Changes in the Remaining Iliac Artery According to Retrograde Flow after Aorto-Femoral Bypass in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms.

BACKGROUND: Considering a patient's anatomy and vascular conditions, aorto-femoral bypass is a treatment approach for the open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms. This study aimed at evaluating changes in the remnant iliac artery and their correlation with the preservation state of retrograde flow from femoral anastomosis. METHODS: Of 221 patients who underwent abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery between 2007 and 2022 in Pusan National University Hospital, 29 patients who underwent aorto-femoral bypass were included in this retrospective cohort study. Of these patients, 21 underwent aortobifemoral bypass and 8 underwent aortoiliac-and-femoral bypass. The change in size of the iliac artery from preoperative to postoperative and whether this difference in size depended on the status of postoperative retrograde flow were investigated. Additionally, factors affecting overall mortality and ischemic complications were identified. RESULTS: The median duration from operation to the last follow-up was 2069.5 days (about 5.7 years). The average age of the patients was 78.1 years, and the proportion of males was 75.9%. In cases of disappearance of postoperative retrograde flow from the femoral anastomosis, the postoperative iliac artery size was significantly reduced compared to its preoperative size (18.4 ± 18.9 mm vs. 13.2 ± 7.9 mm, respectively; P = 0.04). The group with maintained retrograde flow had significantly larger residual common iliac artery size than the group with disappearance of flow. (20.0 ± 28.0 mm vs. 14.6 ± 8.5 mm, respectively; P = 0.02). Disappearance of retrograde flow was a significant factor in the iliac artery size reduction after surgery (odds ratio, 2.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.9-5.3; P = 0.02). Three patients with maintained retrograde flow (18.8%) required intervention owing to an increase in the size of the iliac artery. The factors that significantly influenced overall death as analyzed by Cox proportional hazard regression were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (hazard ratio, 36.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.6-870.0; P = 0.03), peripheral arterial occlusive disease (hazard ratio, 12.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-115.8; P = 0.02), and disappearance of retrograde flow (hazard ratio, 8.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-63.9; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Among the open repair methods for abdominal aortic aneurysms, if retrograde flow was not maintained through femoral anastomosis when aorto-femoral bypass was performed, the size of the remaining iliac artery decreased. However, loss of retrograde flow increased long-term mortality. When aorto-femoral bypass is performed, regular imaging follow-up is necessary at appropriate intervals to check the remnant iliac artery and retrograde flow.

Staged angioplasty using a full-length balloon catheter to achieve maturation of arteriovenous fistulas.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of staged full-length balloon-assisted maturation (BAM) for the maturation of arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) on entire segmental veins, including stenosis, causing primary AVF failure. METHODS: This study included patients who underwent AVF surgery using an autogenous vein between February 2020 and June 2021 and received staged angioplasty with a full-length balloon catheter. To minimize balloon overlap and the risk of barotrauma to the immature vein, serial-staged upsizing balloon angioplasty with a long balloon catheter covering the entire vein segment was employed approximately 2 weeks apart. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients (mean age, 69.50 years; mean follow-up, 620.62 days) with average diameters of the radial artery and cephalic vein at 2.14 ± 0.5 mm and 2.43 ± 0.5 mm, respectively, were enrolled. In the first procedure, the average AVF diameter and flow were 4.03 ± 0.57 mm and 438.08 ± 220.95 mL/min, respectively, with juxta-anastomotic stenosis (JAS) present in 61.5% of cases. After staged full-length BAM, the average fistula diameter and flow improved to 5.95 ± 0.86 mm and 717.52 ± 305.95 mL/min, respectively. Maturation was achieved in 87% of the cases. No hematomas or ruptures occurred around the arterialized veins. Despite successful maturation and cannulation, 65.2% of the patients required additional percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) during the follow-up period. The necessity for PTA was determined by the presence of JAS prior to the first staged full-length BAM, with an odds ratio of 11.74 (95% confidence interval: 1.31-104.96, P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Staged full-length BAM can be safely used in patients with small veins requiring further maturation. Most patients achieved successful cannulation following maturation without post-procedural complications. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Staged full-length BAM is a safe and effective method for enhancing maturation in patients with underdeveloped small veins.

