Proteins from eggs of the spittlebug Mahanarva spectabilis (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) reveal clues about its diapause regulation.

Embryo development in eggs of the spittlebug Mahanarva spectabilis (Distant) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) passes through four phases (known as S1 to S4) being stopped at S2 during diapause. Studies about the molecular basis of diapause in spittlebugs are nonexistent. Here, we analyzed proteins from non-diapausing (ND), diapausing (D) and post-diapausing (PD) eggs of the spittlebug M. spectabilis. In total, we identified 87 proteins where 12 were in common among the developmental and diapause phases and 19 remained as uncharacterized. Non-diapausing eggs (S2ND and S4ND) showed more proteins involved in information storage and processing than the diapausing ones (S2D). Eggs in post-diapausing (S4PD) had a higher number of proteins associated with metabolism than S2D. The network of protein interactions and metabolic processes allowed the identification of different sets of molecular interactions for each developmental and diapause phases. Two heat shock proteins (Hsp65 and Hsp70) along with two proteins associated with intracellular signaling (MAP4K and a serine/threonine-protein phosphatase) were found only in diapausing and/or post-diapausing eggs and are interesting targets to be explored in future experiments. These results shine a light on one key biological process for spittlebug survival and represent the first search for proteins linked to diapause in this important group of insects.

Differential defense responses of tropical grasses to Mahanarva spectabilis (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) infestation.

The spittlebugs Mahanarva spectabilis economically challenges cattle production of neotropical regions, due to its voracious feeding on tropical grasses. Here, we evaluated biochemical responses of the interaction between M. spectabilis and the widely cultivated tropical grasses Brachiaria spp. (i.e., brizantha and decumbens) and elephant grasses (cvs. Roxo de Botucatu and Pioneiro), regarding lipoxygenases, protease inhibitors, phytohormones, and proteolytic activities in the midgut of M. spectabilis. The M. spectabilis-infested grasses increased lipoxygenases activity, except for cv. Pioneiro. The levels of the phytohormones jasmonic and abscisic acids were similarly low in all genotypes and increased under herbivory. Furthermore, salicylic acid concentration was constitutively higher in Brachiaria sp., increasing only in spittlebug-infested B. decumbens. M. spectabilis infestations did not induce increases of protease inhibitors in any forage grass type. The trypsin activity remained unaltered, and the total proteolytic activity increased only in B. decumbens-fed insects. Our findings revealed that most forage grasses exposed to spittlebugs activate the lipoxygenases pathway, resulting in increased abscisic and jasmonic acids. However, greater amounts of these hormones do not induce protease inhibitory activity in response to spittlebug attack. This knowledge certainly helps to guide future projects aiming at reducing the impact of spittlebugs on forage production.

Protein and phytohormone profiles of Mahanarva spectabilis salivary glands infesting different forages.

Given the importance of pastures for feeding cattle, the study of factors that affect their productivity is essential to get plant material of higher nutritional quality. Thus, the study of insect-plant interaction is important for the development of control strategies. Pasture spittlebugs affect forage grasses causing severe damage. We tested hormone and protein profiles differentially expressed in the salivary glands of Mahanarva spectabilis when fed with different pasture genotypes. The LC/MS approaches combined with bioinformatics tools were used to identify the mains biological processes in the salivary glands. The grouping revealed a greater number of proteins involved in biological processes of metabolic synthesis, biotic/abiotic stress, and ion transport across the membrane. The proteomic profiles were altered when insects were fed with different grasses. We also detected phytohormones in the salivary glands involved in the modulation of defense responses in host plants. These results allowed the analysis of important biological processes such as cell homeostasis, stress proteins, nucleic acid metabolism, regulation of muscle contraction, and transport and export of biomolecules. This represents an important advance in the understanding of the plant-pest interaction and can contribute to the choice of target elicitors, which allow effective strategies in the control of pasture spittlebugs.

Insecticidal Activity of Compounds of Plant Origin on Mahanarva spectabilis (Hemiptera: Cercopidae).

