Fundament for a methodological standard to process hip accelerometer data to a measure of physical activity intensity in middle-aged individuals.

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of a methodological standard to process accelerometer data to measures of physical activity, which impairs data quality and comparability. This study investigated the effect of different combinations of settings of multiple processing components, on the measure of physical activity and the association with measures of cardiometabolic health in an unselected population of middle-aged individuals. METHODS: Free-living hip accelerometer data, aerobic fitness, body mass index, HDL:total cholesterol ratio, blood glucose, and systolic blood pressure were achieved from 4391 participants 50-64 years old included in The Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS) baseline measurement (cross-sectional). Lab data were also included for calibration of accelerometers to provide comparable measure of physical activity intensity and time spent in different intensity categories, as well as to enhance understanding. The accelerometer data processing components were hardware recalibration, frequency filtering, number of accelerometer axes, epoch length, wear time criterium, time composition (min/24 h vs. % of wear time). Partial least regression and ordinary least regression were used for the association analyses. RESULTS: The setting of frequency filter had the strongest effect on the physical activity intensity measure and time distribution in different intensity categories followed by epoch length and number of accelerometer axes. Wear time criterium and recalibration of accelerometer data were less important. The setting of frequency filter and epoch length also showed consistent important effect on the associations with the different measures of cardiometabolic health, while the effect of recalibration, number of accelerometer axes, wear time criterium and expression of time composition was less consistent and less important. There was a large range in explained variance of the measures of cardiometabolic health depending on the combination of processing settings, for example, 12.1%-20.8% for aerobic fitness and 5.8%-14.0% for body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: There was a large variation in the physical activity intensity measure and the association with different measures of cardiometabolic health depending on the combination of settings of accelerometer data processing components. The results provide a fundament for a standard to process hip accelerometer data to assess the physical activity in middle-aged populations.

The influence of frailty syndrome on quality of life in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes.

INTRODUCTION: There have been no comprehensive studies that assess the impact of frailty syndrome on quality of life (QoL) of patients with diagnosed type 2 diabetes. The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of frailty syndrome on QoL and depression symptoms of patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: The study included 148 consecutive patients (aged ≥ 60y). The patients were divided into two groups according to the prevalence of the frailty syndrome: robust and frailty. For all of the patients that were included in the study, we used the Polish version of validated instruments: ADDQoL, TFI and BDI. RESULTS: In the study group, 43.2% had been diagnosed with frailty syndrome. An analysis of QoL assessment depending on the prevalence of the frailty syndrome showed that patients who were robust (without recognized frailty syndrome) assessed QoL significantly better than patients with coexisting frailty syndrome. Robust patients did not have any severe depressive symptoms, whereas in the group of patients with the frailty syndrome 43.8% of the patients had a depression. 70.2% of the patients without any depressive symptoms were robust patients, meanwhile only 14% of the patients had frailty syndrome recognized. CONCLUSIONS: Frailty syndrome occurred in 43 percent of the patients with type 2 diabetes. This has a negative impact on QoL of patients. Depression is more common in patients with the frailty syndrome and diabetes.

Factors that affect the assessment of the quality of life of rheumatoid arthritis patients depending on the prevalence of frailty syndrome.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has a large and varied impact on the quality of life as associated with patient health including both physical and mental well-being. The aim of the study was to assess the factors that affect the assessment of the quality of life of RA patients depending on the prevalence of frailty syndrome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study involved 106 patients with RA (82 women; mean age 65.83 ± 5.01), who had been hospitalized in the Silesian Centre for Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Disability Prevention in Ustron, Poland. The patients that were included in the study were divided into two groups depending on the incidence of frailty syndrome: Group 1 - robust patients and Group 2 - patients with frailty syndrome. RESULTS: Frailty syndrome was identified in 34.9% of the patients with recognized/diagnosed RA; in women, it was 36.14% and in men, it was 25.92%. The average TFI value was 4.11 ± 2.05; in the physical domain, it was 3.39 ± 1.66; in the mental domain, it was 0.41 ± 0.55 and in the social domain, it was 0.31 ± 0.48. The robust patients assessed their quality of life associated with sleep as being worse compared to patients with recognized frailty syndrome. CONCLUSION: Frailty syndrome has no significant impact on the assessment of the quality of life of patients with diagnosed RA. The factors that determine quality of life are different in robust patients and in patients with frailty syndrome. The assessment of the quality of life is affected by the degree of an individual's fitness regardless of the occurrence of frailty syndrome.