Rejoining Veins for Forced Maturation of Small-Caliber Arteriovenous Fistula.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the efficacy of rejoining mainstream and accessory veins for forced maturation of autogenous arteriovenous fistula (AVF). METHODS: Twenty-three patients who underwent forced maturation through vein rejoining between January 2018 and September 2022 were included. In cases where AVF maturation failure due to the presence of accessory veins, rejoining was primarily considered when distinguishing the main branch becomes challenging. This difficulty typically occurs when the sizes of the 2 vessels are nearly equal and the combined diameters of these veins exceed 6 mm. RESULTS: The mean age and follow-up duration were 57.39 ± 16.22 years and 965.65 ± 573.42 days, respectively. Rejoining of both arterial and venous cannulation sites was performed in 11 patients (47.8%), and rejoining of only the venous cannulation site or only the arterial cannulation site was performed in 11 patients (47.8%) and 1 patient (4.3%), respectively. The mean vein size was 0.35 ± 0.06 cm before rejoining and 0.69 ± 0.07 cm after surgery, indicating a significant increase in size (P < 0.01), whereas the flow did not change significantly following rejoining surgery. Maturation and cannulation success was 100%. The 1-year primary patency rate after surgery was 82.0%. During the follow-up period, 34.8% of the patients required additional percutaneous transluminal angioplasty to maintain patency, and 2 patients (11.8%) had stenosis in the rejoined section. CONCLUSIONS: Rejoining surgery is an effective method for achieving AVF maturation in patients with accessory veins when identification of the mainstream vein is difficult, and this method may be considered when achieving maturation by sacrificing 1 vein is expected to be challenging.

Impact of insertion into the left internal jugular vein in chemoport-associated infections: a retrospective single-center study of 1690 cases.

We analyzed chemoport insertion procedures to evaluate infectious morbidity and factors causing infection. This single-center retrospective study included 1690 cases of chemoport implantation between January 2017 and December 2020. Overall, chemoports were inserted in 1582 patients. The average duration of chemoport use was 481 days (range 1-1794, median 309). Infections occurred in 80 cases (4.7%), with 0.098 per 1000 catheter-days. Among the 80 cases in which chemoports were removed because of suspected infection, bacteria were identified in 48 (60%). Significantly more cases of left internal jugular vein punctures were noted in the infected group (15 [18.8%] vs. 147 [9.1%]; p = 0.004). Pulmonary embolism was significantly different between the infection groups (3 [3.8%] vs. 19 (1.2%), p = 0.048). The hazard ratio was 2.259 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.288-3.962) for the left internal jugular vein, 3.393 (95% CI 1.069-10.765) for pulmonary embolism, and 0.488 (95% CI 0.244-0.977) for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Using the right internal jugular vein rather than the left internal jugular vein when performing chemoport insertion might reduce subsequent infections.

Tongue patch angioplasty for small-caliber vein segments directly connected to juxta-anastomotic stenosis.

This study introduces a surgical method to increase the size of small vessels in patients with juxta-anastomosis stenosis (JAS) requiring full-length dissection. The small-caliber segment that is adjacent to JAS is usually expanded using balloon angioplasty or surgically resected. After resection, if the cannulation site is sufficient, only the arterial anastomosis is moved proximally; otherwise, it is replaced with a prosthetic graft. Herein, we describe the cases of two 60- and 34-year-old men with left brachio-basilar and left radiocephalic fistulas, respectively. The first and second patients needed transposition and superficialization, respectively, both of which required full-length vessel dissection. Both patients developed JAS with a long, small-caliber segment, leaving no space for arterial needle cannulation. A tongue patch with a graft on the bottom and a native vein on the top was used to resolve the JAS and make the native vein the needle cannulation site. In our cases, this method was effective for more than 2 years without adverse events in the particular surgical area. Although this method had a complicated indication, it could help ensure a sufficiently long area of the native vein for cannulation.

