Do enfrentamento ético ao sofrimento: o que a pandemia da Covid-19 ensinou sobre o processo de trabalho na saúde bucal / Del enfrentamiento ético al sufrimiento: lo que la pandemia de Covid-19 enseñó sobre el proceso de trabajo en la salud bucal / From ethical confrontation to suffering: what did the Covid-19 pandemic teach us about the work process in oral health

Este estudo qualitativo multicêntrico objetivou compreender como as dificuldades no processo de trabalho foram percebidas e sentidas por trabalhadores de saúde bucal (cirurgiões-dentistas, técnicos e auxiliares) em termos éticos e de saúde mental no enfrentamento da pandemia de Covid-19. Realizou-se a análise textual discursiva das respostas de 2560 trabalhadores a três questões abertas de um websurvey, entre agosto e outubro de 2020, na região sul do Brasil. As principais dificuldades do processo de trabalho foram: compreensão sobre suspensão dos atendimentos eletivos e priorização de urgências; acesso aos serviços; e implementação de protocolos de biossegurança. As dificuldades tornaram-se base para alguns problemas éticos: incertezas na priorização de casos, riscos aumentados e condutas profissionais heterogêneas. O sofrimento dos trabalhadores foi explícito: angústia por cobranças da população, medo pela situação da pandemia, situação de exaustão no trabalho e descaso da gestão.

El objetivo de este estudio cualitativo multicéntrico fue comprender cómo las dificultades en el proceso de trabajo fueron percibidas y sentidas por trabajadores de salud bucal (cirujanos-dentistas, técnicos y auxiliares) en términos éticos y de salud mental en el enfrentamiento de la pandemia de Covid-19. Se realizó el análisis textual discursivo de las respuestas de 2560 trabajadores a tres preguntas abiertas de un websurvey, entre agosto-octubre de 2020, en la región Sur de Brasil. Las principales dificultades del proceso de trabajo fueron: comprensión sobre la suspensión de las atenciones efectivas y priorización de urgencias, acceso a los servicios e implementación de protocolos de bioseguridad. Las dificultades pasaron a ser la base para algunos problemas éticos: incertidumbres en la priorización de casos, riesgos aumentados y conductas profesionales heterogéneas. El sufrimiento de los trabajadores fue explícito: angustia por exigencias de la población, miedo por la situación de la pandemia, situación de agotamiento en el trabajo y falta de atención de la gestión.

This multicentric qualitative study aimed to understand how difficulties in the work process were perceived and felt by oral health workers (including dentists, technicians, and assistants) in ethical and mental health terms during the Covid-19 pandemic. A discursive textual analysis was conducted analyzing responses from 2560 workers to three open-ended questions in a websurvey from August to October 2020 in the Brazilian Southern region. The main difficulties in the work process included understanding the interruption of elective appointments and prioritizing emergencies, accessing services, and implementing biosafety protocols. These difficulties became the basis for several ethical problems, including uncertainties in case prioritization, increased risks, and heterogeneous professional conduct. The suffering of the workers was explicit, including anguish due to public demands, fear of the pandemic situation, work exhaustion, and managerial neglect.

Factors related to occupational stress among private sector dentists in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. / Fatores associados ao estresse ocupacional entre cirurgiões-dentistas do setor privado no primeiro ano da pandemia de COVID-19.

This cross-sectional study examined factors associated with occupational stress among 384 dentists working in the private sector in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. Data were collected from August to October 2020 through an online form. Two outcomes - (1) anxiety and worry and (2) preparation and safety for work during the pandemic - constituted a proxy for occupational stress. The independent variables were grouped according to the explanatory theoretical model into individual, organisational and extra-organisational factors. Associations were tested by bivariate and multivariate logistic regression. Although prepared and confident, dentists felt anxious and worried about providing clinical care. Women, younger respondents and those who received no guidance on safety measures were more likely to report insecurity and unpreparedness. Younger professionals, those who did not participate in decision-making and who only sometimes had an assistant for four-hand work, were more likely to feel anxious and worried. In addition to individual factors, work organisation factors were associated with occupational stress among dentists in the first year of the pandemic.

