ABSTRACT
Streptococcus agalactiae has become one of the most important emerging pathogens in the aquaculture industry and has resulted in large economic losses for tilapia farms in China. In this study, three pairs of specific primers were designed and tested for their specificities and sensitivities in quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions (qPCRs) after optimization of the annealing temperature. The primer pair IGS-s/IGS-a, which targets the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region, was finally chosen, having a detection limit of 8.6 copies of S. agalactiae DNA in a 20 µL reaction mixture. Bacterial tissue tropism was demonstrated by qPCR in Oreochromis niloticus 5 days post-injection with a virulent S. agalactiae strain. Bacterial loads were detected at the highest level in brain, followed by moderately high levels in kidney, heart, spleen, intestines, and eye. Significantly lower bacterial loads were observed in muscle, gill and liver. In addition, significantly lower bacterial loads were observed in the brain of convalescent O. niloticus 14 days post-injection with several different S. agalactiae strains. The qPCR for the detection of S. agalactiae developed in this study provides a quantitative tool for investigating bacterial tissue tropism in infected fish, as well as for monitoring bacterial colonization in convalescent fish.
Subject(s)
Fish Diseases/microbiology , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , Streptococcal Infections/veterinary , Viral Tropism , Animals , Bacterial Load , DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics , Fish Diseases/diagnosis , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/standards , Sensitivity and Specificity , Streptococcal Infections/diagnosis , Streptococcal Infections/microbiology , Streptococcus agalactiae/genetics , Streptococcus agalactiae/metabolism , Temperature , TilapiaABSTRACT
Cryptocaryon irritans is one of the most important protozoan pathogens of marine fish, causing the "white spot" disease and posing a significant problem to marine aquaculture. In the present study, a C. irritans-specific reverse primer (S15) was designed based on the published sequence of the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of C. irritans and used together with the conserved forward primer P1 to develop a specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for direct, rapid, and specific detection of C. irritans. The specificity of these primers was tested with both closely and distantly related ciliates (Pseudokeroronpsis rubra, Pseudokeroronpsis carnae, Euplotes sp. 1, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Pseudourostyla cristata, and Paramecium caudaium), and only C. irritans was detected and no product was amplified from any other ciliates examined in this study using the specific primer set P1-S15. The specific PCR assay was able to detect as low as 45 pg of C. irritans DNA and a nested PCR assay using two primer sets (P1/NC2, P1/S15) increased the sensitivity, allowing the detection of a single C. irritans. The species-specific PCR assays should provide useful tools for the diagnosis, prevention, and molecular epidemiological investigations of C. irritans infection in marine fish.
Subject(s)
Ciliophora Infections/veterinary , Ciliophora/isolation & purification , Fish Diseases/diagnosis , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Seawater/parasitology , Animals , Ciliophora/classification , Ciliophora/genetics , Ciliophora Infections/diagnosis , Ciliophora Infections/parasitology , DNA Primers , DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/analysis , Fish Diseases/parasitology , Sensitivity and Specificity , Species Specificity , Time FactorsSubject(s)
Blood Substitutes , Drug Combinations , Fluorocarbons , Glycerol , Hemoglobins/chemistry , Phospholipids , HumansABSTRACT
DNA methylase activity of brain in Wistar rats treated with Shenfang Bushen Shengxue Drug (SBSD) was observed using 3H-labelled methyl group of S-adenosyl-methionine incorporated into DNA. It was found that the SBSD has a marked effect on anti-aging. After SBSD treatment the specific activity of DNA methylase increased, the thermostability and salt-tolerance of it improved slightly, its optional pH changed from 7.5 to 8.0. A and a difference was found between the electrophoresgram of partially purified product of DNA methylase in SBSD treated rats and that in normal rats, suggesting SBSD could change the activity and characteristics of DNA methylase so as to affect the level of DNA methylation, which might be one pathway of SBSD effects on anti-aging.