ABSTRACT
Formula-fed infants present higher cholesterol synthesis rates and lower circulating cholesterol during the postnatal feeding period compared to breast-fed infants, though the mechanisms underlying this phenotype are not fully understood. Typical infant formulas contain vegetable-based fats, inherently including phytosterols (PS), which are structurally similar to cholesterol and may interfere with their absorption. A seven-day old piglets model was used to test the inhibitory effects of PS on cholesterol absorption during postnatal feeding. Following feeding for 21 days with milk-based formulas containing PS and cholesterol levels resembling those in formulas or human-milk, apparent cholesterol digestibility was analyzed in ileal digesta, and cholesterol, PS, and cholesterol synthesis markers were analyzed in plasma and liver samples. Ileal cholesterol digestibility content was increased in the piglets fed low PS formulas and the rate of the hepatic cholesterol synthesis, as determined by the lathosterol-to-cholesterol ratios (L:C), was decreased in the piglets fed LP-formulas and corresponded to reduced nuclear expression of SREBP2 relative to those fed HP-formulas. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that PS in formula can inhibit cholesterol absorption and enhance cholesterol synthesis. Whether or not this leads to entrainment of cholesterol synthesis later in life via early programming awaits further research.
Subject(s)
Bottle Feeding , Cholesterol/metabolism , Infant Formula/chemistry , Intestinal Absorption/drug effects , Liver/metabolism , Phytosterols/pharmacology , Postpartum Period , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Cholesterol/biosynthesis , Cholesterol/blood , Digestion , Humans , Ileum/growth & development , Ileum/physiology , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Infant, Newborn , Lipid Metabolism/drug effects , Male , Milk/chemistry , Milk, Human/chemistry , Models, Animal , Phytosterols/blood , Phytosterols/metabolism , Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 2/metabolism , SwineABSTRACT
Predictions of global increased temperature are for 1.8-4 °C by 2100. Increased temperature as an abiotic stress may exert a considerable influence on the levels of secondary metabolites in plants. These secondary metabolites may possibly exert biological activities beneficial in prevention or treatment of disorders linked to oxidative stress in human. Wheat secondary compounds in three Canadian and three Australian genotypes grown under controlled environments, in which the only changing parameter was temperature, were investigated. Kennedy and AC Navigator contained the highest amount of total phenolic acids among Australian and Canadian wheat genotypes, respectively. The total phenolic acids and total flavonoid contents of wheat genotypes increased following the increase of the growing temperature. In all the wheat genotypes, regardless of their growing temperatures, linoleic acid (C18:2n6) was measured as the main fatty acid. Significant increases in palmitic acid (C16:0) and oleic acid (C18:1n9) and significant decreases in linoleic acid (C18:2n6) and linolenic acid (C18:3n3) were observed at increased of growing temperature for all wheat genotypes. Growing temperature decreased campesterol content of wheat genotypes. Genotype and growing temperature significantly shifted the production of wheat secondary metabolites. This information might be used as a guide for breeding wheat varieties with higher antioxidant properties.