The damage caused by spittlebugs varies according to the species of grass, and the losses can reach alarming levels. Measures for population control are currently restricted to the use of resistant grasses and the diversification of pastures. Therefore, alternative control measures are necessary, such as the use of botanical insecticides. The aim of this study was to evaluate the insecticidal activities of thymol, carvacrol, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, and trans-anethole on Mahanarva spectabilis eggs, nymphs, and adults under laboratory conditions. In the egg tests, treatments with eugenol, carvacrol, and thymol showed the highest mortalities, presenting efficiencies higher than 85% after 48 h of application. In the nymph tests, the treatments with thymol and carvacrol at 2.5% and eugenol at 2.0% and 2.5% showed intermediate efficiencies, with values above 61%. The highest mortality was observed in the treatment with trans-anethole at 2.5%, with an efficiency of 95%. In the tests with adults, only treatment with trans-anethole at 2.5% obtained an efficiency reaching 90%; in the other treatments, the efficiency did not exceed 51%. These results showed that, at these concentrations, trans-anethole presents a high rate of insecticidal activity on M. spectabilis nymphs and adults and, therefore, is recommended as a potential natural insecticide for the control of this pest.

Olfactory response of Mahanarva spectabilis (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) to volatile organic compounds from forage grasses.

Several herbivorous insects utilize plant chemical cues to identify hosts for feeding. The role of smell in host plant detection by Mahanarva spectabilis (Distant) remains largely unknown. In this study, assays were applied to assess M. spectabilis olfactory responses to forage grasses (Pennisetum purpureum cvs. Roxo Botucatu and Pioneiro; Panicum maximum cvs. Makueni and Tanzânia; Hyparrhenia rufa cv. Jaraguá; Melinis minutiflora; Cynodon dactylon cv. Tifton; Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandú; and Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk). Bioassays were performed using a Y-olfactometer to evaluate the behavior of adult M. spectabilis to forage damaged and undamaged by insects. M. spectabilis preferred volatiles of undamaged Basilisk and Pioneiro. Repellent behavior by M. spectabilis to cospecifics was recorded for plant volatiles from damaged Marandú. The mixture of volatiles from undamaged forage grasses differed from that of forage grasses damaged by insects. Forage grasses showed a greater diversity of compounds after damage, including menthone, eucalyptol and camphor, which are compounds likely to cause loss of attractiveness or repellence. Our results demonstrate that M. spectabilis employs plant chemical cues in its choice of hosts. This fact may contribute to strategies of integrated management against this pest.

Do silicon and nitric oxide induce resistance to Mahanarva spectabilis (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) in forage grasses?

BACKGROUND: Great efforts have been made to identify grasses that are resistant to spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Cercopidae). However, the time required to develop and launch new cultivars is relatively long. The employment of resistance inducers is a current strategy that may be useful for the control of insect pests. This analysis evaluates the feasibility of using the chemical inducers silicon and nitric oxide to increase spittlebug resistance based on changes in forage grass vegetative characteristics and the biological traits of Mahanarva spectabilis (Distant, 1909). RESULTS: Mahanarva spectabilis nymphs and adults can cause significant damage to forage grasses. Furthermore, silicon and nitric oxide inducers were not sufficient to lessen this damage by positively influencing the growth and development of forage grasses. These inducers did not negatively alter the biological parameters of M. spectabilis or diminish its population. However, phenolic compound concentrations increased when forage grasses were treated with silicon or attacked by adult insects, but this parameter was not useful to predict spittlebug resistance. This fact suggests that the physiological and biochemical changes caused by silicon should be further studied. CONCLUSION: The current analysis demonstrated that application of the chemical inducers silicon and nitric oxide is currently not a viable strategy for the effective and economic management of M. spectabilis on Brachiaria ruziziensis, Pennisetum purpureum and Digitaria sp. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

[Development and reproduction of Sipha flava (Forbes) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) at different temperatures]. / Desenvolvimento e reprodução de Sipha flava (Forbes) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) em diferentes temperaturas.