Wind-Driven Saltation: An Overlooked Challenge for Life on Mars.

Numerous studies have demonstrated that the martian surface environment is hostile to life because of its rough radiation climate and the reactive chemistry of the regolith. Physical processes such as erosion and transport of mineral particles by wind-driven saltation have hitherto not been considered as a life hazard. We report a series of experiments where bacterial endospores (spores of Bacillus subtilis) were exposed to a simulated saltating martian environment. We observed that 50% of the spores that are known to be highly resistant to radiation and oxidizing chemicals were destroyed by saltation-mediated abrasion within one minute. Scanning electron micrographs show that the spores were not only damaged by abrasion but were eradicated during the saltation process. We suggest that abrasion mediated by wind-driven saltation should be included as a factor that defines the habitability of the martian surface environment. The process may efficiently protect the martian surface from forward contamination with terrestrial microbial life-forms. Abrasion mediated by wind-driven saltation should also be considered as a major challenge to indigenous martian surface life if it exists/existed.

Retrospective observational cohort study regarding the effect of breastfeeding on challenge-proven food allergy.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Human breast milk is generally regarded as the best nutrition for infants in their first months of life. Whether breastfeeding has a protective effect on food allergy is a point of debate and the subject of this study. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted in 649 children who underwent a double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC) as part of routine care in a tertiary care clinic. Food allergy was defined as having at least one positive DBPCFC to any food. The association between both "any" breastfeeding (yes/no) and its duration in months with food allergy was studied by logistic regression analysis with correction for confounding variables. RESULTS: The prevalence of food allergy was 58.9% (n = 382). Of all subjects, 75.8% (n = 492) was breastfed and 24.2% (n = 157) bottle-fed. There was no significant association between food allergy and breastfeeding versus bottle-feeding after correction for the confounding effect of increased breastfeeding by atopic parents and a history of asthma in the child (OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 0.85-1.79, p = 0.27). However, in breastfed children, every additional month of breastfeeding lowered the risk for food allergy by ~4% (OR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.93-0.99, p = 0.02). No confounders were identified in this association. CONCLUSION: These results show for the first time that in children investigated for possible food allergy, every additional month of breastfeeding is associated with a lower risk of developing clinical food allergy as diagnosed by DBPCFC. However, overall, there was no association between the prevalence of food allergy and breastfeeding versus bottle-feeding in this tertiary care population.

Association of perceived physical health and physical fitness in two Swedish national samples from 1990 and 2015.

Perceived health and physical fitness have been shown to correlate, and low levels of either variable increase the risk for future illness and mortality. However, risk factors and their interrelationship may vary between societies and over time. In this study, the associations of physical fitness and perceived health were therefore assessed in two Swedish national samples 25 years apart. Perceived physical health, dichotomized as "good" or "bad," maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), counter movement jump (CMJ), balance (one-legged 60 second stance), and self-reported demographics and lifestyle were recorded in two cross-sectional samples (sample size, number of eligible participants) of Swedish adults, aged 20-65 years, in 1990-1991 (2203, 1365), and 2013-2015 (3357, 422). The odds for good perceived physical health increased by 5% per mL·kg-1 ·min-1 of VO2 max, 3% per cm CMJ height, and decreased by 4% per 1 time of overbalancing, in both samples. Mutually adjusted regression models showed that perceived physical health was best predicted by VO2 max and chronic illness in 1990 and by age, BMI, and educational level in 2015. CONCLUSION: Perceived physical health was related to physical fitness in two samples of Swedish adults from 1990 and 2015. However, multivariate and mutually adjusted models indicate that the most important covariates of perceived physical health may have changed from VO2 max and chronic illness in 1990, to age, BMI, and educational level in 2015.