O objetivo deste estudo transversal foi analisar os fatores associados ao estresse ocupacional entre cirurgiões-dentistas atuantes no setor privado no primeiro ano da pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil. Incluiu 384 profissionais do estado do Paraná, cujos dados foram obtidos entre agosto e outubro de 2020 por meio de formulário online. Dois desfechos compuseram proxy de estresse ocupacional: (1) ansiedade e preocupação e (2) preparo e segurança para o trabalho durante a pandemia. As variáveis independentes foram agrupadas segundo modelo teórico explicativo em fatores individuais, organizacionais e extraorganizacionais. As associações foram testadas por regressão logística bi e multivariada. Apesar de preparados e seguros, os profissionais se sentiam ansiosos e preocupados para o atendimento clínico. Mulheres, mais jovens e que não receberam orientações sobre as medidas de segurança apresentaram maiores chances de relatar insegurança e despreparo. Profissionais mais jovens, que não participavam da tomada de decisões e que às vezes dispunham de auxiliar para o trabalho a quatro mãos, tiveram maiores chances de se sentirem ansiosos e preocupados. Além dos fatores individuais, fatores organizacionais do trabalho estão associados ao estresse ocupacional entre cirurgiões-dentistas no primeiro ano da pandemia.

Fatores associados ao estresse ocupacional entre cirurgiões-dentistas do setor privado no primeiro ano da pandemia de COVID-19 / Factors related to occupational stress among private sector dentists in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo transversal foi analisar os fatores associados ao estresse ocupacional entre cirurgiões-dentistas atuantes no setor privado no primeiro ano da pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil. Incluiu 384 profissionais do estado do Paraná, cujos dados foram obtidos entre agosto e outubro de 2020 por meio de formulário online. Dois desfechos compuseram proxy de estresse ocupacional: (1) ansiedade e preocupação e (2) preparo e segurança para o trabalho durante a pandemia. As variáveis independentes foram agrupadas segundo modelo teórico explicativo em fatores individuais, organizacionais e extraorganizacionais. As associações foram testadas por regressão logística bi e multivariada. Apesar de preparados e seguros, os profissionais se sentiam ansiosos e preocupados para o atendimento clínico. Mulheres, mais jovens e que não receberam orientações sobre as medidas de segurança apresentaram maiores chances de relatar insegurança e despreparo. Profissionais mais jovens, que não participavam da tomada de decisões e que às vezes dispunham de auxiliar para o trabalho a quatro mãos, tiveram maiores chances de se sentirem ansiosos e preocupados. Além dos fatores individuais, fatores organizacionais do trabalho estão associados ao estresse ocupacional entre cirurgiões-dentistas no primeiro ano da pandemia.

Abstract This cross-sectional study examined factors associated with occupational stress among 384 dentists working in the private sector in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. Data were collected from August to October 2020 through an online form. Two outcomes - (1) anxiety and worry and (2) preparation and safety for work during the pandemic - constituted a proxy for occupational stress. The independent variables were grouped according to the explanatory theoretical model into individual, organisational and extra-organisational factors. Associations were tested by bivariate and multivariate logistic regression. Although prepared and confident, dentists felt anxious and worried about providing clinical care. Women, younger respondents and those who received no guidance on safety measures were more likely to report insecurity and unpreparedness. Younger professionals, those who did not participate in decision-making and who only sometimes had an assistant for four-hand work, were more likely to feel anxious and worried. In addition to individual factors, work organisation factors were associated with occupational stress among dentists in the first year of the pandemic.

Retorno das atividades presenciais nos cursos de Odontologia brasileiros na pandemia de COVID-19: comparação entre instituições públicas e privadas / Retorno de las actividades presenciales en los cursos de Odontología brasileños durante la pandemia de COVID-19: comparación entre instituciones públicas y privadas / Return of on-site activities in Brazilian Dentistry courses during the COVID-19 pandemic: comparison between public and private institutions