Benefit in physical function and quality of life to nonsurgical treatment of varicose veins: Pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Studies on varicose veins have focused its effects on physical function; however, whether nonsurgical treatments alter muscle oxygenation or physical function remains unclear. Moreover, the differences in such functions between individuals with varicose veins and healthy individuals remain unclear. AIM: To investigate changes in physical function and the quality of life (QOL) following nonsurgical treatment of patients with varicose veins and determine the changes in their muscle oxygenation during activity. METHODS: We enrolled 37 participants (those with varicose veins, n = 17; healthy individuals, n = 20). We performed the following measurements pre- and post-nonsurgical treatment in the varicose vein patients and healthy individuals: Calf muscle oxygenation during the two-minute step test, open eyes one-leg stance, 30 s sit-to-stand test, visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, Pittsburgh sleep quality index, physical activity assessment, and QOL assessment. RESULTS: Varicose veins patients and healthy individuals differ in most variables (physical function, sleep quality, and QOL). Varicose veins patients showed significant differences between pre- and post-nonsurgical treatment- results in the 30 sit-to-stand test [14.41 (2.45) to 16.35 (4.11), P = 0.018), two-minute step test [162.29 (25.98) to 170.65 (23.80), P = 0.037], VAS for pain [5.35 (1.90) to 3.88 (1.73), P = 0.004], and QOL [39.34 (19.98) to 26.69 (17.02), P = 0.005]; however, no significant difference was observed for muscle oxygenation. CONCLUSION: Nonsurgical treatment improved lower extremity function and QOL in varicose veins patients, bringing their condition close to that of healthy individuals. Future studies should include patients with severe varicose veins requiring surgery to confirm our findings.

Venous adventitial cystic disease is a very rare disease that can cause deep vein thrombosis: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Venous adventitial cystic disease (VACD) is a rare disease characterized by cysts, filled with a gelatinous mucous substance similar to joint fluid, in the adventitia of blood vessels adjacent to the joints. It is often misdiagnosed as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), femoral varices, venous tumors, or lymphadenopathy. CASE SUMMARY: A 69-year-old woman visited our hospital with a complaint of swelling in the right lower extremity. The patient was diagnosed with DVT and prescribed apixaban at an outpatient clinic. After 3 wk, the patient was hospitalized again because of sudden swelling in the right lower extremity. We diagnosed VACD and performed surgery for cyst removal as well as patch angioplasty and thrombectomy of the right common femoral vein. The patient received anticoagulants for 6 mo and has been doing well without recurrence for 1 year postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Recurrent VACD requires complete removal of the connections to the joint cavity to prevent recurrence.

Early Diagnosis and Intervention Are Needed for a Reasonable Prognosis of Thromboangiitis Obliterans.

Background: Thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) poses a higher risk of amputation than atherosclerosis obliterans. It is characterized by onset at a relatively young age. There are currently no clear treatment guidelines for TAO other than smoking cessation. In this study, we aimed to identify factors that could influence a favorable prognosis of TAO. Methods: From January 2009 to December 2019, we retrospectively reviewed the initial symptoms, characteristics, treatments, and disease course of 37 patients (45 limbs) with TAO. Logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate factors affecting the course of symptoms that persisted or worsened despite treatment. Results: Patients' mean age was 37.2±11.4 years, and all patients were men. The mortality rate was 0% during the follow-up period (76.9±51.1 months). All patients were smokers at the time of diagnosis, and 19 patients (51.4%) successfully quit smoking during treatment. When comparing the Rutherford categories before and after treatment, 23 limbs (51.1%) showed improvement, the category was maintained in 11 limbs (24.4%), and 11 limbs (24.4%) worsened. Symptom persistence or exacerbation despite treatment was associated with a higher initial Rutherford category (odds ratio [OR], 1.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-2.42; p=0.03) and a higher score of the involved below-knee artery at the time of diagnosis (OR, 2.26; 95% CI, 1.10-4.67; p=0.03). Conclusion: The degree of disease progression at the time of diagnosis significantly affected patients' prognosis. Therefore, early diagnosis and intervention are important to improve the course of TAO.

Comparison between Kissing Stents and Direct Surgical Bypass for Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease.