Energy expenditure in people with motor-complete paraplegia.

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2017.27.

Energy expenditure in people with motor-complete paraplegia.

STUDY DESIGN: The present descriptive clinical and laboratory study is cross-sectional in design. OBJECTIVES: The primary aim is to describe and compare resting energy expenditure (REE) and energy expenditure (EE) during different standardized sedentary, non-exercise and exercise activities in people with motor-complete paraplegia (Th7 to Th12.). A secondary aim was to compare men and women. METHODS: Thirty-eight adults (10 women) with SCI, T7-T12 AIS A-B, were recruited. All the data were collected through indirect calorimetry. REE was measured in supine for 30 min after 8 h of overnight fasting. Activity energy expenditure (AEE) for activities was measured for seven minutes during sedentary, non-exercise physical activity (NEPA) and exercise activities. RESULTS: AEE increased four to eight times when engaging in NEPA compared to that in sedentary activities. Men had significantly higher resting oxygen uptake compared to women, 0.19 vs 0.15 l min-1 (P=0.005), REE per 24 h, 1286 vs 1030 kcal (P=0.003) and EE during weight-bearing activities. However, these became nonsignificant after adjustment for body weight and speed of movement, with a mean resting oxygen uptake of 2.47 ml O2 per kg min-1 for the whole group (women 2.43 and men 2.57 ml O2 kg-1 min-1, P=0.49). CONCLUSIONS: NEPA increases AEE up to eight times compared to sedentary activities. Gender differences in oxygen uptake during both rest and weight-bearing activities were diminished after adjustment for body weight. The mean resting oxygen uptake for the whole group was 2.47 ml O2 kg-1 min-1. These results highlight the importance, especially of NEPA, for increasing total daily EE in the target population.

Incomplete and incorrect epinephrine auto-injector training to food-allergic patients by pharmacists in the Netherlands.

BACKGROUND: Successful treatment of anaphylaxis in the community relies on early and correct use of epinephrine auto-injectors (EAI). In the Netherlands, pharmacists supply EAIs to patients and have a crucial role in instructing patients in how and when to use EAI. However, there are currently no data in Europe on the quality of such instruction provided by pharmacists. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding food allergy among pharmacists in the Netherlands and to investigate the quality of EAI instructions and demonstrations to patients by pharmacists. METHODS: Pharmacists were asked to complete an online questionnaire. Quality of instructions and demonstration accuracy were assessed in mystery guest visits to randomly selected pharmacies. For the statistical analysis, descriptive methods were used. RESULTS: In total, 25 of 115 questionnaires were completed. Only two (8%) respondents gave correct answers concerning the proper EAI demonstration. Twenty-one (84%) respondents thought that the provision of instructions was the responsibility of pharmacists. In total, ten pharmacies were included in simulated patient visits. Five of them (50%) demonstrated the EAI. None of them demonstrated the EAI use correctly. CONCLUSION: Food-allergic patients at high risk for anaphylaxis who receive their EAI from a community pharmacy are often not instructed on how to use an EAI or receive incorrect instructions. Pharmacists show considerable gaps in knowledge about food allergy and its management. These data suggest that opportunities exist to improve the quality of care provided by pharmacies to high-risk food-allergic patients.

The sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 binding molecule FTY720 inhibits osteoclast formation in rats with ligature-induced periodontitis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Osteoclast precursors (OPs) re-migrate from the bone surface into blood vessels through sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) expression. T cells also express S1PR1, mediating their migration from the lymph nodes into blood vessels. OP and T-cell migration are one of the sequential steps related to osteoclast formation. To characterize the role of S1PR1 in osteoclast formation induced by periodontitis, we investigated the effect of S1PR1-binding molecule FTY720 (FTY) on the number of OPs and T cells in periodontal tissue and peripheral blood of rats with ligature-induced periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Rats were divided into four groups; control (Con), FTY, periodontitis (Peri), and periodontitis+FTY (Peri+FTY) groups. Ligatures were placed around the first molars in the left and right mandibles. The rats were intraperitoneally injected with vehicle or 3 mg/kg FTY daily until they were killed. The number of osteoclasts and cluster of differentiation (CD)11b, CD3 and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-positive cells in first molar furcation were counted by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase or immunohistochemistry staining. The number of CD11b- and CD3-positive cells in peripheral blood was estimated by flow cytometry. RESULTS: The number of osteoclasts in the Peri group was higher than Con, Peri+FTY and FTY groups (p < 0.05) and CD11b, CD3 and RANKL-positive cells were also higher in the Peri group than other groups in furcation (p < 0.05). While CD11b-positive cells in furcation of the Peri+FTY group were lower than the Peri group (p < 0.05), they were higher in peripheral blood (p < 0.05). Dissimilar to CD11b-positive cells, CD3-positive cells in the Peri+FTY group were lower in peripheral blood as well as furcation than the Peri group (p < 0.05). RANKL-positive cells in furcation of the Peri+FTY group were also lower than Peri group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that FTY may facilitate re-migration of OPs from the alveolar bone surface into blood vessels, blocking T-cell migration from the lymph nodes into blood vessels and subsequently reducing osteoclast formation induced by periodontitis. This suggests that S1PR1-S1P binding may play a role in osteoclast formation of periodontitis by modulating OP and T-cell migration.

Periodontitis mainly increases osteoclast formation via enhancing the differentiation of quiescent osteoclast precursors into osteoclasts.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinucleated osteoclasts are formed in sequential steps: proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors into quiescent osteoclast precursors (QOPs), followed by fusion of QOPs. In this study, we investigated whether enhancement of osteoclast formation by periodontitis is derived from the stimulation of proliferation of hematopoietic progenitors or the differentiation of QOPs into osteoclasts. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ligatures were placed around the first molars in the left mandibles of Fischer 344 inbred rats. The rats received drinking water containing bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) (which can be incorporated into dividing nuclei) after ligation during the experimental period. The number of inflammatory cells in the distal area was counted. Alveolar bone loss was histologically estimated by measuring the distance from the cementoenamel junction to the alveolar bone crest in the distal area and determining the percentage of periodontal ligament area in the furcation. The number of osteoclasts and percentage of BrdU(+) nuclei in total osteoclasts nuclei were counted after TRAP and BrdU double labeling. RESULTS: The number of polymorphonuclear cells increased on day 1 and then rapidly decreased. The number of mononuclear cells increased in a time-dependent manner up to day 5 and remained the same until day 10. Alveolar bone loss of ligatured teeth increased in a time-dependent manner. The number of osteoclasts peaked on day 3 then gradually decreased. At peak, the percentage of BrdU(+) nuclei in total osteoclasts nuclei in the distal and furcation areas were 7.9% and 4.1%, respectively. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that most of the osteoclasts formed after periodontitis induction are derived from preformed QOPs, suggesting that enhancement of osteoclast formation by periodontitis might be mainly caused by stimulating the differentiation of QOPs into osteoclasts.