The aphid Sipha flava (Forbes) is a pest on elephant grass, but little is known about its biology. The objective of this work was to evaluate the temperature effects on the development, survival and reproduction of S. flava fed on Pennisetum purpureum. Twelve-hour-old nymphs were individualized on sections of elephant grass blades and maintained at 12, 16, 20, 24, 28 and 32 degrees C+/-1 degrees C, UR 70+/-10% and 12 h photophase. A total of 150 nymphs were used per treatment divided in 30 replicates, using a totally random design. The lower threshold temperatures (LTT) for first, second, third and fourth instars were 0.83, 1.05, 3.01 and 4.98 degrees C, respectively, indicating a change in thermal requirements as the development progress. The LTT for the whole nymphal stage was 2.08 degrees C, pointing to the tolerance of this species to low temperatures. A significant reduction in survival was observed at high temperatures (28 and 32 degrees C). Although the reproductive periods were longer and insects lived longer at 12 degrees C as compared with those at higher temperatures, the total fecundity was substantially reduced. The overall life cycle duration was almost twice as long at 12 degrees C than at 24 degrees C. The greatest daily production of nymphs and greatest number of nymphs produced overall occurred at 24 degrees C. The temperatures of 20 degrees C and 24 degrees C were more suitable to S. flava development and reproduction.

Desenvolvimento e reprodução de Sipha flava (Forbes) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) em diferentes temperaturas / Development and reproduction of Sipha flava (Forbes) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) at different temperatures

O afídeo Sipha flava (Forbes) ocasiona injúrias em capim-elefante e sua biologia é pouco conhecida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da temperatura no desenvolvimento, sobrevivência e reprodução de S. flava alimentada com Pennisetum purpureum. Ninfas com até 12h de idade foram individualizadas sobre seções foliares de capim-elefante e mantidas em condições controladas (12, 16, 20, 24, 28 e 32ºC ± 1ºC, UR 70 ± 10 por cento e fotofase de 12h). O total de 150 ninfas foi usado por tratamento, divididas em 30 repetições, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. A temperatura base (Tb) foi de 0,83, 1,05, 3,01 e 4,98 para ninfas de primeiro, segundo, terceiro e quarto ínstares, respectivamente, indicando exigências térmicas distintas para os diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento. A Tb foi de 2,08 para a fase ninfal, verificando-se a tolerância a baixas temperaturas. Em temperaturas elevadas (28 e 32ºC), constatou-se redução significativa na sobrevivência. Embora tenha sido constatado maior período reprodutivo e longevidade a 12ºC, quando comparado às temperaturas mais altas, a fecundidade total foi substancialmente reduzida. A duração do ciclo de vida foi cerca de duas vezes maior a 12ºC em relação a 24ºC. A maior produção diária e total de ninfas foi a 24ºC. As temperaturas de 20ºC e 24ºC foram as mais favoráveis para o desenvolvimento e reprodução de S. flava.

The aphid Sipha flava (Forbes) is a pest on elephant grass, but little is known about its biology. The objective of this work was to evaluate the temperature effects on the development, survival and reproduction of S. flava fed on Pennisetum purpureum. Twelve-hour-old nymphs were individualized on sections of elephant grass blades and maintained at 12, 16, 20, 24, 28 and 32ºC ± 1ºC, UR 70 ± 10 percent and 12h photophase. A total of 150 nymphs were used per treatment divided in 30 replicates, using a totally random design. The lower threshold temperatures (LTT) for first, second, third and fourth instars were 0.83, 1.05, 3.01 and 4.98ºC, respectively, indicating a change in thermal requirements as the development progress. The LTT for the whole nymphal stage was 2.08ºC, pointing to the tolerance of this species to low temperatures. A significant reduction in survival was observed at high temperatures (28 and 32ºC). Although the reproductive periods were longer and insects lived longer at 12ºC as compared with those at higher temperatures, the total fecundity was substantially reduced. The overall life cycle duration was almost twice as long at 12ºC than at 24ºC. The greatest daily production of nymphs and greatest number of nymphs produced overall occurred at 24ºC. The temperatures of 20ºC and 24ºC were more suitable to S. flava development and reproduction.

