Effect of estradiol on histopathology of brain in unilateral and bilateral ovariectomized rats.

Estradiol, a major form of estrogen, plays a crucial role in various aspects of brain function, including neuronal health, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive processes. Therefore, it is of interest to investigate the histopathological changes of the rat brain following estradiol treatment in unilateral and bilateral ovariectomized rats, a commonly used method to induce estrogen deficiency and study the consequences of hormonal changes. Two months old Wistar albino female rats were divided into five experimental groups, each consisting of 6 animals. Unilateral and bilateral ovariectomized rats were treated with estradiol (10 mg/Kg/b.wt) subcutaneously for 30 days. The histopathological analysis of brain revealed normal 5-6 compact layers of small pyramidal cells of CA3 region, most with vesicular nuclei in control rats andan irregular and disturbed thickness of the pyramidal cell layer in the CA3 region, suggesting neuronal loss in unilateral ovariectomized rats. Estradiol therapy to these rats showed dark hyperchromatic layers of pyramidal cells in the CA3 region, most of which displayed vesicular nuclei and less shrinkage. Bilateral ovariectomized rats without estradiol treatment showed irregular and disturbed thickness of the pyramidal cell layer in the CA3 region Similar to Group II, indicating neuronal loss and bilateral ovariectomized rats with estradiol treatment showed no significant changes. These findings highlight the potential role of estradiol in modulating the histopathological changes associated with ovariectomy. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms through which estradiol exerts its effects on neuronal integrity and to explore potential therapeutic strategies for preventing or reversing these histological changes.

A short note on hypertension management.

Hypertension occupies a unique position in public health care, because it is the major cause of cardiovascular disease and the most frequent non-communicable disorder seen in primary care globally. The prevalence, treatment, and control rates of hypertension vary greatly by ethnicity. Such disparities are mostly linked to genetic variances, although lifestyle and socioeconomic level may influence health behaviours such as food - both of which appear to be substantial factors. East Asian communities have distinct ethnic traits. Hypertensive individuals are more likely to have salt sensitivity together with modest obesity. East Asians have a greater prevalence of stroke (especially hemorrhagic stroke) and no ischemic heart failure (HF) than Westerners. These problems are typical in both untreated and treated hypertensive patients. White coat hypertension affects 10%-30% of people who visit clinics for high blood pressure, whereas masked hypertension affects 10%-15% of people .With substantial hypertension populations in India and China, clinical studies in these areas are necessary to determine whether existing treatment techniques are effective. All patients with suspected or confirmed hypertension should receive regular lifestyle advice from their doctors, including recommendations for diet and exercise. Expert counsel and more frequent monitoring might be necessary.

Anti-quorum sensing activity of Boerhavia diffusa against Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1.

Quorum sensing (QS) is one of the key virulence factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and causes recalcitrant infections. Multi-drug resistance and biofilm formation seem to be regulated by cell-to-cell communication system through QS. Thus this study is aimed to assess the efficacy of ethanolic leaf extract of Boerhavia diffusa in acting against the QS-regulated virulence traits. Fresh leaves of B. diffusa were dried and the ethanolic crude extract was checked for antimicrobial and anti biofilm effect against P. aeruginosa. The active components and the biological structures were elucidated by GC-MS, HPLC and NMR analysis respectively. Further, computational analyses were also performed to assess the drug ligand interactions based on the docking scores and binding energy. The results suggested that the MIC concentration showed a significant effect in inhibiting the QS network circuit of P. aeruginosa. The docking results showed that leaf had bioactive compounds that exhibit strong binding affinity towards transcriptional activators of the QS circuit in P. aeruginosa, i.e., LasR, as compared to the natural ligands, 3-oxo-C12-HSL and C4-HSL. These results clearly depictthe efficacy of Boerhavia diffusa and its phytoconstituents as promising QS antagonist which can be further applied in the treatment strategies for the diseases caused by P. aeruginosa.

A comprehensive review on therapeutic application of mesenchymal stem cells in neuroregeneration.

