ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to examine from a person-centered approach the impact of temperament on academic achievement and sociometric status in a sample of 6-7-year-old Spanish children. To measure children's temperament in early childhood, parents were given TMCQ (Temperament in Middle Childhood Questionnaire), while sociometric status and academic achievement were requested for children's teachers. Using latent profile analysis (LPA) four temperament profiles were found. Children belonged to the "Negative/Undercontrolled" profile showed a higher probability of academic failure and were more rejected, and children included in the profile "Sociable/High regulated" showed higher academic scores and a lower probability of being rejected by their peers. Several implications in the Spanish educational context are discussed.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this work was to analyze the gender differences found in a sample of 474 spanish children aged between 6 and 8 years with respect to peer rejection using a sociometric status technique. Thus, we analyzed how temperament (Effortful Control) and parenting practices (Parental support and Discipline) were involved in this relation. To measure social rejection we used the nominations method in the classroom context, while for temperament and parenting practices, parents were given a TMCQ (Temperament in Middle Childhood Questionnaire; Simmonds and Rothbart, 2004) and the Spanish version of the PCRI (Parent-Child Relationship Inventory; Gerard, 1994). Using an statistical modeling approach, we tested various mediation/moderation models until the best one with selected variables was found to explain the relation between these variables. The results confirmed gender differences in social rejection, with boys being rejected more than girls. The model that gave the best fit was the one that placed effortful control latent variable mediating the relation between gender and social rejection and parenting practices as a latent explanatory variable of effortful control. In conclusion, differences between girls and boys in social rejection are to a large extent explained by the significantly lower scores for boys in effortful control construct and, in turn, these lowest scores are explained by negative parental practices, with low levels of support and discipline
El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar las diferencias de género en una muestra de 474 niños de entre 6 y 8 años, con respecto al rechazo por parte de sus iguales, medido a través del status sociométrico. Además, analizamos cómo el temperamento (Control con esfuerzo) y la crianza (Apoyo y Disciplina) intervienen en esta relación. Para la medida del rechazo social aplicamos el método de nominaciones en el contexto del aula, y para medir el temperamento y la crianza administramos a los padres el cuestionario TMCQ (Temperament in Middle Childhood Questionnaire; Simmonds and Rothbart, 2004) y la adaptación española del PCRI (Parent-Child Relationship Inventory; Gerard, 1994). Con un enfoque de modelado estadístico se probaron distintos modelos de mediación/moderación hasta encontrar el que mejor explicó la relación entre estas variables. Los resultados confirmaron diferencias de género en rechazo social, siendo los niños más rechazados que las niñas. Por otro lado, el modelo que mejor se ajustó fue el que situó al control con esfuerzo como mediador de la relación entre sexo y rechazo social, y a la crianza como variable explicativa del temperamento. En conclusión, las diferencias entre niños y niñas en rechazo social son en gran parte debidas a las puntuaciones significativamente más bajas que presentan los niños en control con esfuerzo, y estas bajas puntuaciones están a su vez explicadas por prácticas parentales negativas, con bajos niveles de apoyo y disciplina
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Rejection, Psychology , Social Desirability , Child Rearing/psychology , Temperament , Peer Group , Interpersonal Relations , Sex Factors , Gender Identity , Psychosocial Deprivation , Negotiating/psychologyABSTRACT
The aim of this work was to study the continuity of temperament in a Spanish sample (n = 60), covering the developmental stages of infancy, toddlerhood and childhood. Temperamental dimensions showed, with few exceptions, as much homotypic as heterotypic continuity as was to be expected. At the level of latent superconstructs continuity, we found that Anger and Fear followed different developmental paths and showed continuity over all the periods evaluated. Positive Affect/Regulation superconstruct showed continuity from infancy to toddlerhood. From toddlerhood, Positive Affect/Regulation showed continuity with the superconstruct of Effortful Control but not with the superconstruct of Surgency/Extraversion. At an ipsative level, we found two groups of subjects, labeled 'nonexpressive/controlled' and 'noncontrolled/expressive'. Generally, these results confirm the stability of temperament in the periods analyzed and underline the importance of toddlerhood as a transitional period in the maturity of self-regulatory capabilities shown in childhood.
Subject(s)
Child Development/physiology , Personality Development , Temperament/physiology , Child, Preschool , Fear/psychology , Female , Humans , Infant , Longitudinal Studies , MaleABSTRACT
El objetivo de este trabajo fue examinar, mediante un estudio longitudinal, las diferencias individuales de los estilos lingüísticos referencial y expresivo. Se analizó la composición del vocabulario en el período de las primeras 50 palabras, la frecuencia de gestos comunicativos, el estilo de conversación de la díada y la cantidad de vocabulario producido por los niños entre los 12 y los 24 meses de edad. El vocabulario se recogió mediante una entrevista a los padres y analizando la interacción madre-hijo en el laboratorio. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en el vocabulario de los niños referenciales y expresivos respecto a la cantidad de nombres comunes y frases hechas, y en la producción de gestos comunicativos, así como en el estilo de conversación. Los niños referenciales y sus madres utilizaron más frecuentemente el gesto de señalar que los expresivos y sus madres. Además, las madres de los niños referenciales utilizaron más el refundido
The aim of this work was to examine individual differences in referential and expressive style through a longitudinal study. The composition of the first 50 words, communicative gestures, the conversational style of dyads and the percentage of vocabulary produced from 12 to 24 month-olds were analyzed. The vocabulary was collected through interviews to parents and sessions of mother-infant interaction in the laboratory. Significant differences in the proportion of common nouns and frozen phrases between referential and expressive children in the frequency of communicative gestures and style conversation were found. Thus, referential children and their mothers used more pointing gestures than the expressive children and their mothers. Additionally, mothers of referential children used completing more frequently
Subject(s)
Male , Female , Infant , Humans , Language Development , Vocabulary , Child Language , Mother-Child Relations , Child Rearing/psychology , Language Tests/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
The aim of this work was to examine individual differences in referential and expressive style through a longitudinal study. The composition of the first 50 words, communicative gestures, the conversational style of dyads and the percentage of vocabulary produced from 12 to 24 month-olds were analyzed. The vocabulary was collected through interviews to parents and sessions of mother-infant interaction in the laboratory. Significant differences in the proportion of common nouns and frozen phrases between referential and expressive children in the frequency of communicative gestures and style conversation were found. Thus, referential children and their mothers used more pointing gestures than the expressive children and their mothers. Additionally, mothers of referential children used completing more frequently.