ABSTRACT
AIM: This study provided an overview of manipulating oral medicines given to hospitalised children and evaluated this practice in two hospitals. It focused on the type of manipulation and the dosage forms that were manipulated. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional, prospective study, carried out on the paediatric wards at two Norwegian hospitals for four weeks in 2013. A medicine was said to have been manipulated if it was not administered as described in the Norwegian summary of product characteristics. RESULTS: This study showed that 17% of the 3070 administrations of oral medicines to the hospitalised children involved manipulation. Tablets, including modified release preparations, were the most frequently manipulated medicines. In approximately half of these cases, only a segment of the unit dose was administered. No manipulation of oral liquids was seen. The bioavailability of as much as 44% of the most frequent given substances may be sensitive to such manipulations due to limited aqueous solubility. Various routines for splitting and handling the unit doses were observed. CONCLUSION: Manipulation of oral medication was regularly performed on paediatric wards. There is an urgent need for age-appropriate medicines, documented and standardised processes for manipulating medicines and staff training on the consequences of manipulation.
Subject(s)
Dosage Forms , Pediatric Nursing/methods , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Drug Administration Routes , Drug Delivery Systems , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Norway , Prospective StudiesABSTRACT
The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of different types of pectin as stabilizers for liposomal drug delivery systems. Positively charged liposomes were coated with commercially available and purified low-methoxylated (LM), high-methoxylated (HM) and amidated (AM) pectins. The samples were stored for up to 12 weeks at 4°C, at room temperature and at 35°C. The change in liposomal size and size distribution, zeta potential, pH, leakage of encapsulated carboxyfluorescein (CF), and lipid degradation were studied. All the types of pectin were found to protect the liposomes against aggregation during storage. The pectin coat did not affect the permeability of the liposome membrane. HM and LM pectin seemed to be the most promising types of pectin due to minimal changes in the zeta potentials during storage for these samples and no detectable lipid degradation. It is concluded that pectin may be used for stabilizing liposomal drug delivery systems.