Each year, thousands of people suffer from traumatic peripheral nerve lesions, which impair mobility and sensibility and frequently have fatal outcomes. The recovery of peripheral nerves on its own is frequently insufficient. In this regard, cell therapy is currently one of the most cutting-edge techniques for nerve healing. The purpose of this review is to highlight the properties of various types of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that are critical for peripheral nerve regeneration after nerve injury. The Preferred Reporting term used to review the available literature are "nerve regeneration," "stem cells," "peripheral nerve damage," "rat," and "human" were combined. In addition, using the phrases "stem cells" and "nerve regeneration" in PubMed, a "MeSH" search was conducted. This study describes the features of the most often utilized MSCs, as well as its paracrine potential, targeted stimulation, and propensity for differentiation into Schwann-like and neuronal-like cells. For the repair of peripheral nerve lesions, ADSCs appear to be the most relevant and promising MSCs, because of their ability to sustain and increase axonal growth, as well as their outstanding paracrine activity, putative differentiation potential, low immunogenicity, and excellent post-transplant survival rate.

Views on high-fat diet linked insulin resistance.

Insulin resistance is linked to impaired cell metabolism and survival in the peripheral tissues, as well as increased oxidative stress and activated inflammatory responses. Chronic High fat diet insulin resistant to exposure results in liver damage, impaired glucose homeostasis, hyperinsulinemia, late pancreatic-cell failure to generate insulin due to cell exhaustion, and subsequent hyperglycaemia, all of which are hallmarks of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Therefore, it is of intrest to document a short review on the impact of a high-fat diet with insulin resistance.

Linking body mass index and intelligence among Indian medical students.

The intelligence quotient (IQ) is a dependable measurement for intellectual functioning that reflects computable cognitive abilities. According to earlier cross-sectional studies designs, developing higher BMI related to decreased IQ in adolescents population. Therefore, it is of interest to determine the correlation between IQ and BMI. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale-IV was used to assess intelligence. Body Mass Index (weight in kg/height in metre squares) was calculated using height and weight. A questionnaire was developed after the elaborated discussion and circulated among the students. The data was then analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2019. The correlation among intelligent quotient and BMI was found to be positive: r = 0.447, N = 300, p<0.05. Data shows that the IQ score is moderately associated with BMI. However, the other factors such as, parental IQ, nutrition, and socioeconomic status is taken into account, this effect appears to differ.

CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing and human diseases.

CRISPR/Cas-9 mediated genome editing has recently emerged as a potential and innovative technology in therapeutic development and biomedical research. Several recent studies have been performed to understand gene modification techniques in obtaining effective ex vivo results. Generally, the disease targets for gene correction will be in specific organs, so understanding the complete potential of genomic treatment methods is essential. From such a perspective, the present review revealed the significant importance of the CRISPR/ Cas9 delivery system. Both the promising gene-editing delivery systems, such as synthetic (non-viral) and viral vector systems are discussed in this review. In addition, this paper attempted to summarize the tissue-specific and organ-specific mRNA delivery systems that provide possible research information for future researchers. Further, the major challenges of the CRISPR/Cas9 system, such as off-target delivery, immunogenicity, and limited packaging, were also elucidated. Accordingly, this review illustrated a wide range of clinical applications associated with the efficient delivery of CRISPR/ Cas9 gene-editing. Moreover, this article emphasizes the role of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in treating Intra Cerebral haemorrhage (ICH), thereby suggesting future researchers to adopt more clinical trials on this breakthrough delivery system.

Impact of pumpkin seeds supplementation on anemia in antenatal mothers at Andhra Pradesh, India.

