ABSTRACT
Objective: Loss of Wilms tumor-1 (WT1) protein, a podocytopathy marker, through urine exosome (uE), could be an early indication of kidney injury. We examined WT1 in uE (uE-WT1), along with other urine markers of glomerular and kidney tubule injury, in individuals without chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methodology: The cross-sectional study included individuals who reported having no evidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were used to assess kidney function. eGFR was calculated using the 2009 CKD-EPI (CKD-Epidemiological) equation. WT1 was analyzed in uE from humans and Wistar rats (before and after the 9th week of diabetes, n = 20). uE-WT1, urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) were estimated using ELISA. The Kruskal-Wallis H test, Mann-Whitney U test, and stepwise multivariable linear regression were performed. Results: Urine NGAL and ACR increase with uE-WT1 quartiles (n = 146/quarter). Similarly, uE-WT1, KIM-1, and NGAL were positively associated with ACR. Furthermore, KIM-1, NGAL, and uE-WT1 correlated with ACR. uE-WT1 outperformed KMI-1 and NGAL to explain ACR variability (25% vs. 6% or 9%, respectively). Kidney injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was associated with a significant rise in uE-WT1. Moreover, the findings were confirmed by the histopathology of kidney tissues from rats. Conclusion: uE-WT1 was strongly associated with kidney function in rats. In individuals without CKD, uE-WT1 outperformed NGAL as a determinant of differences in ACR.