Trata-se de estudo quanti-qualitativo que analisa o retorno das atividades presenciais nos cursos de Odontologia brasileiros, durante a pandemia de COVID-19, e as dificuldades enfrentadas, comparando instituições públicas e privadas. Um formulário on-line com questões abertas e fechadas foi encaminhado por e-mail aos representantes dos cursos de Odontologia, de março a junho de 2021. Foram incluídos os cursos cadastrados no sitee-MEC iniciados até 2017. A análise quantitativa utilizou os testes qui-quadrado, exato de Fisher e t de Student(p<0,05); uma questão aberta foi submetida à análise temática de conteúdo. Dos 329 cursos elegíveis, foram respondidos 83 formulários (21 públicos e 62 privados). Os cursos de instituições públicas apresentaram menor frequência de retorno das atividades presenciais até a data da coleta (p=0,038), inclusive com maior proporção de suspensão das atividades clínicas e laboratoriais (p≤0,001), mas sem diferença para aulas teóricas remotas (p>0,05). Os cursos privados demonstraram ter maior disponibilidade de recursos para o retorno presencial, tais como: estrutura, funcionários e docentes (p<0,001). Apesar das normas de biossegurança constituírem um desafio comum, as principais dificuldades relatadas nas instituições privadas diante do retorno das atividades presenciais foram a modulação ou escalonamento das turmas e ambientes de aula, controle do fluxo de pessoas e implantação de protocolos. Nas públicas, destacam-se dificuldades relacionadas à adequação da estrutura e aquisição de materiais. Conclui-se que a maioria dos cursos de Odontologia havia retomado às aulas no início de 2021, mas as instituições privadas apresentaram maior proporção de retorno às atividades laboratoriais e clínicas presenciais (AU).

Se trata de un estudio cuantitativo y cualitativo que analiza el retorno de las actividades presenciales en las carreras de Odontología brasileñas, durante la pandemia de COVID-19, y las dificultades enfrentadas, comparando instituciones públicas y privadas. Se envió por correo electrónico un formulario en línea con preguntas abiertas y cerradas a los representantes de los cursos de Odontología, de marzo a junio de 2021. Se incluyeron los cursos registrados en el sitio web de e-MEC que iniciaron hasta el año 2017. El análisis cuantitativo utilizó las pruebas chi-cuadrado, Fisher exacta y t de Student (p<0,05); se sometió una pregunta abierta al análisis de contenido temático. De los 329 cursos elegibles, se completaron 83 formularios (21 públicos y 62 privados). Los cursos de instituciones públicas mostraron una menor frecuencia de retorno a actividades presenciales hasta la fecha de cobro (p=0,038), incluyendo una mayor proporción de suspensión de actividades clínicas y de laboratorio (p≤0,001), pero sin diferencia para clases teóricas remotas (p >0.05). Los cursos privados demostraron mayor disponibilidad de recursos para el retorno presencial, tales como: estructura, personal y docentes (p<0,001). Si bien los estándares de bioseguridad constituyen un desafío común, las principales dificultades reportadas en las instituciones privadas ante el regreso de las actividades presenciales fueron modular o escalonar clases y ambientes de aula, controlar el flujo de personas e implementar protocolos. En las públicas destacan dificultades relacionadas con la adecuación de la estructura y adquisición de materiales. Se concluye que la mayoría de las carreras de Odontología habían retomado clases a inicios de 2021, pero las instituciones privadas tuvieron una mayor proporción de retorno a las actividades presenciales de laboratorio y clínicas (AU).

This is a quantitative-qualitative study analyzing the return of on-site activities in Brazilian dentistry undergraduate courses during the COVID-19 pandemic and the difficulties faced, comparing public and private institutions. An online form with open and multiple-choice questions was sent via e-mail to the representatives of dentistry courses from March to June 2021. The courses included were those registered on the e-MEC webpage that had started up to 2017. The quantitative analysis employed the chi-square, the Fisher exact, and the T student tests (p<0.05); the open question was subjected to thematic content analysis. Out of the 329 eligible courses, 83 forms were answered and returned (21 public and 62 private). Public institution courses showed lower frequency of return to on-site activities up tothe data collection (p=0.038), and presented higher proportion of suspension of clinical and laboratory activities (p≤0.001), but no difference regarding remote theoretical lessons (p>0.05). Private courses showed higher availability of resources supporting the return to on-site activities, namely, structure, workers, and professors (p<0.001). Although biosafety norms presented a common challenge, the main difficulties reported in private institutions related to the return to on-site activities were the modulation and schedule of the classes and lesson environments, controlling the flow of people, and the implementation of protocols. Public institutions highlighted difficulties related to adjustment of the structure and material acquisition. The results showed that most dentistry courses had returned to on-site lessons in the early 2021, but private institutions reported higher proportion of return to on-site laboratory and clinical activities (AU).

Psychometric Properties of Food Frequency Questionnaires Used in Dentistry: A Systematic Review.