Anemia during pregnancy causes 40% of maternal fatalities in underdeveloped nations, according to statistics from the WHO. Pregnant women should meet the requirements for various nutrients, notably micronutrients, to ensure a better pregnancy outcome in the future. Cucurbita moschata (Pumpkin) seeds contain a variety of compounds, such as m-carboxyphenylalanine, amino butyrate, and citrulline, as well as a number of other amino acids. It has a wide variety of biological activity such as antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory etc. However, the community's use of pumpkin seeds is still limited. The present study was aimed to assess the impact of supplementation of pumpkin seeds on anemia among antenatal mothers in relation to Demographic and obstetric variables at Amalapuram Mandal, East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh. In the third stage of the study, antenatal mothers' pre- and post-test scores for indicators of anaemia, pica, nail health, level of activity, heart rate, capillary refill, nutritional status, extremities, and level of hunger were compared. According to age, education, occupation, monthly income, and information source, the data demonstrates that according to three prenatal moms' consumption of pumpkin seeds in the morning, three in the afternoon, and one in the evening. The data available indicates that, of the 5 prenatal moms, 2 displayed symptoms of anemia with respect to the length of the menstrual cycle, the volume of menstrual flow, and the method of the previous delivery. Additionally, it was discovered that three of the pregnant mothers had appropriate hemoglobin levels and three of them had inadequate levels based on their past deliveries, menstrual flow volume, and cycle length. It also revealed that there is no discernible relationship between pregnant mothers in Amalapuram Mandal's diet of dry fruits and nuts and menstrual cycle length, flow volume, or method of prior birth.

Effect of ß-sitosterol on insulin resistance & protein expression of insulin signalling molecules in quadriceps muscle of high fat diet-induced type-2 diabetic rats.

Changes in life style, such as high-calorie diet intake and lack of exercise, have increased the global prevalence of obesity and diabetes. The major pathophysiological event contributing to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus is the target tissues to insulin action. Currently available drugs are unsuccessful for the treatment of type 2 diabetes due to their unwanted side effects. Hence, search drugs, from plant sources. ß-sitosterol is plant sterols with structurally almost like that of cholesterol. It is widely present in various medicinal plants. It has been reported to elicit multitude of bioactivities including anti-lipidemic and anti-hyperglycemic activity. However, specific effect of ß-sitosterol on insulin signalling molecules of quadriceps muscle remains unclear. Hence, the study aimed to assess the beneficial role of ß-sitosterol on the expression of insulin signalling molecules in quadriceps muscle of high fat diet and sucrose-induced type-2 diabetic rats. The oral effective dose of ß-sitosterol (25 mg/kg body weight) was given once each day until the end of the study (30 days post­induction of diabetes) to HFD- fed diabetic rats. At the end of the experimental period, fasting blood sugar (FBG), oral glucose (OGTT) and insulin tolerances (IT), Tissue glycogen, Serum insulin, Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI), as well as the levels of insulin signalling molecules like insulin receptor (IR), glucose transporter subtype 4 (GLUT4) proteins and glycogen concentration within the quadriceps muscle were assessed. A diabetic rat indicates impaired glucose and insulin tolerances and insulin signalling molecules (IR and GLUT4) proteins and glycogen concentration. Serum insulin, were found to be increased in diabetic rats. The treatment with ß-sitosterol normalized the altered levels of blood glucose, serum insulin, and IR and GLUT4 protein levels. Thus, we concluded that ß-sitosterol enhances glycemic control through activation of IR and GLUT4 in the quadriceps muscle of high fat diet and sucrose­induced type2 diabetic rats.

Hypolipidemic effect of ß-caryophyllene in high fat diet and fructose induced type-2 diabetic adult male rats.

Skeletal muscle is responsible for the majority of insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose elimination, under normal circumstances. High dietary fat consumption increases stored fat mass and is a major risk factor for metabolic disorders. The conventional pharmacological treatments are associated with many adverse side effects and high rates of secondary failure which lead to an increasing demand for natural products with anti-diabetic activity and lesser side effects. ß-Caryophyllene is a naturally occurring sequiterpene that may be found in cannabis and a range of culinary herbs and spices. It contains antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-lipidemic effects, among others. However, the effect of ß-Caryophyllene on glucose absorption and oxidation, is yet unknown. Hence, the current study was intended to investigate the anti-diabetic impact of ß-Caryophyllene in type-2 diabetes caused by a high-fat diet. To evaluate its anti-diabetic efficacy, high fat diet and fructose-induced type-2 diabetic rats were administered an effective dosage of ß-Caryophyllene (200 mg/kg b.wt, orally for 30 days). The treatment of diabetes-induced rats with ß-Caryophyllene restored the altered levels of blood glucose, serum insulin as well as lipid parameters. Our findings show that ß-caryophyllene improves glycemia control by alleviating dyslipidemia in type-2 diabetic rats. From the present findings, it is evident that ß-caryophyllene can be used as an anti-diabetic drug.

