Aprendiendo sobre anticoagulación con la COVID-19 / Learning about anticoagulation with COVID-19

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A homoleptic chromium(iii) carboxylate.

Structurally characterized chromium(iii) carboxylates form clusters with a variety of bridging groups introduced from aqueous reaction conditions. The first homoleptic monomeric chromium(iii) carboxylate has been prepared using an anhydrous salt metathesis synthetic route. The carboxylate groups coordinate the chromium in a bidentate chelate yielding an aliphatic soluble complex. The complex was characterized by a variety of methods including high energy X-ray diffraction, FD-MS, IR and Raman spectroscopy, complemented by DFT modeling.

Effect of enzymatic pretreatment on the physical quality of plantain (Musa ssp., group AAB) employing airflow reversal drying.

This work aimed to evaluate the effect of enzymatic pretreatment on the color and texture of plantain (Musa ssp., group AAB) dried by airflow reversal drying. Plantain slices 1.0 cm thick were used. Pretreatment with two commercial enzymes, Pectinex Ultra SPL (Aspergillus aculeatus) and Pectinex 3XL (Aspergillus niger), was performed. Drying kinetics were determined with and without pretreatment at temperatures of 50, 65 and 80 °C using a fixed bed convective dryer. An air speed of 6 m/s, a bed height of 5 cm and either unidirectional flow or airflow reversal (every 15 min) were used for drying. Color and texture were analyzed, and consumer acceptance of the results of the best treatments was determined. Pretreatment with the enzyme A. niger and airflow reversal gave the best drying kinetics and showed the greatest reduction in drying time (59.0%) at 80 °C. The best hardness results were found at 80 °C with A. niger enzymatic pretreatment with both types of air flow. Brightness and hue angle showed that samples pretreated with enzymes and dried at 65 °C had a lighter yellow color compared to non-pretreated samples. Plantain samples enzymatically pretreated and dried at 65 and 80 °C were the most accepted by consumers. This kind of enzymatic pretreatment on plantain could allow the conservation of some physical properties and reduction of drying times relative to the current methodology.

Características Antropométricas por Posición de Juego en Mujeres Futbolistas Chilenas de la Región de Valparaíso, Chile / Anthropometric Attributes by Playing Position in Chilean Female Football Players From the Valparaiso Region, Chile

Participaron del estudio 76 mujeres futbolistas de la región de Valparaíso, las edades fluctuaron entre los 18 y 30 años. Fueron evaluados los equipos femeninos profesionales de los clubes Everton, Santiago Wanderers y San Luis de Quillota, las selecciones de la universidades de Valparaíso, Técnica Federico Santa María y Universidad Viña del Mar. Las posiciones de juego fueron distribuidas en arqueras (n= 8), defensas (n= 25), volantes (n= 24) y delanteras (n= 18). Para la evaluación de la composición corporal se utilizó el protocolo establecido por la International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. Para determinar el somatotipo de las futbolistas fue utilizado el modelo de Heath & Carter. Se fraccionó el peso corporal total a través del método pentacompartimental diseñado por Kerr. Los resultados demuestran un somatotipo promedio mesomorfo endomorfo, la distribución por equipos evidencia diferencias significativas en el mesomorfismo entre los equipos Everton y Universidad Viña del Mar (p<0,014). Entre las posiciones arquera y delantera existieron diferencias significativas en las variables peso (p<0,030) y endomorfia (p<0,050). No existieron diferencias en el porcentaje de tejido adiposo, tejido muscular, sumatoria de pliegues y estatura por posición de juego. En lo que respecta a la distribución por posición de juego, se evidencia un somatotipo meso endomorfo en las posiciones arquera y defensa, en las posiciones volantes y delanteras se aprecia un somatotipo mesomorfo endomorfo, esto demuestra una diferenciación del somatotipo entre posiciones de juego defensivas y ofensivas encontrando un mayor predominio de la endomorfia en las posiciones defensivas en comparación con las de ataque. Según el método SANOVA se concluye que las futbolistas evaluadas en este estudio presentaron características antropométricas similares, no habiendo diferencias significativas entre equipos universitarios y profesionales, ni por posición de juego.