The objective of this systematic review was to analyze the quality of the food frequency instruments/scales used in dentistry while considering their psychometric properties. The databases consulted were PubMed (August 7, 2020), Scopus (August 27, 2020), Web of Science (August 27, 2020), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Dentistry and Oral Sciences Source (via EBSCO) (August 28, 2020), LILACS and BBO (August 25, 2020), gray literature: Proquest (October 1, 2020), Capes Theses Bank (October 1, 2020), Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (October 1, 2020), Google Scholar (October 2, 2020), and proceedings of the International Association for Dental Research (IADR) (October 10, 2020). All databases were updated on December 12, 2022. Articles were initially selected by reading the 6,421 titles and 13 abstracts selected, followed by reading the 8 articles included for full text reading to confirm the eligibility criteria, with the aid of Rayyan software. Databases of the construction and/or validation of instruments/scales for assessing food consumption for use in dentistry (in clinical contexts and/or epidemiological studies), with or without assessment of their psychometric properties, were included. Review studies, letters to editors, and research protocols were excluded. Risk of bias assessment was performed according to the Consensus-Based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist. The extracted data were author, country, instrument language, sample, assessment instrument, instrument structure, type of food, instruments compared with the clinical condition, adaptation of an existing instrument, and psychometric properties evaluated. The selection, risk of bias analysis, and data extraction processes were performed by two independent evaluators. Seven studies were identified. The instruments available in the literature were in English, Japanese, Creole, and Malay. Only one study performed translation and cross-cultural validation of an instrument, whereas the others were construction studies. One study did not assess psychometric properties. Regarding the quality assessment and general classification of the studies by the COSMIN checklist, all were considered "inadequate," with reliability (test-retest) being the most validated psychometric property; only one study carried out the validation of all psychometric properties measured in COSMIN. Regarding the quality of the instruments presented, all the studies were classified as "inadequate" in the general assessment. Advances are needed in the validation process.

Amalgam x Composite Resin: supplies and restorative procedures more performed among Oral Health Teams in Brazil

Abstract This study aimed to compare the availability of supplies and amalgam and composite resin restorations among Oral Health Teams (OHT) in Brazilian regions. Secondary data were extracted from Modules I and II of the 1st (2012) and V and VI of the 2nd (2014) and 3rd cycle (2017) of the external evaluation of the National Program for Access and Quality in Primary Care2. The proportions between regions and cycles were compared using the Chi-square test with the z-test adjusted by the Bonferroni method (p<0.05). Among 2012, 2014, and 2017 there was a significant reduction in the proportion of OHT that performed amalgam restorations (87.5%, 89.2%, and 80.2%; p<0.001) and an increase in resin composite (92.5 %, 97.7%, and 99.0%; p<0.001), with the same trend in Brazilian regions (p<0.001). Amalgamator availability decreased among 2012 (99.0%), 2014 (98.4%) and 2017 (85.6%) (p<0.001). Amalgam availability was lower in 2017 (80.1%), compared to 2012 (87.5%) and 2014 (97.5%) (p<0.001). The availability of light curing decreased between 2012 (99.0%), 2014 (98.4%) and 2017 (85.6%) (p<0.001), being less available in the North (95.7%) (p<0.001). The light-curing resin increased between 2012 (94.1%), 2014 (96.6%) and 2017 (97.0%) (p<0.001), with no increase only in the North (p=0.134). While there was a reduction in supplies and amalgam restoration, there was an increase in supplies and resin composite restorations in the period evaluated in all Brazilian regions. However, regional disparities are still evident, with fewer supplies of restorative services in the North region.