Diabetic characteristics and alveolar bone loss in streptozotocin- and streptozotocin-nicotinamide-treated rats with periodontitis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Experimental models showing variable diabetic status are necessary to understand the relationship between diabetes and periodontitis. The streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes model allows control of diabetic status by nicotinamide (NA), which protects against STZ-induced ß-cell necrosis. Therefore, we compared diabetic characteristics and alveolar bone loss in STZ- and STZ-NA-treated rats with periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: STZ-treated rats were generated by intravenous (IV) administration of STZ (50 mg/kg). STZ-NA-treated rats were induced by intraperitoneal administration of NA (270 mg/kg) 15 min before IV administration of STZ (65 mg/kg). Periodontitis was induced by ligature around the left mandibular first molar 1 wk after injection. Blood glucose level, glucose tolerance and serum insulin levels were determined at day 0 and/or 20 after ligature. At day 20, tibia bone loss was assessed using micro-computed tomography and hematoxylin and eosin staining. Alveolar bone loss was histologically measured as the distance of the cementoenamel junction to the alveolar bone crest in distal and the percentage of periodontal ligament area in the first molar furcation, respectively. The number of inflammatory cells, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-positive cells and the area of osteoid were determined. RESULTS: In STZ-treated rats, obvious hyperglycemia over 300 mg/dL and severe body weight loss were observed. The insulin level was approximately 14% compared to that of control rats. STZ-NA-treated rats were impaired in glucose tolerance compared to control rats; however, body weight and insulin levels were not significantly different. Tibia bone loss was increased in STZ-treated rats, but significant change was not observed in STZ-NA-treated rats compared to control rats. In ligatured teeth, alveolar bone loss was increased in both STZ- and STZ-NA-treated rats compared to control rats. Alveolar bone loss, the number of inflammatory cells and RANKL-positive cells in STZ-treated rats were greater than in STZ-NA-treated rats. The area of osteoid decreased in STZ-treated rats compared to control, but not STZ-NA-treated rats. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that STZ- and STZ-NA-treated rats exhibit diabetic characteristics similar to type 1 diabetes mellitus and a pre-diabetic state, respectively. In addition, alveolar bone loss in response to periodontitis and tibia loss depend on diabetic status. Diabetic status-dependent bone remodeling imbalance and inflammation could affect the alveolar bone loss in the two models. Both STZ- and STZ-NA-treated rats may be useful to investigate differences in periodontitis sensitivity associated with diabetic status and to develop therapeutic agents for periodontitis in patients with diabetes.

A new submaximal cycle ergometer test for prediction of VO2max.

Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is an important, independent predictor of cardiovascular health and mortality. Despite this, it is rarely measured in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to create and evaluate a submaximal cycle ergometry test based on change in heart rate (HR) between a lower standard work rate and an individually chosen higher work rate. In a mixed population (n = 143) with regard to sex (55% women), age (21-65 years), and activity status (inactive to highly active), a model included change in HR per unit change in power, sex, and age for the best estimate of VO2max. The association between estimated and observed VO2max for the mixed sample was r = 0.91, standard error of estimate = 0.302 L/min, and mean measured VO2max = 3.23 L/min. The corresponding coefficient of variation was 9.3%, a significantly improved precision compared with one of the most commonly used submaximal exercise tests, the Åstrand test, which in the present study was estimated to be 18.1%. Test-retest reliability analysis over 1 week revealed no mean difference in the estimated VO2max (-0.02 L/min, 95% confidence interval: -0.07-0.03). The new test is low-risk, easily administered, and valid for a wide capacity range, and is therefore suitable in situations as health evaluations in the general population.

The effect of orally administered epigallocatechin-3-gallate on ligature-induced periodontitis in rats.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is known for its beneficial properties, including anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities. Recently, reports have suggested that EGCG plays a pivotal role in regulating cytokine expression and osteoclastic activity. In the present study, we investigated whether orally administered EGCG has a therapeutic effect on ligature-induced periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with EGCG or phosphate-buffered saline. Periodontitis was induced by tying a ligature for 7 d. After removing ligation, EGCG (200 mg/kg) or phosphate-buffered saline was administered via oral gavage on a daily basis. Rats were killed after 1, 2 and 4 wk of administration. Histologic and histomorphometric analyses, tartrate resistant acid phosphatase staining and immunohistochemistry were carried out. RESULTS: In the control group, bone loss did not recover even after the causative factor of periodontitis was eliminated. On the other hand, distance from cemento-enamel junction to alveolar bone crest, long junctional epithelium and collagen destruction were reduced in the EGCG group. Decreased interleukin (IL)-6 expression was shown from the early stage of EGCG administration, followed by reduced tumor necrosis factor (TNF) expression at week 4 EGCG group. The CT area showed a higher decrease of IL-6 expression between the control and EGCG group than alveolar bone area. Downregulation of TNF and IL-6 expression led to a decrease in osteoclast number and activity, which resulted in reduced bone loss. CONCLUSIONS: Systemic administration of EGCG could have a therapeutic effect on damaged periodontal tissue. Inhibited cytokine expression, including TNF and IL-6 is responsible for the reduction in osteoclast formation, osteoclastic activity and collagen destruction.