Background: The optimal management strategy for aortoiliac occlusive disease (AIOD) remains debatable. This study compared early and late outcomes between direct surgical bypass and kissing stents for AIOD treatment. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed data, including age, sex, risk factors, comorbidities, symptoms, TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) II classification, operation time, perioperative complications, in-hospital mortality, and length of hospital stay, from a cohort of 46 patients treated for AIOD (24 with kissing stents and 22 with direct surgical bypass) at Pusan National University Hostpital from January 2007 to December 2016. The primary, assisted primary, and secondary patency rates in both groups were compared. Results: The hospital stay (direct surgical bypass vs. kissing stents: 16.36±5.19 days vs. 9.08±10.88 days, p=0.007) and operation time (direct surgical bypass vs. kissing stents: 316.09±141.78 minutes vs. 99.54±37.95 minutes, p<0.001) were significantly shorter for kissing stents. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the primary, assisted primary, and secondary patency rates in the direct surgical bypass group were 95.5%, 95.5%, and 95.5%, respectively, at 1 year; 86.4%, 86.4%, and 95.5% at 3 years; and 77.3%, 77.3%, and 95.5% at 5 years. The primary, assisted primary, and secondary patency rates in the kissing stent group were 100.0%, 100.0%, and 100.0%, respectively, at 1 year; 95.8%, 95.8%, and 100.0% at 3 years; and 95.8%, 95.8%, and 100.0% at 5 years. Conclusion: Except for special cases wherein endovascular revascularization is difficult, kissing stents are more advantageous for TASC II C and D lesions.

Overlapping stent insertion for a treatment-resistant seroma after arteriovenous fistulation using prosthetic grafts.

An arteriovenous fistula was required for permanent vascular access in a patient undergoing hemodialysis due to progressive chronic kidney disease associated with short bowel syndrome. In the present report, we discuss the case of a patient who underwent arteriovenous grafting because there was no proper native vein as a route, following which a seroma developed near the arterial anastomosis. Despite several surgical treatments, seroma not only recurred but also affected dialysis by compressing the graft. A stent was inserted into the graft to withstand the pressure from the seroma, and because one stent could not withstand the pressure, the stent overlapped where it received the most compression. Since then, the patency of graft has been well maintained for more than 2 years. Increasing the radial force of overlapping stents would be an alternative plan to help solve the problematic repeated compressible seroma despite multiple surgical treatments.

Optimal Sizing of Aortic Stent Graft for Blunt Thoracic Aortic Injury Considering Hypotension-Related Decrease in Aortic Diameter.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the optimal sizing of an aortic stent graft in patients with blunt thoracic aortic injury (BTAI), considering the decrease in diameter in hypovolemic status. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2014 to 2020, 25 patients who underwent thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) for BTAI were included. Hemodynamic parameters in the emergency room (ER) and just before the main procedure (MP) were collected. The aortic sizes were measured during initial computed tomography (CT) on arrival in the ER, aortography (AG) during TEVAR, and final CT in the outpatient clinic. The appropriateness of the inserted stent graft size was investigated. RESULTS: The mean values of the final CT/initial CT and final CT/initial AG (proximal descending thoracic aorta [pDTA]) were 113% and 105%, respectively. The final CT/initial CT (pDTA; 122.2% vs 108.8%, p=0.01) and final CT/initial AG (pDTA; 113.4% vs 102.1%, p<0.01) were significantly higher in patients with systolic blood pressure (SBP; MP) ≤90 mm Hg. The final CT/initial CT (pDTA; 120.4% vs 109.0%, p=0.03) and final CT/initial AG (pDTA; 111.4% vs 102.6%, p=0.01) were significantly higher in patients with mean blood pressure (MBP; MP) ≤70 mm Hg. On an average, the inserted stent grafts were oversized by 130% on initial AG. Based on the final CT scan, the inserted stent graft was as large as 122%. CONCLUSION: In the case of hemodynamic instability with SBP (MP) ≤90 mm Hg or MBP (MP) ≤70 mm Hg, despite adequate resuscitation, an oversized TEVAR stent graft of 130% can reduce the occurrence of endoleak and is sufficiently safe. CLINICAL IMPACT: Despite sufficient resuscitation, the aorta size measured during TEVAR in patients with hemodynamic instability with systolic BP <90 mmHg and mean BP <70 mmHg may be reduced by more than 15% compared to that in the normal state. In this study, the mean size of the stent grafts were oversized by 130% on initial aortography, but were oversized by 122% based on final CT. When the stent graft was oversized by 130% in TEVAR for hemodynamic unstable patient with BTAI, the patient reached the proper oversizing subsequent to hemodynamic recovery.

Volume preservation of a shattered kidney after blunt trauma by superselective renal artery embolization.

