptoms in these patients with chronic idiopathic refractory diarrhea, and meaningfully improved QoL. These finding have to be confirmed in further clinical trials. ClinicalTrials.gov IDENTIFICATION: NCT00891371; Eudract CT 2009-009356-20.

A randomised, double-blind trial comparing budesonide formulations and dosages for short-term treatment of eosinophilic oesophagitis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy and safety of two different budesonide formulations (effervescent tablet for orodispersible use (BET) and viscous suspension (BVS)) with different daily dosages for short-term treatment of eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE). DESIGN: Adults with active EoE (n=76) randomly received 14 days' treatment with either BET 2×1 mg/day (BET1, n=19) or BET 2×2 mg/day (BET2, n=19), or BVS 2×5 mL (0.4 mg/mL)/day (BVS, n=19) or placebo (n=19) in a double-blind, double-dummy fashion, with a 2-week follow-up. Primary end point was histological remission (mean of <16 eosinophils/mm(2 )hpf). Secondary end points included endoscopy score, dysphagia score, drug safety and patient's preference for drug formulation. RESULTS: Histological remission occurred in 100%, 94.7% and 94.7% of budesonide (BET1, BET2, BVS, respectively) and in 0% of placebo recipients (p<0.0001). The improvement in total endoscopic intensity score was significantly higher in the three budesonide groups compared with placebo. Dysphagia improved in all groups at the end of treatment; however, improvement of dysphagia persisted only in those treated with BET1 (p=0.0196 vs placebo). There were no serious adverse events. Local fungal infection (stained fungi) occurred in two patients of each budesonide group (10.5%). The effervescent tablet was preferred by 80% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: BET or BVS was highly effective and safe for short-term treatment of EoE. The 1 mg (twice daily) dosage was equally effective as the 2 mg twice daily dosage. The majority of patients preferred the effervescent tablet formulation. CLINICALTRIALSGOV NUMBER: NCT02280616; EudraCT number, 2009-016692-29.

Efficacy of Mirtazapine in Patients With Functional Dyspepsia and Weight Loss.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: A subset of patients with functional dyspepsia (FD) present with early satiation and weight loss, for which there are no established therapeutic options. We investigated the efficacy of mirtazapine (an antidepressant and antagonist of the histamine receptor H1, the α2 adrenergic receptor, and the serotonin receptors 5-HT2C and 5-HT-3) in patients with FD and weight loss. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial that studied 34 patients with FD (29 women; mean age, 35.9 ± 2.3 years) with weight loss >10% of original body weight (mean loss, 12.4 ± 2.3 kg) without depression or anxiety. After a run-in period, patients were randomly assigned to groups given placebo (n = 17) or mirtazapine 15 mg each day for 8 weeks (n = 17) in a double-blind manner. Subjects were evaluated during a 2-week baseline and 8-week treatment for dyspepsia symptom severity, quality of life (on the basis of the Nepean Dyspepsia Index), and gastrointestinal-specific anxiety; they were given a nutrient challenge test and weighed. Data were analyzed by using linear mixed models, followed by planned contrasts with adaptive step-down Bonferroni multiple testing correction. RESULTS: Two patients in each group dropped out. At weeks 4 and 8, mirtazapine significantly reduced mean dyspepsia symptom severity scores compared with week 0 (P = .003 and P = .017, respectively); there was no significant reduction in the placebo group (P > .37 for weeks 4 and 8). The difference in change from week 0 between mirtazapine and placebo showed a trend with a large effect size at week 4 (P = .059) that was not significant at week 8 (P = .55). However, improvements from week 0 to weeks 4 and 8 were significantly larger in the mirtazapine group than placebo group for early satiation, quality of life, gastrointestinal-specific anxiety, weight, and nutrient tolerance (mostly with large effect sizes). CONCLUSIONS: In a randomized, placebo-controlled trial, mirtazapine significantly improved early satiation, quality of life, gastrointestinal-specific anxiety, nutrient tolerance, and weight loss in patients with FD. ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT01240096.

Botulinum toxin reduces Dysphagia in patients with nonachalasia primary esophageal motility disorders.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Endoscopic injection of botulinum toxin (BTX) has shown benefits for patients with diffuse esophageal spasm (DES) and nutcracker esophagus (NE) in small uncontrolled trials. We investigated the effect of BTX on symptoms of patients with DES or NE and assessed manometry findings in a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. METHODS: We assessed 22 patients with dysphagia-predominant, manometry-confirmed DES or NE (6 men; age, 63 ± 2 y) at a tertiary care medical center. Patients were given injections of BTX (8 × 12.5 U) or saline (8 × 0.5 mL) in 4 quadrants, at 2 and 7 cm above the esophagogastric junction. After 1 month, patients crossed over between groups and received endoscopic injections of BTX or saline. When the study began and 4 weeks after each injection, the patients were assessed by esophageal manometry and completed a symptom questionnaire (to determine solid and liquid dysphagia, chest pain, and regurgitation and heartburn; all scored 0-4). Responders were defined based on modified Vantrappen criteria for achalasia. RESULTS: After BTX injections, patients had significant decreases in total symptom scores (sum of solid and liquid dysphagia and chest pain; from 7.6 ± 0.7 to 4.8 ± 0.8; P = .01); this decrease was not observed in patients who received saline injections. Moreover, BTX injection stabilized unintentional weight loss (weight gain of 0.3 ± 0.3 after BTX injection vs further weight loss of 1.6 ± 0.5 kg after saline injection; P = .01). Fifty percent of patients had a response 1 month after BTX injection, compared with 10% after saline injection (P = .04); 30% still had a response 1 year after BTX injection. BTX injection also caused a significant decrease in the mean esophagogastric junction pressure, compared with baseline (15.8 ± 1.7 vs 24.0 ± 2.8 mm Hg; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: In a prospective controlled study of patients with DES and NE, injections of BTX reduced symptoms and stabilized unintentional weight loss. TRIAL REGISTRY: http://www.targid.eu, ML2669, ML6294.

