Effect of live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Actisaf Sc 47) supplementation on the performance and hindgut microbiota composition of weanling pigs.

As an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters, live yeast supplementation has proven useful in reducing weaning stress and improving performance parameters of piglets. Here, we compared the performance and hindgut microbiota of weanling piglets subjected to different pre- and post-weaning yeast supplementation regimens using a live strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Actisaf Sc 47). Average feed intake and average daily weight gain of piglets within Yeast-Control and Yeast-Yeast groups were higher than those in the Control-Control group. Yeast supplementation resulted in development of microbial communities that were phylogenetically more homogenous and less dispersed compared to the microbiota of control piglets. Key bacterial taxa overrepresented in the microbiota of yeast supplemented piglets included phylum Actinobacteria, specifically family Coriobacteriaceae, as well as Firmicutes families Ruminococcaceae, Clostridiaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, and Peptococcaceae. Correlation network analysis revealed that yeast supplementation was associated with enrichment of positive correlations among proportions of different bacterial genera within the hindgut ecosystem. In particular, within the cecal microbiota of supplemented piglets, higher numbers of positive correlations were observed among potentially beneficial genera of the phyla Actinobacteria and Firmicutes, suggesting a mechanism by which yeast supplementation may contribute to regulation of intestinal homeostasis and improved performance of piglets.

[Customized external nasal splint after rhinoplasty, introduction to the "tissu-modelage"]. / Attelle nasale externe sur-mesure après rhinoplastie, introduction au concept de « tissu-modelage ¼.

The authors report their experience of 2 years (43 patients) using a customized splint consists of thermoplastic which is molded on the new nose after rhinoplasty, according to a process comparable to that used by dentists to make the gutters. This splint will be applied several weeks to guide healing in a desired direction. The molding of the nose can be re-sculpted to guide the scarring to a better result. Lightweight, washable, discreet, our splint works to the advantage to be worn without discomfort for several weeks in order to improve the efficiency of contention.

Effects of live yeast dietary supplementation on nutrient digestibility and fecal microflora in beagle dogs.

The effects of live yeast (strain CNCM I-4407; Actisaf Sc 47; Phileo Lesaffre Animal Care, Marcq-en-Baroeul, France) administration on nutrient digestibility and fecal microflora in dogs were investigated. The study included 24 young beagle dogs. They were allocated in control and live yeast (LY) groups (6 males and 6 females in each). During the Adaptation (d 1 to 28) and Trial (d 29 to 70) periods, the dogs received a standard dry pelleted diet. In the Trial period, the LY dogs were given capsuled Actisaf Sc 47 at 1 g/kg live weight with at 2.9 × 10 cfu/g. The control dogs received empty capsules. Live weight and feed consumption were recorded. Blood samples for complete blood count (CBC) and serum biochemistry (urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase) and fecal samples for pH, microbiology, DM, lactic acid, and ammonia and digestibility evaluation were collected during the Trial period from each dog. The LY dogs had a higher ( < 0.05) weight gain during the Trial period than the control ones. Feed consumption was not adversely affected by LY. The CBC values and urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase were not adversely affected by LY. Live yeast did not significantly influence pH of fresh feces. Fecal lactic acid and ammonia concentrations were not affected. The LY dogs showed lower ( < 0.05) Escherichia coli and fecal enterococci counts in feces than the control ones. Lactic acid bacteria, Clostridium perfringens, and total coliforms did not show any significant differences between the treatments. The LY dogs showed a higher ( < 0.05) apparent digestibility of NDF. Digestibilities of DM, ash, crude fiber, CP, and fat were not influenced.

The effects of live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae on postweaning diarrhea, immune response, and growth performance in weaned piglets.

