The law of stage-by-stage development of human tumors, derived from the results of ploidometric studies.

The ploidy of 56,000 epithelial cell nuclei was studied at different stages of carcinogenesis by Imager-CG computer image analyzer. The linear relationship between carcinogenesis stages and quantitative parameters (indexes of mean ploidy of cell nuclei) at a certain stage was detected and mathematically described. A step-by-step increase of DNA content in cell nuclei by one unit of ploidy leads to emergence of new biological properties, measured by the number of units surpassing the normal cell nuclear ploidy values, which was called "the malignancy code".

[Morphological study of biocompatibility of the material on the bases of bone collagen saturated by sulphated glycosaminoglycans].

Results of the experimental study of material on the bases of bone undemineralized collagen saturated by sulphated glycosaminoglycans are described in the article. It was done in the experiment evaluation of its biocompatibility with surrounding tissues of the experimental animals. On the grounds of the received data it can be concluded that such material implantation into the bone defects would favour quick cell migration into the defect and implant's vascularization, that in its turn would create preconditions for new bone tissue development.

[Ploidometric diagnosis of melanocytic skin neoplasms].

Differential diagnostic criteria of the tumors of the melanocytic genesis are established (73 cases). Average ploidy of typical cells of a simple nevus is 2.9 +/- 0.9 c. This increased up to 4.2 +/- 1.8 c. in cells of the dysplastic nevi regardless of the dysplasia degree. Malignant melanomas had mean index of the nuclear ploidy equal to 5.94 +/- 0.23 c.

Change in the ploidy of prostatic epitheliocyte nuclei during carcinogenesis.

Comparative computer-assisted microspectrophotometric analysis of histological preparations showed that the mean nuclear ploidy increased 1.3 times in glandular hyperplasia and 2-fold in adenocarcinoma of 3 progressive degrees of dysdifferentiation. Proliferative activity of cells also increased from stage to stage. The data visualize cell nuclei ploidy and facilitate objective differential diagnostic decision making.

[Ploidometrical evidence in support of the law of step-by-step development of cancer and its practical uses]. / Ploidometricheskaia obosnovanie i prakticheskoe primenenie zakona stupenchatoi stadiinosti kantserogeneza.

The ploidometrical data on over 50,000 nuclei of intact and altered cells from cervical, endometrial, mammary, renal, pulmonary, thyroidal and cutaneous tissues at different stages of carcinogenesis showed theoretical and empirical evidence to match fully. That was interpreted as a mathematical support of the law of step-by-step development of the disease.

[Ploidic diagnosis of precancer processes and of uterine cervix cancer according to cytological parameters]. / Ploidometricheskaia diagnostika predrakovykh protsessov i raka sheiki matki po tsitologicheskim preparatam.

It is suggested, on the basis of ploidic, to define more precisely the cytological analysis according to values of the mean ploidy of cell nuclei of epitheliocytes in neoplasms of the cervix of the uterus. Ploidiometry was found to ensure a more accurate differential diagnosis of 3 process stages, i.e. benign (low degree of intraepithelial neoplasia), marginal (high degree of intraepithelial neoplasia) and malignant stages of carcinogenesis (carcinoma) in the cervix of the uterus.

Artificial aging of mice.

Clinical signs of aging verified by morphometrical analysis of brain tissue were observed in young mice 4 months after administration of brain extract from old mice (5 intraperitoneal injections).

[Comparative assessment of the WHO and Gilson histological classifications of prostatic neoplasms (taking into account data of ploidy studies)]. / Sravnitel'naia otsenka gistologicheskikh klassifikatsii zlokachestvennykh opukholei predstatel'noi zhelezy VOZ i Glisona (s uchetom dannykh ploidometricheskogo issledovaniia).

We estimated ploidometric nuclear parameters of predominating cell population in various prostatic adenocarcinomas in using WHO vs Glison classification to define advantages of the above classifications. Ploidometry provides information on cell composition and proliferative activity of cells. We observed greater ploidity in different grades of cell atypia. WHO histological classification by differentiation grade corresponds to ploidometric characterization of tumor cell populations but fails to reflect the presence of different histological types of the tumor. Currently introduced classification by Glison is more effective both diagnostically and prognostically as it reveals a dominant histological type of the tumor and shows other variants of tumor growth progression.

[Morphometric diagnostics of the prostate precancer and cancer by examination of ploidy]. / Morfometricheskaia diagnostika predraka i raka predstatel'noi zhelezy po dannym issledovaniia ploidnosti.

Prostatic biopsies at different stages of carcinogenesis from 75 patients were studied. Increase of ploidy indices was established as carcinogenesis progressed. Characteristics of ploidy found in this investigation may be used for improvement of biopsy morphological studies.