PURPOSE We examined whether superselective embolization of the renal artery could be effectively employed to preserve traumatic kidneys and assessed its clinical outcomes. METHODS Between December 2015 and November 2019, 26 patients who had American Association for the Surgery of Trauma grade V traumatic shattered kidneys were identified. Among them, a retrospective review was conducted of 16 patients who underwent superselective renal artery embolization for shattered kidney. The mean age was 41.2 ± 15.7 years, and the mean follow-up duration was 138.2 ± 140.1 days. Patient data including procedure details and clinical outcomes were reviewed, and the preserved volume of kidney parenchyma was calculated. RESULTS Bleeding control was achieved in 13 (81%) patients and kidney preservation was achieved in 11 (79%). There was no mortality, and the median intensive care unit stay was 1.5 days. The mean volume of remnant kidney was 122.3 ± 66.0 cm3 (70%) on the last follow-up computed tomography. The estimated glomerular filtration rate was not significantly changed after superselective renal artery embolization. CONCLUSION Superselective renal artery embolization using a microcatheter for the shattered kidney effectively controlled hemorrhage in acute stage trauma and enabled kidney preservation.

Skin perfusion pressure for predicting access-related hand ischemia following arteriovenous fistula surgery based on the brachial artery.

BACKGROUND: Access-related hand ischemia (ARHI) is a major complication of arteriovenous fistula (AVF). This study aimed to assess the predictive efficacy of skin perfusion pressure (SPP) measurement for ARHI by examining the relationship between SPP and ARHI development and progression after AVF surgery. METHODS: Twenty-five patients (16 men and 9 women) who underwent AVF surgery based on the brachial artery between January 2018 and December 2018 were included. The pre- and postoperative SPP values were measured on the day of surgery. ARHI occurrence and severity were measured within 3 days and at 6 months after surgery. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to evaluate the prediction model of ARHI, and the cutoff points for the calculated coefficients were determined. RESULTS: There was a significant correlation between the occurrence of immediate ARHI and the SPP gradient (p = 0.024). An SPP gradient value >50 mmHg had sensitivity and specificity values of 53.85% and 91.67%, respectively, in predicting the occurrence of immediate ARHI. A postoperative SPP <48 mmHg was significantly correlated with the occurrence of 6-month ARHI (p = 0.005), with sensitivity and specificity values of 71.43% and 83.33%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The SPP gradient and postoperative SPP values may be effective clinical predictors of ARHI occurring immediately and 6 months after surgery, respectively, with high specificity. These findings could allow clinicians to diagnose and begin early interventions to help prevent ischemic tissue damage in hemodialysis patients following AVF surgery.

Analysis of access flow using duplex ultrasonography and the ultrasound dilutional method.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between duplex ultrasonography (DUS) and ultrasound dilution (UD) measurement's results and determine the factors affecting the correlation of the measured values among other clinical factors in patients. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2020 to May 2020 and included 60 patients who visited our dialysis centre. The flow of the fistula was measured in the proximal brachial artery using DUS. While dialysis was performed on the same day, the access flow was measured using the UD method. The correlation and agreement between the access flows acquired by each measurement method were analysed. Similarly, the correlation was analysed by classifying the groups based on the predisposing factor, and statistically significant factors were observed through comparison. RESULTS: Both measurements showed a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.60, p < 0.01). The bias (mean of UD-DUS) between the two measurements was about 230 mL/min. When the measurement site of DUS was near the inflow artery and in the same anatomical section, a strong correlation with the measurement value of UD was observed (brachial based fistula: r = 0.85, radial based fistula: r = 0.87). Similarly, for patients without diabetes and those who regularly underwent access surveillance for the dialysis route, strong correlations were observed between the two measurements (r = 0.79 and r = 0.88). CONCLUSIONS: Several factors can influence the correlation between UD and DUS. The findings showed a high correlation for DUS measurement sites within the same anatomical section as the inflow artery, patients without diabetes, and patients undergoing periodic surveillance.

Failure to preserve the internal iliac artery during abdominal aortic aneurysm repair is associated with mortality and ischemic complications.

