ABSTRACT
Carrot yellows disease has been associated for many years with the Gram-positive, insect-vectored bacteria, 'Candidatus Phytoplasma' and Spiroplasma citri. However, reports in the last decade also link carrot yellows symptoms with a different, Gram-negative, insect-vectored bacterium, 'Ca. Liberibacter solanacearum'. Our study shows that to date 'Ca. L. solanacearum' is tightly associated with carrot yellows symptoms across Israel. The genetic variant found in Israel is most similar to haplotype D, found around the Mediterranean Basin. We further show that the psyllid vector of 'Ca. L. solanacearum', Bactericera trigonica, is highly abundant in Israel and is an efficient vector for this pathogen. A survey conducted comparing conventional and organic carrot fields showed a marked reduction in psyllid numbers and disease incidence in the field practicing chemical control. Fluorescent in situ hybridization and scanning electron microscopy analyses further support the association of 'Ca. L. solanacearum' with disease symptoms and show that the pathogen is located in phloem sieve elements. Seed transmission experiments revealed that while approximately 30% of the tested carrot seed lots are positive for 'Ca. L. solanacearum', disease transmission was not observed. Possible scenarios that may have led to the change in association of the disease etiological agent with carrot yellows are discussed. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Subject(s)
Daucus carota/microbiology , Hemiptera/microbiology , Insect Vectors/microbiology , Plant Diseases/microbiology , Rhizobiaceae/physiology , Animals , Daucus carota/ultrastructure , Haplotypes , In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence , Israel , Plant Leaves/microbiology , Plant Leaves/ultrastructure , Rhizobiaceae/genetics , Rhizobiaceae/isolation & purification , Rhizobiaceae/ultrastructure , Seeds/microbiology , Seeds/ultrastructureABSTRACT
Left internal thoracic artery (LITA) has increased importance and common use in coronary bypass grafting because of long-term better patency rate and improvement in both the duration and quality of survival of patients. LITA is a branch of the first part of the subclavian artery. We report a case in which the LITA originated from the second left intercostal artery. A 71-year-old man with a history of angina pectoris for 1 month was admitted to the hospital because of progressive increase in anginal symptoms. During the operation, it was noted that the LITA originated from the second intercostal artery. LITA used as a free graft. LITA was anastomosed to the left anterior descending coronary artery. He was free of symptoms 4 weeks after operation. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of the LITA originating from the second intercostal artery.
La arteria torácica interna izquierda (ATII) ha aumentado en importancia en su uso como injerto de bypass coronario, debido a su mayor tasa de permeabilidad a largo plazo, y mejora tanto en la duración y la calidad de la supervivencia de los pacientes. La ATII es una rama de la primera parte de la arteria subclavia. Se presenta un caso, en el cual la ATII se originaba desde la segunda arteria intercostal izquierda. Un hombre de 71 años de edad, con antecedentes de angina de pecho durante 1 mes, fue ingresado en el hospital debido al aumento progresivo de los síntomas de angina. Durante la operación, se observó que la ATII se originaba a partir de la segunda arteria intercostal. La ATII fue utilizada como injerto libre, anastomosada a la arteria coronaria izquierda descendente anterior. El paciente se mostró libre de síntomas 4 semanas después de la operación. Este es el primer caso clínico reportado de la ATII originada desde la segunda arteria intercostal.