Effects of HB-EGF and epiregulin on wound healing of gingival cells in vitro.

OBJECTIVE: Gingival wound healing is important to periodontal disease and surgery. This in vitro study was conducted to assess the manner in which heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) and epiregulin cooperatively participate in the wound-healing process in the gingival epithelial and fibroblast cells of the oral mucosa. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Gingival epithelium and fibroblast were separated from gingival tissue biopsies and prepared to primary cultures. The changes in the mRNA expression were evaluated via real-time PCR. The effects on cell proliferation, migration, and repopulation were evaluated in vitro. RESULTS: The different regulation of expressions of HB-EGF, epiregulin, and epidermal growth factor receptors was observed over time and with different gingival cell types. HB-EGF exerted a cell migration-inducing effect on both epithelial and fibroblast cells, whereas epiregulin did not. Both growth factors functioned as mitogens for epithelial cell proliferation, but not for fibroblast proliferation. HB-EGF strongly promoted epithelial cell repopulation and mildly promoted fibroblast repopulation, whereas epiregulin promoted only fibroblast repopulation. CONCLUSION: These results indicated that both growth factors might function importantly in the wound-healing process of human gingival tissue via the different regulation of the expression, cell migration, proliferation, and repopulation.

Comparative histopathological characteristics of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in chickens and domestic ducks in 2008 Korea.

We compared characteristic lesions occurring in chickens and domestic ducks naturally infected with H5N1 HPAI virus in April and May 2008. Infected chickens generally exhibited pale-green, watery diarrhoea, depression, neurological signs and cyanosis of wattles and combs, and infected ducks generally exhibited neurological signs and watery diarrhoea. Gross petechial or ecchymotic haemorrhage affected the heart, proventriculus, liver, muscle, fat, and pancreas in chickens, and muscle in ducks. Necrotic foci were primarily present in the pancreas of both species and in the heart of domestic ducks. Histopathologically, chickens exhibited multifocal encephalomalacia, multifocal lymphohistiocytic myocarditis, multifocal necrotic pancreatitis and haemorrhage of several organs and tissues; ducks exhibited lymphohistiocytic meningoencephalitis with multifocal haemorrhages, multifocal necrotic pancreatitis, and severe necrotic myocarditis with mineralisation. The characteristic histopathologic findings of 2008 HPAI were multifocal encephalomalacia and necrotic pancreatitis accompanied by lymphohistiocytic myocarditis, and haemorrhage in various organs and tissues in chickens, whereas in ducks, they were severe necrotic myocarditis with mineralisation and necrotic pancreatitis, accompanied with lymphohistiocytic meningoencephalitis. The high mortality of domestic ducks may be intimately associated with heart failure resulting from increased H5N1 HPAI viral cardiotropism.