Silicon and acibenzolar-S-methyl as resistance inducers in cucumber, against the whitefly Bemisia tabaci ( Gennadius ) ( Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae ) biotype B

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de silicato de cálcio (CaSiO3) e do ativador acibenzolar-S-methyl (BTH) na indução de resistência em pepino à mosca-branca Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biótipo B. Testes de preferência com e sem chance de escolha e de antibiose foram realizados em casa-de-vegetação e no laboratório do Departamento de Entomologia da Universidade Federal de Lavras/UFLA, MG. O delineamento foi o inteiramente ao acaso com os seguintes tratamentos: 1) testemunha, 2) aplicação de 3 g de silicato de cálcio.kg-1 de substrato, 3) duas aplicações de 200 ml de solução a 1% de silicato de cálcio/vaso, 4) duas aplicações de 100 ml de solução a 0,005% de BTH/vaso e 5) aplicação de silicato de cálcio e BTH na mesma dose dos tratamentos 3 e 4. Para eliminar o efeito isolado do cálcio, foi aplicado 1g de carbonato de cálcio.kg-1 de substrato no tratamento 1 (testemunha). O silicato de cálcio e BTH causaram efeitos negativos na população da mosca-branca pela redução da oviposição, aumento do ciclo biológico e da mortalidade na fase de ninfa. Apresentaram-se, assim, como produtos alternativos a serem utilizados no manejo integrado de mosca-branca na cultura de pepino.

Aspectos biológicos dos estágios imaturos de Pseudodorus clavatus (Fabricius) (Diptera: Syrphidae) alimentados com Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) em diferentes temperaturas / Biological aspects of the immature stages of Pseudodorus clavatus (Fabricius) (Diptera: Syrphidae) fed on Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) at different temperatures

Biological aspects of the predator Pseudodorus clavatus (Fabricius) fed on Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) were studied at different temperatures, in order to obtain information to be usedin biological control of aphids. Eggs of the predator were individualized on sorghum leaf disks, kept in petri dishes and maintained at constant temperatures of 16, 19, 22, 25, 28 or 31oC, with 12h photophase. After larval hatching, nymphs and adults of S. graminum were offered to the predator ad libitum. The duration and survival of each instar, of the larva, pupa, and larva-adult were determined. The lower threshold temperature and thermal constant were also estimated. The mean duration of the development for the three instars of P. clavatus varied inversely with temperature. Reductions were observed in the duration of the larval stage (from 14.9 to 4.9 days), the pupal stage (from 17.2 to 4.2 days) and in the period from larva to adult (from 31.7 to 8.8 days), at 16ºC and 31ºC, respectively. The lower thresholdtemperatures were 10.8, 11.0, and 10.8ºC for larva, pupa and larva-adult, respectively. Survival was above 78% for first-instar larvae, and above 94% for second- and third-instar larvae. The highest pupae and larva-adult survival were observed at 22ºC and the lowest survival occurred at 16ºC and 31ºC. Thecomplete development of P. clavatus, fed on S. graminum was achieved at all tested temperatures, that varied from 16ºC to 31ºC.

Os aspectos biológicos de Pseudodorus clavatus (Fabricius), alimentada com Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), foram avaliados em diferentes temperaturas, visando obter informações para o controle biológico de afídeos. Ovos do predador foram individualizados em discos de folhas de sorgo, mantidos em placas de Petri, às temperaturas de 16, 19, 22, 25, 28 e 31 oC e 12h de fotofase. Ninfas e adultos de S. graminum foram oferecidos ad libitum. Avaliou-se o número de ínstares, aduração e sobrevivência de cada ínstar, bem como das fases larval e pupal e do período de larva a adulto de P. clavatus. A temperatura base e a constante térmica também foram estimadas. A duração dos três ínstares de P. clavatus variou na razão inversa da temperatura. Houve redução das fases larval (14,9 para 4,9 dias) e pupal (17,2 para 4,2 dias) e do período de larva a adulto (31,7 para 8,8 dias) quando as larvas foram mantidas a 16ºC e 31ºC, respectivamente. As temperaturas basesestimadas foram de 10,8; 11,0 e 10,8ºC para as fases larval, pupal e para o período de larva a adulto, respectivamente. Em todas as temperaturas estudadas a sobrevivência do primeiro ínstar foi superior a 78% e do segundo e terceiro instares foi superior a 94%. As sobrevivências da pupa e do período de larva a adulto foram maiores a 22ºC e menores a 16ºC e 31ºC. O desenvolvimento completo de P. clavatus, alimentada com S. graminum, foi possível em todas as temperaturas testadas, que variaramde 16ºC a 31ºC.