OBJECTIVE: Open or endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) can involve sacrifice of the internal iliac artery (IIA). In the present study, we investigated the effect of IIA exclusion on ischemic complications and overall mortality. METHODS: The data from 326 patients who had undergone elective open surgical or endovascular treatment of a nonruptured AAA from January 2010 to December 2019 in a tertiary hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Ischemic complications included buttock claudication, spinal ischemia (including paraparesis), ischemic colitis, lower limb paresthesia, and skin necrosis. Their duration and mortality during the study period were investigated. RESULTS: Nearly 50% of patients (148; 45.4%) had undergone endovascular aortic aneurysm repair and 178 (54.6%) had undergone open surgery. The median patient age was 78 years (range, 31-94 years). The median follow-up period was 1140 days (range, 0-4757 days). Of the 326 patients, 50 (15.3%) had died during follow-up. The bilateral IIAs were preserved in 187 patients (57.4%), a single IIA in 86 patients (26.4%), and no IIA in 53 patients (16.3%). Ischemic complications occurred in 57 patients (17.5%). Multivariable analysis revealed failure to preserve the bilateral IIAs (hazard ratio [HR], 8.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.31-17.36; P < .01), management of the IIA (HR, 3.05, 95% CI, 2.17-4.28; P < .01), and hyperlipidemia (HR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.04-4.17; P = .04) affected the occurrence of ischemic complications. Furthermore, univariable analysis revealed that patients had experienced more ischemic complications when a single IIA (HR, 6.97; 95% CI, 3.74-13.02; P < .01) or none of the IIAs had been preserved (HR, 8.88; 95% CI, 4.12-19.16; P < .01) than when both IIAs were preserved. Moreover, multivariable analysis revealed that stage 5 chronic kidney disease (HR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.09-6.14; P = .03), age >75 years (HR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.12-5.49; P = .03), cerebrovascular accident (HR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.00-3.78; P = .05), and failure to preserve the bilateral IIAs (HR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.02-3.46; P = .04) were associated with higher mortality after AAA repair. CONCLUSIONS: IIA exclusion is a risk factor for ischemic complications and overall mortality. Thus, preservation of the IIA as much as possible during AAA repair is recommended.

Evaluation of Zone 2 Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair Performed with and without Prophylactic Embolization of the Left Subclavian Artery in Patients with Traumatic Aortic Injury.

OBJECTIVE: To report the authors' experience in performing thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) for zone 2 lesions after traumatic aortic injury (TAI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective review included 10 patients who underwent zone 2 TEVAR after identification of aortic isthmus injury by CT angiography (CTA) upon arrival at the emergency room of a regional trauma center from 2016 to 2019. Patients were classified into two groups: those who underwent left subclavian artery (LSA) embolization concurrently with the main TEVAR procedure, and those in whom LSA embolization was not performed during the main procedure, but was planned as a bailout treatment if type II endoleak was noted on follow-up CTA images. Pre-procedural and procedure-related factors and post-procedure prognosis were compared between the groups. RESULTS: There were no differences in pre-procedural factors, occurrence of endoleaks, and post-procedure prognosis (including mortality) between patients in the two groups. The duration of the procedure was shorter in the non-LSA embolization group (61 minutes vs. 27 minutes, p = 0.012). During follow-up, type II endoleak did not occur in either group. CONCLUSION: Delaying preventative LSA embolization until stabilization of the patient would be desirable when performing zone 2 TEVAR for TAI, in the absence of endoleak on the completion aortography image taken after complete deployment of the stent graft.

Traumatic Hemothorax Caused by Thoracic Wall and Intrathoracic Injuries: Clinical Outcomes of Transcatheter Systemic Artery Embolization.

Purpose: We aimed to assess the clinical efficacy of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) for treating hemothorax caused by chest trauma. Materials and Methods: Between 2015 and 2019, 68 patients (56 male; mean age, 58.2 years) were transferred to our interventional unit for selective TAE to treat thoracic bleeding. We retrospectively investigated their demographics, angiographic findings, embolization techniques, technical and clinical success rates, and complications. Results: Bleeding occurred mostly from the intercostal arteries (50%) and the internal mammary arteries (29.5%). Except one patient, TAE achieved technical success, defined as the immediate cessation of bleeding, in all the other patients. Four patients successfully underwent repeated TAE for delayed bleeding or increasing hematoma after the initial TAE. The clinical success rate, defined as no need for thoracotomy for hemostasis after TAE, was 92.6%. Five patients underwent post-embolization thoracotomy for hemostasis. No patient developed major TAE-related complications, such as cerebral infarction or quadriplegia. Conclusion: TAE is a safe, effective and minimally invasive method for controlling thoracic wall and intrathoracic systemic arterial hemorrhage after thoracic trauma. TAE may be considered for patients with hemothorax without other concomitant injuries which require emergency surgery, or those who undergoing emergency TAE for abdominal or pelvic hemostasis.