Case report: Helicobacter suis infection in a pig veterinarian.

This study describes a non-Helicobacter (H.) pylori Helicobacter (NHPH) infection in a pig veterinarian. The patient suffered from reflux esophagitis and general dyspeptic symptoms and was referred to the hospital for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Histologic examination of corpus and antrum biopsies revealed a chronic gastritis. Large spiral-shaped non-H. pylori helicobacters could be visualized and were identified as H. suis by PCR. The patient was treated with a triple therapy, consisting of amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and pantoprazole for 10 days. Successful eradication was confirmed after a follow-up gastrointestinal endoscopy and PCR 10 weeks after treatment. A mild chronic gastritis was, however, still observed at this point in time. This case report associates porcine H. suis strains with gastric disease in humans, thus emphasizing the zoonotic importance of H. suis bacteria from pigs.

Longitudinal and cross-sectional factors associated with long-term clinical course in functional dyspepsia: a 5-year follow-up study.

OBJECTIVES: Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a heterogeneous disorder with different pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the symptom pattern, but little is known about its clinical course. The aims of this study were to study the long-term evolution of symptoms in a clinical FD population and to identify factors associated with outcome. METHODS: FD patients who previously underwent gastric function testing and filled out a dyspepsia symptom score (DSS) were contacted. At follow-up, patients indicated whether symptoms had worsened, remained unchanged, improved, or disappeared. Anxiety and depression, DSS, chronic fatigue symptoms, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) comorbidity, and FD-specific quality of life (QoL) were assessed using mailed questionnaires. Bivariate associations between different patient characteristics and DSS and QoL at follow-up were tested; multiple linear regression was used to identify factors associated with the outcomes, both longitudinally and cross-sectionally. RESULTS: Data were obtained from 253 patients (84.9% of the eligible and consenting population (n=298) and 53.2% of the original population (n=476)). The mean duration of follow-up was 68±2 months. Disappeared, improved, unchanged, and worsened symptoms were reported by 17.4, 38.3, 30.8, and 13.4% of the patients, respectively. Correlations between dyspepsia symptoms at initial visit and follow-up were small to moderate in magnitude. DSS at initial visit and trait anxiety were longitudinally associated with DSS at follow-up, with a trend found for weight loss; depression, chronic fatigue, and IBS at follow-up were cross-sectionally associated with DSS. Trait anxiety, weight loss, and DSS at initial visit were independently associated with QoL at follow-up; depression as well as DSS and chronic fatigue at follow-up were cross-sectionally associated. CONCLUSIONS: About half of FD patients reported disappeared or improved symptoms after a mean follow-up of 5 years. Although stability of symptom levels is low to moderate, DSS at initial visit, trait anxiety, and initial weight loss are more strongly associated with outcome than gastric sensorimotor function.

In vivo investigation of brain and systemic ketobemidone metabolism.

Ketobemidone metabolites have previously been identified in urine and plasma; here we show, for the first time, that norketobemidone and ketobemidone N-oxide are present in in vivo microdialysate from rat brain (striatum) after reverse microdialysis, suggesting striatal metabolism of ketobemidone. Ketobemidone metabolites were also identified in in vivo microdialysate samples from brain and blood, as well as in urine from rats, after subcutaneous administration of ketobemidone. Three Phase I metabolites (norketobemidone, ketobemidone N-oxide and hydroxymethoxyketobemidone) and three Phase II metabolites (glucuronic acid conjugates of ketobemidone, norketobemidone and hydroxymethoxyketobemidone) were identified in the microdialysates after subcutaneous administration. Coupled capillary liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and SPE (boronate)-MS/MS were utilized for the analysis of the biological samples. The Phase I metabolites were identified by comparing the retention times and tandem mass spectra of the microdialysates with synthetic standards. The Phase II metabolites were identified by determination of exact masses and by comparing the tandem mass spectra of the microdialysates with those of synthetic standards for the aglycones. Hydroxyketobemidone, a catechol-type Phase I metabolite, was selectively isolated by solid-phase boronate-complexation but identified in urine alone. This work demonstrated that the in vivo microdialysis technique in combination with LC-MS/MS can be used to study the local metabolism of a drug in the brain.

Pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of postoperative dumping syndrome.

Dumping syndrome is a frequent complication of esophageal, gastric or bariatric surgery. Rapid gastric emptying, with the delivery to the small intestine of a significant proportion of solid food as large particles that are difficult to digest, is a key event in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. This occurrence causes a shift of fluid from the intravascular component to the intestinal lumen, which results in cardiovascular symptoms, release of several gastrointestinal and pancreatic hormones and late postprandial hypoglycemia. Early dumping symptoms comprise both gastrointestinal and vasomotor symptoms. Late dumping symptoms are the result of reactive hypoglycemia. Besides the assessment of clinical alertness and endoscopic or radiological imaging, a modified oral glucose tolerance test might help to establish a diagnosis. The first step in treating dumping syndrome is the introduction of dietary measures. Acarbose can be added to these measures for patients with hypoglycemia, whereas several studies advocate guar gum or pectin to slow gastric emptying. Somatostatin analogs are the most effective medical therapy for dumping syndrome, and a slow-release preparation is the treatment of choice. In patients with treatment-refractory dumping syndrome, surgical reintervention or continuous enteral feeding can be considered, but the outcomes of such approaches are variable.