Potencial de alimentação de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) em diferentes densidades de Uroleucon ambrosiae (Thomas, 1878) (Hemiptera, Aphididae) / Feeding potential of Chrysoperia externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) in different densities of Uroleucon ambrosiae (Thomas, 1878) (Hemiptera, Aphididae)

Feeding potential of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) in different densities of Uroleucon ambrosiae (Thomas) (Hemiptera, Aphididae). The feeding potential of 2nd and 3rd instar larvae of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) in relation to different densities of 30, 40 and 50 nymphs of Uroleucon ambrosiae (Thomas, 1878) at 3rd and 4th instars was evaluated. The treatments were individualized into 2.5 cm in diameter and 8.5 cm tall flat bottom glass vials and maintained in a controlled environmental chamber at 25±2 ºC temperature, 70±10 percent RH and 14 h photophase. A completely randomized experimental design with 10 replications was used. The consumption of the prey nymphs by the predator larvae was evaluated after 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 24 h from the beginning of the experiment and at every subsequent 24 h period until 2nd instar larvae molted or 3rd instar larvae pupated. Results have shown that for 2nd instar larvae, during the 1 h to 24 h period, there was a decreasing prey consumption at the 30 and 40 prey densities. However an increase in the consumption at the 50 prey density was observed. After this period, C. externa larvae presented a progressive increase on nymphs consumption as a function of the prey density. The same occurred with de 3rd instar predator larvae in all treatments. When daily mean consumption was evaluated the predator/prey ratio was 1:23, 1:27 and 1:33 for 2nd instar larvae and 1:27, 1:33 and 1:41 for 3rd instar larvae at 30, 40 and 50 nymph densities, respectively

Ocorrência de afídeos em alface (Lactuca sativa L. ) em cultivo hidropônico / Occurrence of aphids on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. ) under hydroponic cultivation

The occurrence of aphids was evaluated on lettuce hydroponically grown at the Escola Agrotécnica of the State University of São Paulo (UNESP) located in Jaboticabal County, State of São Paulo, Brazil, from January to December 1999. The total number of each species of aphids present in weekly samplings performed during the period was found to be correlated with the average temperature recorded within the respective sampling period. The occurrence of three species, Uroleucon ambrosie (Thomas), Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) was recorded, with the highest population densities being coincident with mean temperatures below 21.5°C. The highest population densities of U. ambrosie occurred from May to June. In the second week of May and third week of November, two maximum population peaks were recorded for M. persicae. The species M. euphorbiae was predominant over the others and the highest populations of this species were observed from May to June and from late July to early September. A negative correlation was found between populations of aphids and temperature. This correlation, however, was statistically significant only for M. euphorbiae and U. ambrosiae.

A ocorrência de afideos foi avaliada em alface cultivada hidroponicamente na área de produção da Escola Agrotécnica da Universidade Estadual de São Paulo (UNESP), em Jaboticabal, São Paulo, de janeiro a dezembro de 1999. Foi constatado que o número total de cada espécie de afideo, presentes em amostragens conduzidas semanalmente durante o período, foi correlacionada com a média de temperaturas registradas dentro do período de amostragem. Foi registrada a ocorrência de três espécies de afideos, Uroleucon ambrosiae (Thomas), Myzus persicae (Sulzer) e Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), sendo as maiores densidades populacionais coincidentes com médias de temperaturas inferiores a 21,5°C. As maiores densidades populacionais de U. ambrosiae ocorreram de maio a junho. Na segunda semana de maio e na terceira semana de novembro foram registrados dois picos populacionais máximos de M. persicae. A espécie M. euphorbiae predominou sobre as demais e as maiores populações dessa espécie foram observadas nos períodos de maio a junho e final de julho a início se setembro. Foi constatada correlação negativa entre populações de afideos e temperatura. Esta correlação, entretanto, foi estatisticamente significativa somente para M. euphorbiae e U. ambrosiae.

