[Actual liquid consumption by highly qualified athletes in the mode of the training process].

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the actual intake of fluids by athletes of various sports during the day with one and two training sessions before, during and after workout. The dietary intake, including consumption of various types of liquid foods and beverages, was evaluated by the method of 24-hour recall in 280 athletes of high qualification (candidates for masters and masters of sports) of both gender of various sports during the training period. It has been established that the main drink of rehydration was drinking bottled water. Bottled water was consumed on average by 86% of athletes. It was consumed by 95-96% of sportsmen from the group of single combats and power kinds, whereas in other groups the share of water consumers was less - 67-79%. In second place in terms of percentage of consuming was tea. Consumption of sports drinks was observed only during training by athletes from the group of cyclic sports (31%) and single combat (11%). Calculating the per capita fluid intake of athletes who had 2 workouts a day showed that athletes from the martial arts group consumed the largest volumes of fluid in the mode of both training sessions as compared to representatives of other sports. Athletes of other sports consumed on average less liquid in the 2nd training mode compared to the 1st one. The total fluid intake during two training sessions was maximum in the group of martial arts and was minimum in the group of complex coordination sports. It should be specially noted a small proportion of athletes who consumed specialized sports drinks - only 17% of athletes and more than half of them - cyclical sportsmen. Consumption of liquid food outside training has been observed in 76% of athletes. The mean volume of consumed liquid products varied by the user from 382 and 437 ml in complex coordination and game sports up to 504-553 ml in other sports. The daily fluid intake was maximum (2326 ml) in athletes engaged in martial arts, minimum (1009 ml) - in athletes of complex coordination sports.

[Soups in human nutrition].

The article gives information about the soups traditionally used by the population of Russia. A classification of soups, their nutrients and energy content, as well as the contribution of soups to daily nutrient consumption of the population are presented. Taking into account results of epidemiological researches of dietary the most popular types of first lunch dishes (soups) in the population of Russia were found out.

[Energy requirements in adolescents playing basketball in Russian Olympic reserve team]. / Potrebnost' v energii basketbolistov-podrostkov iz komandy olimpiiskogo rezerva Rossii.

The energy expenditure and requirements and dietary intake were studied in basketball players aged 14-16 years during 3 week-training period. The subjects of study were 14 boys and 18 girls as of the members of reserve of Russian Olympic basketball team. The dietary intake was estimated by dietary record of all food consumed within 24 hours last 7 days of training period. The energy expenditure was estimated by registration of time on different physical activity of team and multiplication on physical activity coefficient. The decrease of body mass and body mass index were observed in boys with height 195 cm and more to the end of training period. These tall boys did not consume enough food to satisfy the estimated energy requirement. It is estimated that energy need of tall basketball players is no less then 5000 kcal for boys and 3100 kcal for girls.

[Development of a method of studying actual nutrition according to analysis of the frequency of consumption of food products: creation of a questionnaire and general evaluation of the reliability of the method]. / Razrabotka metoda issledovaniia fakticheskogo pitaniia po analizu chastoty potrebleniia pishchevykh produktov: sozdanie voprosnika i obshchaia otsenka dostovernosti metoda.

The method of actual feeding evaluation on frequency of food-stuffs consumption was developed. The method of 24-hour reproduction of a feed and the method of consumed food registration in a diary by testing person himself. The main results of study testified to reliability of data, received by a developed method.

[Monitoring food consumption and nutritional status of Moscow schoolchildren in 1992-1994. 2. Anthropometric evaluation of nutritional status, effect of social factors on the character and status of nutrition]. / Monitoring potrebleniia pishchi i sostoianiia pitaniia detei-shkol'nikov Moskvy v 1992-1994 gg.

In this part of the study the nutritional status of Moscow's schoolchildren was assessed by height and weight. The anthropometric data were compared with the CDC/WHO international growth references standards by ANTHRO version 1.01 software. The prevalence of low weight-for-age (Z-score < -2) was more frequent in boys of 15 years of age. Low height-for-age was more prevalent in the group of boys of 15 and girls of 10 years of age. In the period under study there was a slight decrease in height and weight of schoolchildren, but this was within the limits of expected normal variation. A few selected socio-economic variables such as parental education, family size, participation in organized sports and use of school breakfast/lunch options were included. The size of the family or whether it is a one- or two-parent household does not seem to influence energy or nutrient intake, nor are the anthropometric variables significantly affected. The more size of family and the lower the father's education than lower the children's total fat intake and intake of energy from fat.

[Monitoring of dietary intake and nutritional status of Moscow's school children, 1992-1994. 1. Methodology of the study. Energy and nutrient intakes]. / Monitoring potrebleniia pishchi i sostoianiia pitaniia detei-shkol'nikov Moskvy v 1992-1994 gg. 1. Metodologiia issledovaniia. Potreblenie énergii i pishchevykh veshchestv.