Resumo Este estudo objetivou comparar a disponibilidade de fornecimentos e restaurações de amálgama e resina composta entre as Equipas de Saúde Oral (OHT) por regiões brasileiras. Os dados secundários foram extraídos dos módulos I e II do 1º (2012) e V e VI do 2º (2014) e 3º ciclo (2017) da avaliação externa do Programa Nacional de Acesso e Qualidade em Cuidados Primários. As proporções entre regiões e ciclos foram comparadas utilizando o teste Qui-quadrado com o teste z ajustado pelo método de Bonferroni (p<0,05). Entre 2012, 2014, e 2017 houve uma redução significativa na proporção de OHT que realizou restaurações de amálgama (87,5%, 89,2%, e 80,2%; p<0,001) e um aumento na resina composta (92,5%, 97,7%, e 99,0%; p<0,001), com a mesma tendência nas regiões brasileiras (p<0,001). A disponibilidade de amalgamadores diminuiu entre 2012 (99,0%), 2014 (98,4%) e 2017 (85,6%) (p<0,001). A disponibilidade de amálgama foi menor em 2017 (80,1%), em comparação com 2012 (87,5%) e 2014 (97,5%) (p<0,001). A disponibilidade de polimerização por luz diminuiu entre 2012 (99,0%), 2014 (98,4%) e 2017 (85,6%) (p<0,001), estando menos disponível no Norte (95,7%) (p<0,001). A resina fotopolimerizadora aumentou entre 2012 (94,1%), 2014 (96,6%) e 2017 (97,0%) (p<0,001), sem aumento apenas no Norte (p=0,134). Embora tenha havido uma redução nos fornecimentos e restauração de amálgamas, houve um aumento nos fornecimentos e restaurações de resina composta no período avaliado em todas as regiões brasileiras. Contudo, as disparidades regionais são ainda evidentes, com menos oferta de serviços de restauração na região Norte.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Oral Health Workforce: A Multicenter Study from the Southern Region of Brazil.

The aim of this study was two-fold: (1) to describe the surveillance and biosafety measures adopted by dentists, dental hygienists, and dental assistants who worked in the Southern Region of Brazil and (2) to evaluate access to information in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. This was a multicenter and cross-sectional design, using a self-applied and validated online questionnaire. The availability of health-care-related supplies and the adoption of biosafety measures recommended by the Technical Note of the National Health Surveillance Agency No. 04/2020 were analyzed. A total of 2560 Brazilian workers participated (75.8% dentists, 15.7% dental assistants and 8.5% dental hygienists), 52.7% from the public and 37.7% from the private sector. Approximately 70% of the individuals reported being away from work during the pandemic. The surveillance measures adopted with higher mean scores were the investigation of respiratory infection symptoms when scheduling appointments and the adoption of distancing in the waiting room. Of the biosafety measures to avoid aerosols, the procedures with lower compliance were those related to the use of intraoral radiographs and rubber dams. Moreover, the correct use of personal protective equipment at work seems to be related to self-perceived stress and anxiety. Worryingly, high access to information through non-governmental documents was observed. Permanent health education policies should reinforce safe practices and encourage workers to implement biosafety and surveillance measures in health services.

Edentulismo, necessidade de prótese e autopercepção de saúde bucal entre idosos institucionalizados / Edentulism, need for dentures, and self-perception of oral health among institutionalized older people

RESUMO Objetivou-se descrever a condição de saúde bucal de idosos institucionalizados, com enfoque no edentulismo, na necessidade de prótese e na Autopercepção de Saúde Bucal (ASB), e explorar a associação com fatores individuais. Um estudo transversal foi realizado em Ponta Grossa, município do Sul do Brasil, com amostra de conveniência de idosos residentes em três Instituições de Longa Permanência para Idosos. Por meio de questionário estruturado, foram coletados dados sobre características demográficas, de saúde geral e bucal e acesso a serviços de saúde. No exame bucal, avaliou-se o Índice de dentes permanentes Cariados, Perdidos e Obturados (CPO-D), número de dentes presentes, uso e necessidade de prótese dentária e presença de lesões bucais. Foram avaliados 130 idosos, a maioria com mais de 80 anos (62,20%). O CPO-D médio foi de 30,62 (desvio-padrão 2,85), 62,31% dos idosos eram edêntulos, 41,54% usavam e 79,23% necessitavam de prótese dentária. As lesões bucais foram identificadas em 35,42% dos avaliados, e 64,86% dos idosos classificaram a ASB como boa. Conclui-se que a saúde bucal dos participantes foi considerada ruim, do ponto de vista clínico, levando em consideração a alta prevalência de edentulismo e a necessidade do uso de prótese dentária.