The effects of live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain CNCM I-4407, 10(10) cfu/g; Actisaf; Lesaffre Feed Additives, Marcq-en-Baroeul, France) on the severity of diarrhea, immune response, and growth performance in weaned piglets orally challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strain O149:K88 were investigated. Live yeast was fed to sows and their piglets in the late gestation, suckling, and postweaning periods. Sows were fed a basal diet without (Control; n = 2) or with (Supplemented; n = 2) 1 g/kg of live yeast from d 94 of gestation and during lactation until weaning of the piglets (d 28). Suckling piglets of the supplemented sows were orally treated with 1 g of live yeast in porridge carrier 3 times a week until weaning. Weaned piglets were fed a basal starter diet without (Control; n = 19) or with (Supplemented; n = 15) 5 g of live yeast/kg feed for 2 wk. Significantly lower daily diarrhea scores (P < 0.05), duration of diarrhea (P < 0.01), and shedding of pathogenic ETEC bacteria (P < 0.05) in feces was detected in the supplemented piglets. Administration of live yeast significantly increased (P < 0.05) IgA levels in the serum of piglets. Evidence indicates that decreased infection-related stress and severity of diarrhea in yeast-fed weaned piglets positively affected their growth capacity in the postweaning period (P < 0.05). The results suggest that dietary supplementation with live yeast S. cerevisiae to sows and piglets in the late gestation, suckling, and postweaning periods can be useful in the reduction of the duration and severity of postweaning diarrhea caused by ETEC.

Use of a colon simulation technique to assess the effect of live yeast on fermentation parameters and microbiota of the colon of pig.

The impact of 2 doses of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae were evaluated, 5 × 10(10) cfu/kg of feed (L1) and 5 × 10(11) cfu/kg of feed (L2) against a control (CON) with no added yeast, using an in vitro model [colon simulation technique (Cositec)] to mimic digestion in the pig colon. The L2 (but not L1) dose significantly improved DM digestibility compared to CON (61 v 58%) and increased NH(3) concentrations (+15%). Volatile fatty acid concentrations increased with L2 compared to CON--isobutyrate (+13.5%), propionate (+8.5%), isovalerate (+17.8%), and valerate (+25%)--but only valerate was increased with L1 (+14.2%). The analysis of microbiota from the liquid associated bacteria (LAB) and solid associated bacteria (SAB) revealed an interaction between the fraction and treatment (P < 0.05). Indeed, L2 had a significant impact on SAB and LAB (P < 0.01) whereas L1 only tended to change the structure of the population in the SAB (P < 0.1). Overall, this study showed that a live yeast probiotic could improve digestion in a colonic simulation model but only at the higher dose used and this effect was associated with a shift in the bacterial population therein.

Effects of different yeast cell wall supplements added to maize- or wheat-based diets for broiler chickens.

1. Three experiments were carried out to study the effects of two experimental yeast cell wall (YCW) supplements, one from the yeast extract industry and the other from the brewery industry, added to maize or wheat based-diets, on performance and intestinal parameters of broiler chickens (Ross 308). 2. In the first and second experiments, a completely randomised block design with 4 experimental treatments was used: T-1) Negative control, no additives T-2) Positive control, avilamycin group (10 mg/kg feed), T-3) Yeast extract-YCW (500 mg/kg), and T-4) Brewery-YCW (500 mg/kg feed). There were 6 replicates of 20 (experiment 1) and 22 (experiment 2) chicks per treatment. 3. In experiment 1 (wheat based diets), yeast extract-YCW increased BW and daily feed intake (42 d). The effects were comparable to those of avilamycin. In experiment 2 (maize based diet), avilamycin, yeast extract-YCW and brewery-YCW treatments improved the feed conversion ratio with respect to the negative control group (0 to 14 d). 4. At 24 d, in both experiments, the ileal nutrient digestibility and ileal bacterial counts were not affected by any experimental treatment. In maize diets, lower intestinal viscosity was obtained with avilamycin, yeast extract-YCW and brewery-YCW than with the negative control. In wheat diets, yeast extract-YCW and brewery-YCW reduced intestinal viscosity. 5. A third experiment was conducted to study the effect of yeast extract-YCW on animal performance, intestinal mucosa morphology and intestinal viscosity. A 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used; one factor was the dietary yeast extract-YCW supplementation (0 or 500 mg/kg feed) and the other the cereal in the diet (maize or wheat). 6. At 43 d, the heaviest BW was in chickens fed on yeast extract-YCW compared to those given the negative control. At 22 d, yeast extract-YCW increased villus height, mucus thickness and number of goblet cells with respect to negative control. 7. Results of these experiments suggest that supplementation of yeast extract-YCW to broiler chicken diets increased animal performance by favouring intestinal mucosal development.

