ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Pain management is very important for infants who are unable to express it verbally. Pain control is one of the nursing actions and part of their duties. This study attempted to determine the effects of breast milk odor on the physiological and behavioral responses caused by venipuncture pain in full-term infants at an educational hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This randomized clinical trial study was carried out on 3-5 days' term and healthy babies with a gestational age of 34 weeks and later in the 9-Day Hospital of Torbet Heydariyeh, Iran, 2021. The sample size, taking into account the possibility of a 10% dropout of samples included 20 babies for each group and a total of 40 babies were selected by convenience sampling. To collect data, a checklist of demographic characteristics, a registration form for physiological responses, and the modified behavioral pain scale were used. RESULTS: The results of this study showed that breast milk odor has a positive effect on behavioral responses (P < 0.001) and also a significant relationship was observed between the effects of breast milk odor and physiological responses percentage of oxygen uptake and pulse (P < 0.001). However, no significant relationship was observed between breast milk odor and breathing variables (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: According to the results, olfactory stimulation with breast milk during venous blood sampling showed positive effects on physiological responses and pain reduction in infants. Therefore, it is recommended to use soothing stimuli such as the smell of breast milk during painful procedures in babies.
ABSTRACT
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a high-prevalence autoimmune and neurodegenerative disease that affects young adults. An ideal treatment for MS should have two characteristics. First, its immunosuppression and immunomodulation effects reduce the abnormal immune response, and second, it improves repair by enhancing intrinsic repair processes or even cell replacement. Most available therapies have the first characteristic. Recent studies have proposed mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a new therapeutic candidate for MS. Different clinical trials and animal models of MS have shown the therapeutic effect of MSCs. In the current study, we reviewed the therapeutic effects of MSCs in the animal model and patients with MS.
ABSTRACT
Phimosis is the inability of the penis to protrude from the prepuce. In the present report, we present two cases of phimosis in two rhesus monkeys. Surgical enlargement of preputial orifice was performed for unrestricted movement of penis. The exact cause of this condition is unknown to us.