ABSTRACT The aim was to describe the oral health status of institutionalized older people, focusing on edentulism, need for dentures, and Self-Perception of Oral Health (SPOH), and to explore the association with individual factors. A cross-sectional study was carried out in Ponta Grossa, in the South of Brazil, with a convenience sample of older people living in three Long Stay Institutions for the Elderly. Using a structured questionnaire, data on demographic, general, and oral health characteristics and access to health services were collected. In the oral examination, the Index of Decayed, Missing and Filled permanent Teeth (DMFT), number of teeth present, use and need for dental prosthesis, and presence of oral lesions were evaluated. 130 older people were evaluated, most of them over 80 years old (62.20%). The mean DMFT was 30.62 (± 2.85), 62.31% of attendees were edentulous, 41.54% used, and 79.23% needed dental prosthesis. Oral lesions were identified in 35.42% of those evaluated and 64.86% of the participants classified their SPOH as good. It is concluded that the oral health of the participants was considered poor, from a clinical point of view, taking into account the high prevalence of edentulism and the need to use dental prosthesis.

Adequação dos serviços odontológicos do Paraná no enfrentamento da Covid-19: um estudo transversal / Adequacy of dental services in Paraná during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo transversal foi identificar adequações quanto à utilização de Equipamentos de Proteção Individual e organização do processo de trabalho no atendimento odontológico ambulatorial no Paraná durante o primeiro ano da pandemia da Covid-19. A amostra de conveniência incluiu 1.105 profissionais de saúde bucal (cirurgiões-dentistas, técnicos e auxiliares em saúde bucal) durante o primeiro ano da pandemia (agosto a outubro de 2020). Formulário on-line (Google Formulários®) foi enviado por e-mail pelo Conselho Regional de Odontologia. As medidas de enfrentamento da Covid-19 foram comparadas entre os tipos de serviços odontológicos: ambulatorial do Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS (Atenção Primária, Centro de Especialidades Odontológicos e Pronto Atendimento), clínica privada, e outros (Sistema S, forças de segurança, sindicatos, hospitais públicos e privados e clínicas de ensino). Os profissionais dos serviços ambulatoriais do SUS relataram com maior frequência que: suspenderam atendimentos eletivos, evitavam gerar aerossóis e trabalhavam a quatro mãos. Nas clínicas privadas, utilizavam frequentemente teleorientação e telemonitoramento. Nos 'outros serviços', houve maior proporção de redução das horas de trabalho e autoclavagem de peças de mão após cada atendimento. Conclui-se que, apesar da alta adequação às medidas de enfrentamento da Covid-19, houve diferença na prática profissional nos diferentes tipos de serviços odontológicos.

ABSTRACT This cross-sectional study aimed to identify adjustments regarding the use of Personal Protective Equipment and the organization of the work process in outpatient dental care in Paraná during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. The convenience sample included 1,105 oral health professionals (dental surgeons, oral health assistants, and dental hygienists) during the first year of the pandemic (August to October, 2020). An online form (Google Forms®) was sent by email by the Regional Council of Dentistry. COVID-19's measures were compared between the types of dental services: 'outpatient clinic of the Unified Health System - SUS' (Primary Care, Dental Specialty Center, and Emergency Care), 'private clinic' and 'other services' (Sistema S, security forces, trade union, public and private hospitals, and teaching clinics). Professionals from SUS outpatient services reported more frequently: that they suspended elective care, avoided generating aerosols, and worked four-handed. Professionals from 'private clinics' used teleorientation and telemonitoring more regularly. In the 'other services', there was a more significant proportion reduction in work hours and handpieces autoclaving after each service. It is concluded that, despite the high adequacy of the measures to combat COVID-19, there was a difference in professional practice among the different types of dental services.

Medidas de biossegurança nos consultórios odontológicos durante a pandemia de COVID-19: estudo com profissionais de saúde bucal do estado do Paraná / Biosafety measures in dental offices during the COVID-19 pandemic: a study with oral health professionals in the state of Paraná