Seventy-six female football players from the Valparaiso Region. Players´ age fluctuated between 18 and 30 years participated in this research. Female professional teams from Everton, Santiago Wanderers and San Luis de Quillota clubs, as well as the teams from Federico Santa María Technical University and Viña del Mar University were evaluated. Playing positions were: goalkeepers (n= 8), defenders (n= 25), attacking midfielders (n= 24) and strikers (n= 18). To measure body composition the protocol established by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry was used, according to the restricted profile described by Drinkwater and Norton & Olds. The Heath and Carter method was used to determine the somatotype of the female football players. Total body mass was divided using Kerr´s Five-Way Fractionation method. Results show an average somatotype of mesomorph and endomorph. In the distribution by teams, the results showed significant differences of mesomorph between the Everton Club and the Viña del Mar University (p<0.014). Between the goalkeepers and the strikers there were significant differences regarding weight (p<0.030) and endomorph (p<0.050). No differences in the percentage of adipose tissue, muscle tissue, the sum of folds and height in relation to playing position were found. Regarding the distribution by playing position, the results showed a meso-endomorph somatotype for the goalkeepers and defenders, and a mesomorph endomorph somatotype for the attacking midfielders and strikers. This reveals a differentiation of somatotypes between offensive and defensive playing positions, finding a higher prevalence of the endomorph somatotype in defensive playing positions compared to the attack positions. Using the SANOVA method, the study concludes that the anthropometric attributes of the female football players evaluated are similar, with no significant differences between university teams and professional teams or by playing position.

Anthropometric characteristics of top-class Brazilian jiu jitsu athletes: role of fighting style / Características antropométricas en atletas de jiu jitsu brasilero de alto nivel: rol del estilo de lucha

Human performance efficiency and effectiveness in different sports depend to a large extent on the size, weight and proportion of the physique of the athlete. The aim of this study was to identify morphological characteristics of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) athletes. The sample consisted of 25 highly trained male athletes who were classified according to their fighting style; guard fighter (GF) vs. pass fighter (PF). The athletes were assessed for somatotype, body composition and proportionality. For the whole group of athletes the somatotype was 2.23±0.68, 6.33±1.14, and 1.75±0.87 for endomorph, mesomorph and ectomorph components, respectively. Muscle and adipose tissue percentages were 52.34±2.15% and 19.30±2.51%, respectively. PF were significantly more mesomorph (p< 0.05) and less ectomorph (p< 0.05) than GF. Also, PF had significantly higher phantom Z score for bone mass vs. GF (0.51±0.57 vs. 0.01±0.54; p<0.05), and significantly lower muscle mass- bone mass ratio (4.55±0.31 vs. 4.77±0.56; p<0.05), height (1.71±0.06 vs. 1.77±0.07; p<0.05) and height weight ratio (40.58±1.11 vs. 41.84±1.22). Our results show that morphological characteristics are related to different fighting styles in BJJ athletes.

La eficiencia y efectividad del rendimiento humano en diferentes deportes depende en gran medida del tamaño, peso y proporción del físico del atleta. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las características morfológicas de atletas jiu-jitsu brasileros. La muestra consintió de 25 atletas varones altamente entrenados, quienes fueron clasificados de acuerdo a su estilo de lucha; guarderos (GF) vs pasadores (PF). Se evaluó en los atletas somatotipo, composición corporal y proporcionalidad. Para el grupo total de atletas el somatotipo fue 2,23±0,68, 6,33±1,14 y 1,75±0,78 para el endomorfismo, mesomorfismo y ectomorfismo, respectivamente. Los porcentajes de tejido muscular y adiposo fueron 52,34±2,15% and 19,30±2,51%, respectivamente. PF fueron significativamente las mesomorfos (p<0,05) y menos ectomorfos (p<0,05) que GF. Además PF tuvieron una significativamente alto Z score para la masa ósea (4,55±0,31 vs. 4,77±0,56; p<0,05), estatura (1,71±0,06 vs. 1,77±0,07; p<0,05) y relación altura peso (40,58±1.11 vs. 41,84±1.22). Nuestros resultados muestran que las características morfológicas están relacionadas a diferentes estilos de lucha en atletas de BJJ.

Perfil somatotípico del futbolista profesional chileno / Somatotype profile of professional male soccer Chilean players

El presente estudio pretende describir el somatotipo del futbolista profesional chileno, así como determinar la variabilidad existente en el somatotipo por posición de juego. Cien jugadores profesionales varones (edad 23±4,4 años), participantes del campeonato nacional de fútbol chileno fueron incluidos en el estudio. Se realizó la medición de 10 variables antropométricas según las normas de la International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). Se calcularon los 3 componentes del somatotipo de Heath-Carter por cada posición de juego. El somatotipo grupal de la muestra estudiada presentó una clasificación de mesomorfo­balanceado (2,25-5,32-2,26), siendo los defensas los con mayor predominio de este componente. La posición con menor dispersión en su somatotipo son defensas y arqueros, mientras que volantes y delanteros presentan mayor variabilidad. En conclusión, a pesar de existir un somatotipo en común, las diferencias en las varianzas entre posiciones de juego entregan información sobre la relevancia de la optimización morfológica en una posición específica de juego.