Surveys of dietary intakes and nutritional status of schoolchildren aged 10 and 15 years in Moscow were made during a period of rapid economic transformation, 1992-1994. It was part of multicentre study of schoolchildren dietary intake evaluation sponsored by WHO/UNICEF. Information on food intake was collected using two 24-hour recall interviews. The design of study was carefully elaborated by international group of nutritional epidemiologists. There was a slight change in food pattern with age, and some differences between boys and girls of 15 years old. Nutrient intakes in the groups studied did not change significantly during the period of study. Protein contributed about 12% and fat 29-32% of the dietary energy, and total energy intake was overall on a satisfactory level. 70% of the subjects had low intake levels of vitamin B2 and calcium compared with the chosen reference values. Milk and dairy products, fruits, juices and vegetables were consumed in small quantities and relatively infrequently. The consumption of bread and bread products, porridge, confectionery, meat and meat products were consumed more frequently and in larger quantities.

[Medico-biological substantiation of producing carbohydrate-rich mixtures for the nutrition of highly-trained sportsmen]. / Mediko-biologicheskoe obosnovanie sozdaniia vysoko-uglevodnykh smesei dlia pitaniia sportsmenov vysokoi kvalifikatsii.

Medico-biological requirements for the chemical composition of specialized products (mixtures) with high content of carbohydrates have been considered. The mixtures are intended for creation of energy reserves and acceleration of restoration processes in persons who were subjected to high physical and neuro-emotional stresses. The chemical composition and fatty-acid content of the high-carbohydrate nutritional mixture are presented.

[The nutrition of cyclists during training exercises and competitions]. / Pitanie velosipedistov v period trenirovochnykh sborov i sorevnovanii.

Actual nutrition of bicyclists engaged in road cycle race was analyzed at different stages of their training (at sport camps) and during contests. The effectiveness of special carbohydrate and protein products on certain parameters of metabolism in the athletes was studied. It was found that such special products favourably affect the parameters of protein, electrolyte metabolism, health state and working capacity of the athletes. In the athletes who received special products a tendency was observed to intensified anabolic processes in nitrogen metabolism, acceleration of redox processes, and stabilization of blood glucose level during intensive physical loads.

[A new type of creamery butter for pediatric and dietetic nutrition]. / Novyi vid slivochnogo masla dlia detskogo i dieticheskogo pitaniia.

The paper presents the data on the chemical composition and the technology of manufacturing a new sort of butter for child's and dietetic nutrition. The butter has high biological value due to the introduction of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUSFA) with vegetable oils and milk-protein ingredients. The milk-protein ingredients also play the role of the butter structure stabilizers. The chemical composition of the new sort of butter, including the vitamin and mineral content, as well as the amino-acid composition of the butter plasma are described. It is shown that the content of PUSFA in the new sort of butter is 10-fold higher than in the routine butter. Various kinds of dessert butter have been developed with different flavoring additives. One of the butter variant has been enriched with bifidobacteria. The new sort of butter is recommended for the dietetic nutrition of children and adults suffering from obesity, as well as for the nutrition of the middle- and old-aged subjects to prevent lipid metabolism disorders.

[Dietary fat emulsions of lowered caloric content]. / Dieticheskie zhirovye émul'sii ponizhennoi kaloriinosti.

The products such as mayonnaise for infant's and dietetic nutrition were supplemented with the most full-value and readily assimilable proteins of milk and plant origin, whereas inhibitors and components (yolk-yellow, soybean oil, etc) not very suitable for dietetic nutrition were excluded. The know how and composition of dietetic pastes with a fatness of 10-50% were those of sauces for cold dishes and desserts with a fatness of 1-10%. These products represent a stable, readily assimilable vegetative oil emulsion. They are manufactured according to a simplified (comparatively to the conventional) flow-sheet that involves two parallel processes: preparation of a vegetative oil emulsion by means of homogenization at a high pressure and preparation of a concentration aqueous suspension of excipients. Apart from the increased biological value and high quality of fatty products, the know how under consideration enables the butter and fatty industry to produce mayonnaises with a fat content under 35% and to make the best use of reiterative raw material of the milk industry.

[Enzymatic properties of immobilized beta-galactosidase from Curvularia inaequalis]. / Fermentativnye svoistva immobilizovannoi beta-galaktozidazy iz Curvularia inaequalis

beta-Galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) from fungus Curvularia inaequalis was modified by active brilliant orange KH and adsorbed on DEAE-Sephadex A-50. The lactose hydrolysis was studied in a continous flow on the column packed with the immobilized enzyme. The pH and temperatures optima for the substrate hydrolysis by the immobilized enzyme were shown to remain unchanged. A certain destabilizing effect of the matrix on the enzyme resistance to hear denaturation was observed. The activation parameters of denaturation of the native enzyme as well as those of the dye-modified and immobilized preparations were determined.