[Differential-diagnostic value of changes in nuclear ploidy of prostate epithelial cells during the carcinogenesis process]. / Differentsial'no-diagnosticheskoe znachenie izmenenii ploidnosti iader épitelial'nykh kletok predstatel'noi zhelezy v protsesse kantserogeneza.

Ploidometry of prostatic cell nuclei at different stages of carcinogenesis was made in 80 patients using 8 mcm histological sections stained by Felgen. Ploidy of 1332 nuclei of prostatic epithelial cells and 396 lymphocytes (tissue ploidy standard) was studied on computer image analyser "Imager-CG (computer program version Avtan-San). The study covered interphasic nuclei of the cells of the germinative zones of normal and hyperplastic structures, areas of intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma with various disdifferentiation degree. Significant differences in ploidy and proliferative activity of prostatic cells at different carcinogenesis stages were revealed. Ploidometry data may help to take decision in differential histopathological diagnosis of benign and malignant tumors of the prostate.

[Ploidometry in improving the quality of pathohistologic diagnosis]. / Ploidometriia v povyshenii kachestva patogistologicheskoi diagnostiki.

A computer image analyzer (imager-CG with a version of ploidometry program "Avtan-San") was utilized for raising quality of differential diagnosis process in pathohistological examinations of biopsies. The results of ploidometry performed on histological slides stained by Felgen allowed to diagnose the degree of intraepithelial neoplasia and different stages of infiltrating carcinomas differentiation. The use of stereometric methods and immunocytohistometry for pathohistological diagnosis is described.

[Morphometric characteristics (assessment of ploidy) of the degree of differentiation of uterine body adenocarcinoma]. / Morfometricheskaia (otsenka ploidnosti) kharakteristika stepeni differentsirovki adenokartsinom tela matki.

53 histological slides obtained from 4 patients aged 35-68 years with diagnosis of uterine carcinoma without invasion (16 patients) and tumor invasion into uterine muscular membrane (24 patients) were retrospectively analyzed. On the basis of morphometry and ploidometry of 2989 nuclei on the image analyzer Imager-CG (Russia) with a computer program Avtan-San, a complex of diagnostic criteria characterizing the grade of malignancy of uterine tumors was obtained. Differential diagnostic ploidometric characteristics of 4 degrees of tumor progression are described. With the process intensification the amount of genetic material in tumor cell nuclei increase 1.7-fold, proliferative activity 2.2-fold, number of polyploid cells--1.5-fold. These data specify the degree of differentiation of uterine body adenocarcinoma and help to plan treatment policy for patients with uterine carcinoma.

[Pathohistological diagnosis of precancerous conditions and cancer of the breast]. / Patogistologicheskaia diagnostika predopukholevykh protsessov i opukhole molochnoi zhelezy.

It is suggested to improve histopathological diagnosis on the basis of mean ploidy of cell clones characterising separate stages of carcinogenesis. Additional ploidometric analysis of sections stained by Felgen enables differential diagnosis of benign (hyperplastic lesions and mild neoplasia) with malignant stages of carcinogenesis (grave intraepithelial neoplasia, carcinomas) in the breast.

[The problem of histological nomenclature and classification of carcinogenesis stages in the breast]. / K voprosu o gistologicheskoi nomenklature i klassifikatsii stadii kantserogeneza v molochnoi zheleze.

Objective diagnostic criteria for carcinogenesis staging and classification are suggested on the basis of a ploidometric investigation of 15,000 nuclei of cells of lobular and ductal epithelial neoplasms of the breast. Differential diagnosis is to apply to the following stages of mammary carcinogenesis: (a) signs of epithelial hyperplasia (/0) and intraepithelial neoplasia stage I (benign stages--/1); (b) intraepithelial neoplasia stage II (border-line stages--/2); (c) infiltrating carcinoma with or without metastases (malignant stages--/3).

Determination of the structure of tissue samples using X-ray small angle scattering.

X-ray small angle scattering has been used in material science for about 50 years. In diagnostic medicine, it has been applied for some years. The theoretical background is the diffraction of monochromatic X-rays by the electrons of small particles. The widening of the primary beam by those samples allows a conclusion regarding particle size, size distribution, and the form of the particles. The camera requires a well-defined and small X-ray beam which has to be entrapped exactly behind the sample. To date, the medical application has been carried out mainly by the comparison of the measured curve with that of standard samples. It can be suggested that in the near future its application in medicine will increase particularly with regard to in vivo measurements. For this purpose, new cameras will have to be developed. An exact evaluation of the result requires a thorough knowledge of the theoretical basis.