Aspectos Biológicos dos Estádios Imaturos de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) e Ceraeochrysa cincta (Schneider) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Alimentados com Ovos e Ninfas de Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) Biótipo B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) / Biological Aspects of Immature Stages of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) and Ceraeochrysa cincta (Schneider) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Fed on Eggs and Nymphs of Bemisia tabaci (Genn. ) Biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

The biological aspects of immature stages of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) and Ceraeochrysa cincta (Schneider) fed on eggs and nymphs of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biotype B were evaluated. Eggs of the predators were individualized into 2.5 cm in diameter and 8.5 cm tall flat bottom glass vials which were maintained 25±2°C temperature, 70±10 percent RH and 14h photophase. After larvae eclosion, 2 cm in diameter disks of tomato and cabbage leaves containing eggs and nymphs of B. tabaci, respectively, were then placed in the vials. Duration and viability of each larval instar as well as of the pupal phase of both predator species fed on different stage of the prey were evaluated. First-instar larvae of C. externa had longer development when fed on eggs of B. tabaci biotype B, thus showing that the stage of the prey offered did affect the developmental period. The same did not occur for C. cincta. The development of the 1st-instar larvae of both predator species was similar when fed on B. tabaci eggs; however, C. cincta presented a longer development period (5.4 days) as compared to C. externa (4.0 days) when fed on nymphs of the prey. For 2nd- and 3rd-instar larvae and for the duration of the larval phase there was no effect of the stage of the prey offered (egg or nymph) on the developmental period. The duration of the 2nd instar was longer for C. cincta than for C. externa (4.8 and 4.1 days, respectively). However the duration of the 3rd instar was longer and the larval phase was shorter for C. externa (6.6 and 15.3 days, respectively) than for C. cincta (6.4 and 16.7 days, respectively). The larval instars viability was above 90 percent for both species. Nevertheless, lower percent viability of the pupal phase was recorded for C. cincta, when fed on eggs (30 percent) or nymphs (55.6 percent).

Foram avaliados os aspectos biológicos dos estádios imaturos de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) e Ceraeochrysa cincta (Schneider), alimentados com ovos e ninfas de Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biótipo B. Ovos dos predadores foram individualizados em recipientes de vidro de fundo chato com 2,5 cm de diâmetro e 8,5 cm de altura que foram mantidos à temperatura de 25±2°C, UR de 70±10 por cento e fotofase de 14h. Após a eclosão das larvas, discos de folhas de tomateiro e de couve com 2 cm de diâmetro, contendo ovos e ninfas de B. tabaci, respectivamente, foram colocados nos recipientes. A duração e a viabilidade de cada ínstar e da fase pupal de ambas as espécies predadoras alimentadas com diferentes estágios da presa foram avaliados. Larvas de primeiro ínstar de C. externa apresentaram desenvolvimento mais lento quando alimentadas com ovos de B. tabaci biotipo B monstrando influência do estágio da presa fornecida no período de desenvolvimento do predador. O mesmo não ocorreu para a espécie C. cincta. O desenvolvimento de larvas de primeiro ínstar de ambas as espécies predadoras foi semelhante quando foram alimentadas com ovos de B. tabaci; porém C. cincta apresentou período de desenvolvimento mais longo (5,4 dias) comparada a C. externa (4,0 dias) quando alimentada com ninfas da presa. Para larvas de segundo e terceiro ínstares e para a duração da fase larval não houve influência do estágio da presa fornecida (ovo ou ninfa) no período de desenvolvimento. A duração do segundo ínstar foi maior para C. cincta do que para C. externa (4,8 e 4,1 dias, respectivamente). Porém a duração do terceiro instar foi maior e da fase larval foi menor para C. externa (6,6 e 15,3 dias, respectivamente) do que para C. cincta (6,4 e 16,7 dias, respectivamente). A viabilidade dos ínstares foi acima de 90 por cento para ambas as espécies. No entanto, menor porcentagem de viabilidade da fase de pupa foi registrada para C. cincta, quando alimentada com ovos (30 por cento) ...