The aim of this study was to describe the somatotype of Chilean professional soccer players, and to determine the variability in the somatotype by playing position. One hundred professional male players (age 23±4.4) participants in the Chilean national soccer championship were included in the study. We performed the measurement of 10 anthropometric variables according to the rules of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). We calculated the 3 components of the Heath-Carter somatotype for each playing position. The somatotype of the sample group presents a balanced mesomorph classification (2.25-5.32-2.26),especially among defenders. The positions with less dispersion in their somatotype were the defenses and goalkeepers, while the flyers and forwards show more variability. In conclusion, although there is a common somatotype, differences in the variances between playing positions provide information about the relevance of morphological optimization in a playing position.

Infección de región parotídea por Mycobacterium abscessus / Mycobacterium abscessus infection of the parotid region

Mycobacterium abscessus es una de las micobacterias de crecimiento rápido asociadas a infecciones localizadas de heridas post traumáticas y quirúrgicas, infecciones crónicas pulmonares e infecciones cutáneas diseminadas en pacientes inmunosuprimidos. Raramente han sido descritos infecciones en región parotídea por micobacterias de crecimiento rápido. Aquí se reporta el caso de una infección en lóbulo superficial de la glándula parótida de pacientesin compromiso inmune, sin cirugías previas ni traumas aparentes, causado por Mycobacterium abscessus. Estas micobacterias deben ser consideradas en el momento de realizar el diagnóstico tanto clínico como laboratorial, ya que son bacterias emergentes y pueden presentarse de manera inusual, de modo a no demorar el diagnóstico del agente etiológico, debido a que requieren prolongada antibioticoterapia y son bastante resistentes a los antibióticos, especialmente el M. abscessus, que es una de las más resistentes

Mycobacterium abscessus is one of the fast-growing mycobacteria associated to localized infections of post-traumatic injuries, surgical wounds, pulmonary chronic infections and disseminated cutaneous infections in immunosupressed patients. Fast-growing mycobacteria infections of the parotid region have been rarely described. We report the case of a Mycobacterium abscessus infection of the superficial lobe of the parotid gland without immune compromise, previous surgeries or apparent trauma. Thesemycobacteria should be considered at the time of clinical and laboratory diagnosis, as they are emerging bacteria and could present in an unusual manner, in order not to delay the diagnosis of the etiological agent because they require long antibiotic therapy and are pretty resistant to antibiotics specially M. abscessus which is one of the most resistant

Infección de región parotídea por Mycobacterium abscessus / Mycobacterium abscessus infection of the parotid region

Mycobacterium abscessus es una de las micobacterias de crecimiento rápido asociadas a infecciones localizadas de heridas post traumáticas y quirúrgicas, infecciones crónicas pulmonares e infecciones cutáneas diseminadas en pacientes inmunosuprimidos.Raramente han sido descritos infecciones en región parotídea por micobacterias de crecimiento rápido. Aquí se reporta el caso de una infección en lóbulo superficial de la glándula parótida de paciente sin compromiso inmune, sin cirugías previas ni traumasaparentes, causado por Mycobacterium abscessus. Estas micobacterias deben ser consideradas en el momento de realizar el diagnóstico tanto clínico como laboratorial, ya que son bacterias emergentes y pueden presentarse de manera inusual, de modo a nodemorar el diagnóstico del agente etiológico, debido a que requieren prolongada antibioticoterapia y son bastante resistentes a los antibióticos, especialmente el M. abscessus, que es una de las más resistentes.

Mycobacterium abscessus is one of the fast-growing mycobacteria associated to localized infections of post-traumatic injuries, surgical wounds, pulmonary chronic infections and disseminated cutaneous infections in immunosupressed patients. Fast-growing mycobacteria infections of the parotid region have been rarely described. We report the case of a Mycobacterium abscessus infection of the superficial lobe of the parotid gland without immune compromise, previous surgeries or apparent trauma. These mycobacteria should be considered at the time of clinical and laboratory diagnosis, as they are emerging bacteria and could present in an unusual manner, in order not to delaythe diagnosis of the etiological agent because they require long antibiotic therapy and are pretty resistant to antibiotics specially M. abscessus which is one of the most resistant.