Effects of varying proportions of concentrates on ruminal-reducing power and bacterial community structure in dry dairy cows fed hay-based diets.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the influence of diet composition on ruminal parameters, more particularly redox potential (Eh). Four Holstein dry dairy cows, fitted with ruminal cannulas, were allocated in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. They were given four experimental hay-based diets D0, D25, D42 and D56 consisting of 0%, 25%, 42% and 56% of ground wheat and barley concentrate mixture, respectively. They were fed at a daily feeding rate of 8.0 kg DM per cow during a 24-day experimental period (a 21-day diet adaptation, three consecutive days of measurement and sampling). The physicochemical parameters, such as pH and Eh, were measured and Clark's exponent (rH) was calculated from 1 h before feeding to 8 h after feeding at 1-h interval. Samples of ruminal fluid were taken at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h after feeding for the determination of volatile fatty acid (VFA) and ammonia N (NH3-N) concentrations. Ruminal bacterial populations were also studied by means of capillary electrophoresis single-strand conformation polymorphism (CE-SSCP) technique to focus on the structure of the ruminal microbiota and the diversity index was calculated. Mean ruminal Eh and rH were not modified by the concentrate-to-forage ratio and averaged - 210 mV and 6.30, respectively, across diets. The pH decreased slightly by 0.10 pH unit between treatments D0 and D56 with an average of 6.58. Nevertheless, the time during which physicochemical parameters remained at nadir value after feeding varied with diets: 2 and 7 h for D0 and 6 and 5 h for D56, respectively for pH and Eh. Moreover, fermentative parameters were altered by treatments: total VFA and NH3-N were greater in D56 (72.2 mM and 17.5 mg/100 ml) compared with D0 (65.2 mM and 14.2 mg/100 ml). However, neither the structure of bacterial populations of the rumen nor the diversity index (Shannon) was altered by treatments.

[Benefit of complementary lipofilling in aesthetic breast augmentation with implant]. / Apport du lipomodelage extraglandulaire dans les implantations mammaires à visée esthétique.

Since 2 years, the author uses an aesthetic mammary augmentation technique with a combination in the same surgical procedure of: placement of a breast implant in a retrofascial plane; lipofilling under the skin of the cleavage to cover the upper part of the implant. Forty-seven women have been operated with this procedure since 2006, with immediate satisfactory results in all the cases. We consider this procedure as an interesting alternative to retromuscular placement in thin patients with small breast.

Use of yeast cell walls; beta-1, 3/1, 6-glucans; and mannoproteins in broiler chicken diets.

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of dietary addition of yeast cell wall (YCW); beta-1, 3/1, 6-glucan (BG); and mannoprotein complex (MP) purified fractions in broilers. In experiment 1, there was a control diet and 5 experimental diets containing, respectively: 10 mg of avilamycin (AVI)/kg of feed, 500 mg of YCW/kg of feed, 95 mg of MP/kg of feed, 145 mg of BG/kg of feed, and 95 mg of MP plus 145 mg of BG/kg of feed. All birds were vaccinated via drinking water against Newcastle disease virus at 9 d of age. At 42 d, chickens fed AVI, YCW, MP + BG, and BG diets had similar BW not significantly different from chickens fed the control diet. The antibody response of Newcastle disease virus vaccine was not affected by any experimental treatment. Broilers fed MP + BG diet had greater thymus weights (P

How does live yeast differ from sodium bicarbonate to stabilize ruminal pH in high-yielding dairy cows?