Molecular docking analysis of VEGF with compounds from tomato.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is linked with Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Therefore it is of interest to document data on the molecular docking analysis of VEGF with compounds from tomato for consideration drug discovery. Data shows that compounds Kaempferol-3-O, Quercetin, Naringenin & Rutin show optimal binding.

Views on virtual education during the COVID-19 pandemic among medical and paramedical students in India.

The COVID-19 pandemic has made the educational institutions to implement the mandatory virtual learning in medical education. It is undeniable that electronic gadget aided learning have a significant role to play during a pandemic. Both faculty and students are getting accustomed to this 'New Normalcy'. Therefore, it is of interest to determine the effectiveness and perception of virtual teaching and learning during the COVID 19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study was conducted in which 336 medical and 336 paramedical students of both the genders with age group of 17 - 21 years participated. The data obtained were analyzed using the SPSS software. The shift from class room teaching to virtual learning has led to many health issues among students such as eye strain, anxiety, depression, musculoskeletal problems and obesity. The students also had inadequate time to interact with faculties. Data shows that virtual learning an alternative mode to traditional method during a pandemic.

ß-Sitosterol Circumvents Obesity Induced Inflammation and Insulin Resistance by down-Regulating IKKß/NF-κB and JNK Signaling Pathway in Adipocytes of Type 2 Diabetic Rats.

ß-sitosterol (SIT), the most abundant bioactive component of vegetable oil and other plants, is a highly potent antidiabetic drug. Our previous studies show that SIT controls hyperglycemia and insulin resistance by activating insulin receptor and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4) in the adipocytes of obesity induced type 2 diabetic rats. The current research was undertaken to investigate if SIT could also exert its antidiabetic effects by circumventing adipocyte induced inflammation, a key driving factor for insulin resistance in obese individuals. Effective dose of SIT (20 mg/kg b.wt) was administered orally for 30 days to high fat diet and sucrose induced type-2 diabetic rats. Metformin, the conventionally used antidiabetic drug was used as a positive control. Interestingly, SIT treatment restores the elevated serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines including leptin, resistin, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) to normalcy and increases anti-inflammatory adipocytokines including adiponectin in type 2 diabetic rats. Furthermore, SIT decreases sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and enhances Peroxisome Proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) gene expression in adipocytes of diabetic rats. The gene and protein expression of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase-1 (JNK1), inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta (IKKß) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were also significantly attenuated in SIT treated groups. More importantly, SIT acts very effectively as metformin to circumvent inflammation and insulin resistance in diabetic rats. Our results clearly show that SIT inhibits obesity induced insulin resistance by ameliorating the inflammatory events in the adipose tissue through the downregulation of IKKß/NF-κB and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway.

Effect of ß-Caryophyllene on insulin resistance in skeletal muscle of high fat diet and fructose-induced type-2 diabetic rats.

High fat diet feeding results in hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, which is a major pathological feature of type-2 diabetes mellitus. The use of oral hypoglycaemic drugs is limited due to its deleterious side effects and there is a need to find more efficacious agents for diabetes management. Hence, it is of interest to show the mechanism of action of ß-Caryophyllene on insulin signalling molecules in gastrocnemius muscle of high fat diet - induced type-2 diabetic rats. An oral effective dose of with ß-Caryophyllene (200 mg/kg b.wt) was given for 30 days to high fat diet (comprising 2% cholesterol, 1% cholic acid, 30% coconut oil, 67% conventional rat feed) and fructose fed type-2 diabetic rats to find out whether ß-Caryophyllene regulates IRS-1/Akt pathway of insulin signalling. The data shows that, ß-Caryophyllene treatment significantly increased the mRNA and protein expression of insulin receptor (IR) in diabetic rats whereas there is no significant difference in mRNA expression of insulin receptor-substrate-1 (IRS-1) was observed among groups. The Akt mRNAand GLUT-4mRNA and protein level were also improved in gastrocnemius muscle of type-2 diabetic rats. Thus, we concluded that ß-Caryophyllene could be used as potential phyto medicine for type-2 diabetes management.