Ductus venosus blood flow velocity waveforms as a predictor for fetal outcome in isolated congenital heart disease.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether pulsatility of ductus venosus (DV) flow velocity waveforms is of diagnostic value in predicting survival in fetuses with congenital heart disease (CHD). METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, Doppler investigation of DV and umbilical artery blood flow was performed in 58 fetuses with isolated structural CHD, without other sonographically detectable structural or chromosomal abnormalities or tachyarrhythmia. The pulsatility index for veins of DV (DV-PIV) waveforms was expressed as multiples of the 95th centile (Mo95th) of the reference ranges for gestational age. The PIV was related to intrauterine and neonatal mortality within the first 6 months of life. Terminations of pregnancies and neonates with additional abnormalities detected after birth were excluded from statistical analysis. For statistical analysis, the different types of heart defects were separated into atrial and/or ventricular (AV) septal defects, right or left ventricular in- and outflow tract abnormalities and others. RESULTS: After exclusion of 9 pregnancies (2 cases with failure of measurements of DV-PIV, 2 neonates with additional malformations, and 5 terminations of pregnancies), 49 cases were available for statistical analysis. The umbilical artery pulsatility index was within normal ranges in all but 1 case with AV canal and hydrops. In 7 pregnancies intrauterine fetal deaths occurred and 6 of them were hydropic. The median gestational age at birth for liveborn neonates was 39.0 weeks (range 27.8-41). There were 6 postnatal deaths, all but 1 within 28 days of delivery. The remaining fetuses survived for at least 6 months. The overall mortality rate was 27% (13/49). The DV-PIV was significantly higher in non-survivors than in survivors (median of Mo95th and interquartile ranges 1.48 (1.04-1.95) vs. 0.81 (0.70-1.15); p = 0.01). Analysis of subgroups showed significant differences for AV septal defects and abnormalities affecting predominantly the right ventricle (p = 0.046 and 0.043, respectively). Ten out of 13 non-survivors showed an abnormal DV-PIV (sensitivity 77%) as compared to 12 out of 36 survivors (specificity 67%). All hydropic fetuses (n = 6) showed an abnormal DV-PIV and ended in intrauterine deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluation of the DV pulsatility is a useful additional variable for predicting the risk for mortality in fetuses with isolated structural CHD, in particular in fetuses with defects of the AV septum and with defects affecting predominantly right ventricular function. As there is no fetal hydrops without abnormal DV, this is another sign for the association of DV and cardiac failure.

[Fetal nephro-/uropathy: a retrospective analysis of 124 cases seen in the period from 1996 to 2002]. / Fetale Nephro-/Uropathien: Retrospektive Analyse von 124 Fällen, erfasst im Zeitraum von 1996 bis 2002.

BACKGROUND: The embryological development of the kidneys and the urinary tract follows a complex choreography. Disorders are quite common. The incidence of disorders amounts to 0.3 - 0.8 % of live-born infants. In addition, several chromosomal anomalies are combined with renal malformations. The poor prognosis of some of these diseases is reflected in a perinatal mortality of 6.3 %. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospectively 124 cases with fetal nephro-/uropathy detected by prenatal ultrasonography between 1996 and 2002 were analyzed. Features of hypo-dysplastic kidneys (uni- or bilateral) were seen in 21 cases. Multicystic kidney disease (uni- or bilateral) existed in 40 fetuses. In some cases of multicystic or dysplastic kidney diseases, extrarenal malformations were combined. 21 fetuses suffered from autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease. 18 male unborns showed the typical picture of intravesical obstruction due to posterior uretheral valves. The prune belly syndrome was seen 4 times. Hydronephrotic kidneys with more than 5 mm pelvic dilatation were detected in 13 cases. Renal agenesis led to a lethal outcome perinatally in 5 cases. One child died of bilateral thrombosis of renal artery and venous system. RESULTS: The high incidence of diseases with a poor prognosis accounts for the high mortality of 50.8 % (intrauterine or postnatal death, induced abortion). Such a fatal outcome was observed in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease, bilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney disease, bilateral renal dysplasia combined with severe extrarenal malformations, intravesical obstruction, renal agenesis and bilateral thrombosis of the renal vessels. Only 60 children survived. Of these 26 needed urological surgery. 15 suffered from progressive renal insufficiency. During a follow-up of 8 - 58 months only 44 exhibited a normal renal function. CONCLUSIONS: Such complex renal and urological diseases in the fetus require an interdisciplinary management of the pregnancy.