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the capacity of 2 dietary feed additives, sodium bicarbonate and live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain Sc 47), in optimizing ruminal pH in dairy cows and to determine their modes of action. Three early lactating Holstein cows, fitted with ruminal cannulas, were allocated in a 3 x 3 Latin square design. They were given a total mixed ration as control diet (CD) at a daily feeding rate of 28.0 kg of dry matter (DM)/cow supplemented with 150 g/d of sodium bicarbonate (SBD) or 5 g/d of live yeast (YD) during a 21-d experimental period (14 d of diet adaptation, 4 consecutive days of measurement and sampling and 3 d of transition). The pH and redox potential (E(h)) were measured from 1 h before feeding to 8 h after feeding at 1-h intervals, and samples of ruminal fluid were taken at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after feeding for the determination of volatile fatty acids and lactate concentrations. Total tract apparent digestibility of the diet was also determined. Ruminal pH fluctuated between 6.53 at feeding and 5.57 at 5 h postfeeding. Mean pH was greater with SBD (6.21) and YD (6.14) compared with CD (5.94), showing that both additives had a pH stabilization effect. The E(h) varied from -88 mV at 1 h before feeding to -165 mV at 1 h after feeding. Mean E(h) and Clark's Exponent (rH) were lower with YD (-149 mV and 7.31, respectively) than with SBD (-137 mV and 7.85, respectively) and CD (-115 mV and 8.05, respectively), indicating that the yeast strengthened the reducing power of the milieu. Total volatile fatty acids were greater in SBD (95.3 mM) and YD (99.4 mM) compared with CD (85.3 mM). Acetate concentration was greater in SBD (60.8 mM) and YD (59.1 mM) compared with CD (53.2 mM). Propionate concentration was greater in YD (25.8 mM) than in SBD (20.0 mM) and CD (18.0 mM). Butyrate remained constant between diets. Mean total lactate concentrations were 16.5, 12.2, and 5.4 mM for CD, SBD, and YD, respectively, with a 67% decrease with YD. Total tract organic matter digestibility was greater for YD (66.6%) compared with SBD (61.7%) and CD (62.2%). The neutral detergent fiber digestibility was greater with YD (41.6%) compared with SBD (34.3%) and CD (29.6%), whereas acid detergent fiber digestibility was greatest in YD (32.3%), intermediate in SBD (24.4%), and lowest in CD (18.1%). By inducing a lower ruminal E(h) and rH, live yeast prevented accumulation of lactate and allowed better fiber digestion, whereas sodium bicarbonate seemed to act only as an exogenous buffer.

Flector tissugel used to treat capsular contracture after breast augmentation surgery.

Capsular contracture constitutes the main postoperative complication after breast augmentation by implant placement. To date, no systemic treatment known allows for improvement that does not simultaneously put the patient at risk for secondary complications of a more general nature. Flector Tissugel is the sole locally active antiinflammatory patch. Its durable local antiinflammatory effect is associated only with a risk for rare and highly limited side effects. After approximately 3 weeks of treatment, a high frequency of change from capsular contracture Baker 2 or 3 to Baker 1 occurs, provided the application was started no later than 3 months after the onset of capsular contracture.

[Round and anatomical mammary implants. Respective advantages and disadvantages]. / Prothèses mammaires rondes ou anatomiques. Avantages et inconvénients respectifs.

The authors report of their experience of mammary augmentation with anatomical implants from 10 years ago. The important proportion of rotation of those anatomical implants obliged them to stop the clinical serie. Sylvain Staub return to a "revisited" classical technique with round implants, smooth in a majority of cases and placed them most of the time in a retromuscular pocket. Eric Auclair, ceduced by the concept of anatomical implants, decided to continue in this direction with a personal concept of anti rotation system. He shows a strategie of mammary augmentation that favorise the premuscular position and define the respective place of round and anatomical implants.

Enumeration of probiotic bacilli spores in animal feed: interlaboratory study.

Fourteen out of 17 laboratories completed an interlaboratory study comparing 2 pretreatment protocols of feed samples containing authorized probiotic bacilli spores. Both methods used tryptone soy agar for enumeration. Pretreatment A involved preparation of a suspension of the feed sample in 50% ethanol. For pretreatment B, the sample was suspended in peptone salt solution and heated at 80 degrees C for 10 min. Each laboratory analyzed 12 samples (6 per pretreatment), which represented duplicates of a high (10(9) colony-forming units [CFU]/g) and low (10(5) CFU/g) level of bacilli spores or a blank that contained vegetative probiotic bacteria only. For pretreatment A, the repeatability relative standard deviation (RSD(r)) was 2.9% for the low level and 2.5% for the high. The reproducibility relative standard deviation (RSDR) values were 7.8 and 5.9%, respectively. Pretreatment B revealed RSD(r) values of 1.1 and 1.0%, and RSDR values of 5.8 and 3.4%, respectively. The heat treatment (pretreatment B) of feed samples had better precision data, resulted in higher viable bacilli counts, and was more effective in deactivating vegetative background flora. It is therefore recommended for adoption for official control purposes and for CEN and ISO standards.

Synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and pharmacological profile of 9-amino-4-oxo-1-phenyl-3,4,6,7-tetrahydro[1,4]diazepino[6, 7,1-hi]indoles: discovery of potent, selective phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitors.

The synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and biological properties of a novel series of potent and selective phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) inhibitors are described. These new aminodiazepinoindoles displayed in vitro PDE4 activity with submicromolar IC(50) values and PDE4 selectivity vs PDE1, -3, and -5. Specifically, one compound (CI-1044, 10e) provided efficient in vitro inhibition of TNFalpha release from hPBMC and hWB with IC(50) values of 0.34 and 0.84 microM, respectively. This compound was found to exhibit potent in vivo activity in antigen-induced eosinophil recruitment in Brown-Norway rats (ED(50) = 3.2 mg/kg po) and in production of TNFalpha in Wistar rats (ED(50) = 2.8 mg/kg po). No emetic side effects at therapeutic doses were observed in ferrets.

Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 4-oxo-1-phenyl-3,4,6,7-tetrahydro-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indoles: novel PDE4 inhibitors.

A novel series of benzodiazepine derivatives have been discovered as inhibitors of PDE4 enzymes. We have found that our compounds are selective versus other PDE enzymes, and that the activity can be modulated by specific structural modifications. One compound exhibited a strong eosinophilic infiltration inhibiting action on sensitized Brown-Norway rats (compound 9, 5.1 mg/kg p.o.), moreover this compound is not emetic at 3 mg/kg i.v.

[Contribution of microsurgical transfers in filling cranio-facial substantial losses]. / Apport des transferts microchirgicaux dans la couverture des pertes de substance cranio-faciales.

In the series reported in the literature, microsurgical transfers for craniofacial reconstruction generally concern the face. The authors present a series of four complex reconstructions of the cranial vault and orbital floor. In one case, they used a prefabricated radial pedicle flap and, in the other cases, they used two-stage cover flaps, with satisfactory results.

[Use of bipedicled flap of the scalp to correct receding temporal hairline during secondary facelift]. / Utilisation d'un lambeau bipédiculé de cuir chevelu pour corriger un recul de la ligne chevelue temporale lors d'un lifting facial secondaire.

The author describe a temporal scalp flap utilised during secondary face lift to correct receding temporal hairline.

[Lateral fat in upper blepharoplasty]. / La graisse latérale dans la blépharoplastie supérieure.

"The eyebrow fat pad" was described by Charpy in 1909 without raising the interest of plastic surgeons. Over the last 5 years, we have removed this fat in 20% of our cases of superior blepharoplasty. This technique allows a reduction of the thickness of the upper eyelid to a lesser degree than that obtained by bone remodelling. We present the operating technique illustrated by clinical examples.

[Free transfer in the emergency treatment of complex injuries of the arm. Apropos of 18 cases]. / Apport des transferts libres en urgence dans le traitement des traumatismes complexes du membre supérieur. A propos de 18 cas.

In 18 cases the authors used a free tissue transfer during the first 24 hours of the treatment of a complex trauma of the upper limb involving osteoarticular and neurovascular loss combined with loss of skin cover. The various flaps include: lateral arm flap (8 cases), latissimus dorsi flap (4 cases), toe to hand transfer (4 cases), radial forearm flap (2 cases). The series includes 2 failures salvaged without further sequelae by means of a groin flap. With regard to complex one-stage reconstructions, particularly those requiring replacement of bone, the outcome is improved if the selected method permits early mobilisation and complete cover. Free transfers are to be compared with loco-regional flaps which are more reliable but suffer limitations such as a small cutaneous element and, frequently, involvement of the pedicle in the mechanism of the trauma. For the severe cases in this series, only free tissue transfers provided the adequate, immediate cover required to save the traumatised limb.

[Contribution of polyurethane dressing in mammary reconstructive surgery]. / Apport d'un pansement en polyuréthane en chirurgie réparatrice mammaire.

The authors report the use of a new polyurethane dressing, studied in 20 patients undergoing breast surgery. Based on objective criteria, this study analyses the contribution of this dressing in the postoperative course.