Molecular docking analysis of beta-caryophyllene with IRS-1, cSrc and Akt.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common metabolic illness defined by hyperglycemia caused by insufficient production or absent of pancreatic insulin, with or without concomitant insulin action impairment. Hence, novel problem-solving approaches for assessing early metabolic diseases, notably insulin resistance, are urgently needed. Screening of natural compounds for drug discovery to combat diabetes is common in modern medical research and development. Therefore, it is of interest to document the molecular docking analysis data of beta-Caryophyllene, a naturally occurring sequiterpene with the downstream insulin signaling molecules such as IRS-1, cSrc and Akt for the management of type-2 diabetes. The molecular docking analysis data of beta-caryophyllene with the insulin downstream signaling molecules such as IRS-1, cSrc and Akt reveals its ability and further studies are needed to elucidate its complete mechanism of action against type-2 diabetes.

An update on ß-sitosterol: A potential herbal nutraceutical for diabetic management.

Phytosterols are bioactive compounds that are naturally present in plant cell membranes with chemical structure similar to the mammalian cell- derived cholesterol. They are highly present in lipid-rich plant foods such as nuts, seed, legumes and olive oil. Among various phytosterols, ß-sitosterol (SIT) is the major compound, found plentiful in plants. It has been evidenced in many in-vitro and in-vivo studies that SIT possesses various biological actions such as anxiolytic & sedative effects, analgesic, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti - inflammatory, lipid lowering effect, hepatoprotective, protective effect against NAFLD and respiratory diseases, wound healing effect, antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities. In this review, in order to compile the sources, characterization, biosynthesis, pharmacokinetics, antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities of SIT, classical and online-literature were studied which includes the electronic search (Sci Finder, Pubmed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science etc) and books on photochemistry. The experimental studies on SIT gives a clear evidence that the potential phytosterol can be used as supplements to fight against life threatening diseases. High potential of this compound, classifies it as the notable drug of the future. Therefore, immense researches regarding its action at molecular level on life threatening diseases in humans are highly endorsed.

Beta-sitosterol attenuates insulin resistance in adipose tissue via IRS-1/Akt mediated insulin signaling in high fat diet and sucrose induced type-2 diabetic rats.

In our previous study, we have shown that ß-sitosterol (SIT) enhances glycemic control by increasing the activation of insulin receptor (IR) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) proteins in adipose tissue. However, the possible role of SIT on the regulation of post-receptor insulin signal transduction is not known. Hence, the study was aimed to assess the effects of SIT on IRS-1/Akt mediated insulin signaling molecules in high-fat diet and sucrose induced type-2 diabetic rats. An oral effective dose of SIT (20 mg/kg b.wt) was given for 30 days to high fat-fed type-2 diabetic rats to find out whether SIT regulates IRS-1/Akt pathway of insulin signaling. The results showed that SIT attenuated the insulin receptor substrate-1 serine phosphorylation (p-IRS-1Ser636) (P = 0.0003). However, it up-regulated the mRNA expression of IR (P = 0.0036) and post-receptor insulin signaling molecules such as IRS-1 (P < 0.0001), ß-arrestin-2 (P < 0.0058), Akt (P = 0.0008), AS160 (P = 0.0030) and GLUT4 (P < 0.0001) with a concomitant increase in the levels of IRS-1(P < 0.0001), p-IRS1-1Tyr632 (P = 0.0014), Akt (P < 0.0001), p-AktSer473/Thr308 (P = 0.0006; P < 0.0001), AS160 and p-AS160Thr642 (P < 0.0001) compared with type-2 diabetic rats. In Silico analysis was also performed and it showed that SIT possesses the greater binding affinity with ß-arrestin-2, c-Src, and IRS-1 as well as Akt proteins and proved to attenuate insulin resistance as this study coincides with in vivo findings. Our present study clearly shows that SIT attenuates high fat diet-induced detrimental changes in adipose tissue. Therefore, it is concluded from the present findings that, SIT could be used as potential therapeutic phytomedicine for the management of type-2 diabetes.