ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Shortness of breath is a common complaint for which the elderly seek medical attention in the emergency department (ED). Differentiating cardiac from respiratory causes of dyspnoea in this population is quite a challenge. N Terminal pro brain-natriuretic-peptide (NT proBNP) has been studied extensively as a biomarker of left ventricular (LV) failure. METHODS: The NT proBNP was measured in 100 patients above 60 years of age who presented to the ED with shortness of breath. The level was compared with echocardiographic findings to assess correlation with ejection fraction (EF). RESULTS: The NT proBNP values increased significantly as the functional severity of heart failure (HF) increased (P < 0.001). The mean NT proBNP level was 1503.33 pg/mL. Patients with respiratory causes of dyspnoea had a mean NT proBNP level of 309.28 pg/mL with normal LV function. CONCLUSION: The NT proBNP levels had a good correlation with worsening LVEF.
Subject(s)
Dyspnea/blood , Dyspnea/etiology , Natriuretic Peptide, Brain/blood , Peptide Fragments/blood , Stroke Volume/physiology , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/blood , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/diagnosis , Age Factors , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Biomarkers/blood , Cohort Studies , Emergency Service, Hospital , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/complicationsABSTRACT
The reproductive biology and age-structure of female Anopheles culicifacies, An. stephensi and Culex tritaeniorhynchus were studied at rural Punjabi villages near Lahore, Pakistan, during 1976-1980. Both Anopheles remained gonotrophically active throughout the year with blood-fed, gravid, parous and virgin females collected during all months. Culex tritaeniorhynchus populations bifurcated into reproductively active, non-overwintering and reproductively inactive, overwintering populations in October and/or November. Most female Cx. tritaeniorhynchus overwintered as inseminated nullipars with ovaries arrested at follicular State I; however, host-seeking and parous females were collected during every month of the year. Survivorship was calculated for each species by three methods and was negatively correlated with mean monthly ambient temperature. The ovarian tracheolation method provided inadequate estimates of parity for females collected at diurnal resting sites which refed the night of oviposition, but was suitable for Cx. tritaeniorhynchus females captured at bovid baits. The dilatation method of Polovodova was applied to all three species and yielded survivorship patterns which were constant with age and agreed well with a log-linear model. Anopheles culicifacies survived longer than did An. stephensi and thus was considered a better vector of malaria. Age-specific survivorship tables were constructed for all three species for those periods of the year when the gonotrophic rhythm was constant and generations were overlapping.
Subject(s)
Anopheles/physiology , Culex/physiology , Animals , Female , Male , Mortality , Pakistan , Population Dynamics , Reproduction , Seasons , Time FactorsSubject(s)
Culex , Population Dynamics , Animals , Breeding , Female , Longevity , Male , Pakistan , Population DensityABSTRACT
Virgin Culex tritaeniorhynchus males and females from a laboratory strain and the progeny of wild-caught females were released at a rural village on the outskirts of Lahore during late autumn to study mating behavior in nature at a time when population abundance was declining. Although both released and endemic males were numerous, few recaptured females were inseminated. Apparently during late autumn there normally is a cessation of mating activity as the population begins to enter the overwintering diapause condition even though males and virgin females may be readily collected resting in fields. These data suggested that genetic material would not be readily introduced into the overwintering population during late autumn.
Subject(s)
Culex , Sexual Behavior, Animal , Animals , Cold Temperature , Female , Male , Pakistan , Seasons , Time FactorsABSTRACT
All of 704 Cx. tritaeniorhynchus females caught on bufflo bait were inseminated and 98 % were at ovariole stage 1. Parity rates ranged from 41 % to 66 % on the 4 nights studied with increases observed during dusk, midnight and before dawn. Changes in the parity of the biting population were related to sexual maturation, mating, oviposition rhythms and especially the survivorship of the adults.