Trauma and grief 2-7 years after termination of pregnancy because of fetal anomalies--a pilot study.

The aim of the study was to obtain information on the long-term posttraumatic stress response and grief several years after termination of pregnancy due to fetal malformation. We investigated 83 women who had undergone termination of pregnancy between 1995 and 1999 and compared them with 60 women 14 days after termination of pregnancy and 65 women after the spontaneous delivery of a full-term healthy child. Women 2-7 years after termination of pregnancy were expected to show a significantly lower degree of traumatic experience and grief than women 14 days after termination of pregnancy. Contrary to the hypothesis, however, the results showed no significant intergroup differences with respect to the degree of traumatic experience. With the exception of one subscale (fear of loss), this also applied to the grief reported by the women. However, both groups differed significantly in their posttraumatic stress response from women who had given spontaneous birth to a full-term healthy child. The results indicate that termination of pregnancy is to be seen as an emotionally traumatic major life event which leads to severe posttraumatic stress response and intense grief reactions that are still detectable some years later.

Likelihood of malignancy in breast lesions characterised by ultrasound with a combined diagnostic score.

To determine the positive predictive value of breast ultrasound (US) categories and US features, isolated and in combination, 398 consecutive sonographically diagnosed breast tumours with histologic or cytologic diagnosis were reviewed. Tumour characterisation and the sonographer's diagnoses were recorded prospectively using the diagnostic classification of the European Society of Mastology (EUSOMA) (U2 = probably benign lesion, U3 = an abnormality present of indeterminate significance, U4 = features suspicious of malignancy). In addition, based on the likelihood of malignancy of each US characteristic, a diagnostic score was developed. These two measures were compared. US-guided biopsy revealed 338 benign and 60 (55 invasive and 5 noninvasive) malignant lesions. EUSOMA and diagnostic score classifications did not differ significantly. If all breast tumours classified U3 and U4 were to be tested, every second biopsy (48.3%) would have revealed a carcinoma with a negative predictive value of 99.3%. The frequency of carcinoma in sonographically benign lesions (U2 or score 1) was 0.7 and 2.2%, respectively, an incidence similar to that with mammographic lesions classified as BI-RADS 3 (Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System, probably benign, short interval follow-up suggested). Thus, given that clinical symptoms and real-time imaging influence the sonographer's interpretation, the proposed diagnostic score can improve the diagnostic accuracy of the breast sonogram with the result of reducing invasive testing and maintaining a high detection rate.

Relationship between monitoring parameters and perinatal outcome in severe, early intrauterine growth restriction.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether pathological changes in the umbilical artery (UA), ductus venosus (DV) and short-term fetal heart variation are related to perinatal outcome in severe, early intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). METHODS: This multicenter, prospective, longitudinal, observational study was carried out in the Departments of Fetal Medicine and Obstetrics in Hamburg, Amsterdam, Utrecht and London. In 70 singleton pregnancies with IUGR fetuses, delivered at 26-33 weeks of gestation because of antepartum fetal distress, short-term variation (STV) of fetal heart rate, pulsatility index of the fetal UA (UA PI) and DV pulsatility index for veins (DV PIV) were assessed at least weekly. The final measurement was performed within 24 h of delivery. Standard cut-off levels (2 SD or 3 SD, absent flow or reversed flow) were used and new cut-off levels were calculated by means of receiver-operating characteristics analysis. Adverse outcome was defined as perinatal death, cerebral hemorrhage (> or = Grade II) or bronchopulmonary dysplasia before discharge. The predictive value for adverse outcome was calculated for different cut-off levels of the monitoring parameters, adjusted for gestational age (GA), by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Data were analyzed separately for three different time blocks, namely 8-14, 2-7 and 0-1 days before delivery. RESULTS: Adverse perinatal outcome occurred in 18/70 (26%) infants. During the last 24 h before delivery DV PIV and UA PI were significantly higher and STV lower in the adverse outcome group, while 2-7 days before delivery only DV PIV was significantly higher. Adverse perinatal outcome could be predicted at 0-1 days before delivery by DV PIV at a cut-off of three multiples of the SD (odds ratio (OR) 11.3; 95% CI 2.3-57) and GA (OR 0.4; 95% CI 0.3-0.8), at 2-7 days by DV PIV at 2 SD (OR 3.0; 95% CI 0.8-12) and GA (OR 0.5; 95% CI 0.3-0.8) and at 8-14 days by DV PIV at 2 SD (OR 3.9; 95% CI 0.8-20) and GA (OR 0.5; 95% CI 0.3-0.8). Other parameters did not contribute to the multivariate model. CONCLUSIONS: DV PIV measurement is the best predictor of perinatal outcome. This measurement may be useful in timing the delivery of early IUGR fetuses and in improving perinatal outcome, even when delivery may be indicated at an earlier GA. However, as GA was also an important factor influencing outcome, with poorer outcome at earlier gestation at delivery, this hypothesis needs to be tested in a multicenter, prospective, randomized trial.