Inhibitory effect of evodiamine alone and in combination with rosiglitazone on in vitro adipocyte differentiation and in vivo obesity related to diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: Evodiamine (evo) has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and anticancer effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of evo alone and in combination with rosiglitazone (rosi) on in vitro adipocyte differentiation and in vivo obesity related to diabetes. METHODS: Adipocyte differentiation was investigated in vitro using 3T3-L1 and C3H10T1/2 cells. To determine the degree of differentiation, Oil Red O staining and reverse transcription-PCR were carried out. Four groups of db/db mice were treated intraperitoneally once per day with vehicle, evo, rosi and evo+rosi. The mice were killed after 14 days and the blood, liver and adipose tissue were analyzed. RESULTS: The presence of evo or evo combined with rosi during adipogenic induction has been shown to inhibit adipocyte differentiation to a significant degree, particularly at the commitment and early induction stages. The evo and evo+rosi groups of db/db mice evidenced significant reductions in body weight gain. The ratio of epididymal white adipocyte tissue weight to body weight of the evo group was also significantly reduced. It is important to note that in the evo+rosi treatment, blood glucose levels were reduced to a degree similar to that of the rosi group, and plasma insulin levels were reduced significantly better than that of rosi group. Furthermore, hepatic lesions associated with fat and glycogen deposition were morphologically improved in the evo and evo+rosi groups. CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that evo exerts an inhibitory effect on in vitro adipocyte differentiation and in vivo obesity, and also an improvement effect on insulin resistance. These desirable effects of evo were noted even in the presence of rosi. These results indicate that evo improves the undesirable effects of rosi, including adipogenesis, body weight gain and hepatotoxicity, while preserving its desirable blood-glucose-lowering effect.

Fitness and abdominal obesity are independently associated with cardiovascular risk.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationship between cardiovascular fitness (VO(2)max) and abdominal obesity (waist circumference) and individual cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, as well as a clustered risk factor profile, and to study the impact of gender, age and smoking on these relationships. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Astrand Laboratory of Work Physiology, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden. SUBJECTS: Men (n = 781) and women (n = 890) from two random population-based samples of Swedish women and men aged 20 to 65 years. MAIN OUTCOMES: Odds ratios. RESULTS: Each unit of higher fitness was associated with a decrease in all individual risk factors ranging from 2% to 4% independent of waist circumference, each unit of higher waist circumference was associated with an increased risk ranging from 2% to 5% independent of fitness. For clustering of three or more of the risk factors, each unit of fitness was associated with a 5% decrease in risk and each unit of waist circumference with a 5% increase in risk. The clustered risk was higher in unfit participants who were older or smoked daily, regardless of waist circumference. Obese participants were at higher risk if they were men or older, regardless of fitness level. However, neither a higher fitness level nor lean status reduced the risk associated with smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Higher fitness and lower waist circumference are each independently associated to a similar extent with a lower CVD risk. Simultaneous evaluation of both fitness and abdominal obesity status in clinical practice is important.

Cervical chondroid chordoma in a Shetland sheep dog.

A spayed female Shetland sheep dog aged 12 years was presented for examination with ataxia and hindlimb paralysis. Extradural spinal cord compression was found at the level of vertebrae C6-C7 by radiography and myelocomputed tomography. A jelly-like mass (0.6 x 1.3 cm) was removed surgically. Histopathological findings were characterized by proliferation of vacuolated polygonal cells (physaliphorous cells) in a mucinous matrix and the presence of chondroid tissue shown immunohistochemically to express S-100. The physaliphorous cells were immunolabelled strongly for vimentin and S-100, and weakly for cytokeratin. A diagnosis of canine cervical chondroid chordoma was made. This is considered to be the first report of a chondroid chordoma originating from the cervical region of the spine in the dog.

Identification and analysis of MHC class II DRB1 (Patr-DRB1) alleles in chimpanzees.

The MHC-DRB1 gene is known to display the most extensive allelic polymorphisms among MHC class II genes. We attempted the selective identification of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) DRB1 (Patr-DRB1) alleles using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique in three steps: first, we performed Patr-DRB1*02 lineage-specific 8-kb PCR for *02 lineage detection in each chimpanzee; second, we performed 620-bp PCR for amplification of full-length exon 2; and finally, we carried out an insert check using the pattern of microsatellite repeat length variability. In the genomic DNA of 23 chimpanzees, nine Patr-DRB1 alleles containing two new alleles were detected. Our approach provides a relatively effective method of identifying Patr-DRB1 alleles in individual chimpanzees and should also contribute to our understanding of the features of MHC molecules in non-human primates.