Grief after termination of pregnancy due to fetal malformation.

Termination of pregnancy for fetal malformation is a traumatic event which any woman finds hard to withstand and which entails the risk of severe and complicated grieving. This paper presents three cases illustrating the trauma and coping mechanisms. Grieving continued for over 6 months in all cases and included pathological anxiety and depression. We offer advice and counselling to such women.

Perfil dopaminérgico del compuesto 2-aminoindano N-aralquil sustituido / Profile dopaminergic of the compound 2-aminoindane substituted N-araquil

El sistema dopaminergico central está implicado en las diversas etiologías que involucran a patologías neuropsiquiátricas, tales como la enfermedad de Parkinson, la depresión y la esquizofrenia. Son numerosas las drogas dopaminérgicas utilizadas en el tratamiento de esas dolencias, sin embargo estas terapias causan serios efectos adversos. En este contexto, la génesis de nuevos y más eficientes agentes dopaminergicos, representa un vasto campo de investigación. En el presente trabajo se sintetizó el compuesto 3, concebido como un ligando dopaminérgico, y se evaluó el perfil de su acción dopaminérgica mediante administración central del compuesto y la determinanción de parámetros conductuales como el comportameinto estereotipado (roer) y la medición de la respuesta renal en ratas. Los resultados de la evaluación farmacológica muestran que el compuesto 3 bloquea significativamente la estereotipia inducida por apomorfina, e inhibe la diuresis y natriuresis inducida por la administración central de dopamina. Estos hallazgos sugieren que el compuesto 3 se comporta como un antagonista dopaminérgico, frente a la respuesta tanto conductuales como renales

Ethyl N-phenyloxamate.

The oxamate group in the title compound, C(10)H(11)NO(3), is almost coplanar with the phenyl ring because of intramolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions, and the structure can be described as an anilide single bonded to an ethyl carboxylate group. The supramolecular structure is achieved through intermolecular hard N-H...O and soft C-H...X (X = O and phenyl) hydrogen-bonding interactions.

2-Amino-1,3-benzothiazole-ethyl coumarin-3-carboxylate (1/1).

The title adduct, C(7)H(6)N(2)S.C(12)H(10)O(4), is formed via N-H.O and N-H.N hydrogen-bonding interactions, which generate a tetrameric unit with a pseudo-centre of symmetry. The tetramer further packs through parallel-displaced pi-pi stacking interactions along the a direction.

Minimal invasive complete excision of benign breast tumors using a three-dimensional ultrasound-guided mammotome vacuum device.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography in the complete excision of benign breast tumors using ultrasound-guided vacuum-assisted core-needle biopsy (Mammotome). A protocol for the management of benign breast tumors is proposed. METHOD: Twenty consecutive patients with sonographically benign breast lesions underwent 3D ultrasound-guided mammotome biopsy under local anesthesia. The indication for surgical biopsy was a solid lesion with benign characteristics on both two-dimensional (2D) and 3D ultrasound imaging, increasing in size over time or causing pain or irritation. Preoperatively, the size of the lesion was assessed using 2D and 3D volumetry. During vacuum biopsy the needle was visualized sonographically in all three dimensions, including the coronal plane. Excisional biopsy was considered complete when no residual tumor tissue could be seen sonographically. Ultrasonographic follow-up examinations were performed on the following day and 3-6 months later to assess residual tissue and scarring. RESULTS: All lesions were histologically benign. Follow-up examinations revealed complete excision of all lesions of < 1.5 mL in volume as assessed by 3D volumetry. 3D ultrasonographic volume assessment was more accurate than 2D using the ellipsoid formula or assessment of the maximum diameter for the prediction of complete excision of the tumor. No bleeding or infections occurred postoperatively and no scarring was seen ultrasonographically on follow-up examinations. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-guided vacuum-assisted biopsy allows complete excision of benign breast lesions that are