Com o surgimento da pandemia causada pelo SARS-Cov-2, houve a necessidade de reestruturação dos serviços de saúde no Brasil, incluindo a clínica odontológica. O objetivo do presente estudo é descrever as medidas de biossegurança realizadas ou modificadas na prática de saúde bucal no estado do Paraná, em nível público e privado, envolvendo três categorias profissionais: cirurgiões-dentistas (CD), técnicos em saúde bucal (TSB) e auxiliares de saúde bucal (ASB). Esta pesquisa transversal descritiva foi realizada nos meses de agosto a outubro de 2020, com o envio de questionários on-linepor e-maile divulgação em redes sociais. Foram envolvidos 1072 profissionais, sendo 75,6% CD, 16,3% ASB e 8,1% TSB. O gênero feminino foi predominante entre os participantes (81,1%), com 46,1% apresentando idade entre 40 e 59 anos. Gorro, máscara cirúrgica, óculos de proteção e protetor facial são referidos como sempre utilizados, respectivamente, por 92,3%, 81,0%, 80,0% e 79,1% dos participantes. A máscara N95/PFF2 (67,5%) e o avental impermeável (20,3%) tiverem os maiores percentuais de "nunca disponíveis ou utilizados". Cerca de 50% afirmaram que tiveram acesso à Nota Técnica GVIMS/GGTES/ANVISA Nº 04/2020. Os profissionais avaliados, em geral, realizaram mudanças em suas práticas de biossegurança, mas precisam ser acompanhados durante toda a extensão da pandemia.

With the emergence of the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic, there was a need to restructure health services in Brazil, including the dental clinic. The aim of the present study was to describe the biosafety measures performed or modified in oral health practice at public and private levels, involving the three professional categories: dental surgeons (DDS), oral health technicians(OHT), and health assistants (HA) in the state of Paraná. This escriptive cross-sectional survey was carried out from August to October 2020, with an online questionnaire being sent by email and published on social networks. There were 1072 professionalsinvolved, of which 75.6% were DDS, 16.3% were OHT, and 8.1% were HA. The female gender was predominant among the participants (81.1%), and 46.1% were aged between 40 and 59 years. 92.3%, 81.0%, 80.0%, and 79.1% of the articipants, respectively, said theyalways used a cap, surgical mask, protective glasses, and face shield. The N95/PFF2 mask (67.5%) and the waterproof apron (20.3%) are two of the most frequently mentioned items as never being available or used. About 51% said they had access to Technical Note GVIMS/GGTES/ANVISA No. 04/2020. In general, the professionals evaluated have been making changes in their biosafety practices, but they still need to be monitored throughout the pandemic.

Desigualdades regionais nas relações de trabalho e qualificação profissional de cirurgiões-dentistas atuantes na Atenção Básica / Regional inequalities in employment relationships and professional qualification of dentists working in Primary Care

O estudo transversal objetivou comparar as relações de trabalho e qualificação profissional de cirurgiões-dentistas atuantes na Atenção Básica nas regiões geográficas brasileiras. Utilizou-se dados do Módulo VI da avaliação externa do 2º ciclo do Programa Nacional do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica (PMAQ-AB). A comparação entre regiões foi realizada pelo teste qui-quadrado (p<0,05) e análises descritivas. Das 17.117 Equipes de Saúde Bucal avaliadas, a maioria dos cirurgiões dentistas era Servidor Público Estatutário (44,1%), sendo, este número, maior na região Sul (63,6%) e menor no Sudeste (37,8%), com ingresso por concurso público (49,6%), sendo maior no Sul (79,5%) e menor no Nordeste (40,9%). Em relação à qualificação profissional, (73,1%) possuíam formação complementare dentre estes, a maioria tem especialização em outras áreas que não Saúde Coletiva (53,2%), sendo maior no Norte (59,3%) e menor no Nordeste (50,4%). Os especialistas em Saúde da Família ou Saúde Pública/Saúde Coletiva (26,7% e 18,7%) respectivamente foram mais frequentes no Sudeste (38,7% e 21,4%) e menor no Norte (11,4% e 14,9%) respectivamente, para todas o valor de "p" foi (p≤0.001). Portanto, houve desigualdades regionais nas relações de trabalho e qualificação profissional no Brasil, e por isso, políticas indutoras para fixação dos profissionais e sua qualificação precisam ser reforçadas (AU).

Thistransversalstudy aimed to compare employment relationshipsand professional qualification of dentists that work in PrimaryCare in different geographical regions in Brazil. Data was obtained from theModuleVI of the external evaluation of the 2ndCycle of the Programa Nacional do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica-PMAQ-AB(PrimaryCare Access and Quality National Program). The comparison between regions was carried out using the chi-square test(p<0.05) and descriptive analyses. In the 17,117 Oral Health Teams assessed, most of the dentists were statutory civil servants (44.1%), and among them, most were found in the south region(63.6%), while the lowest number was observed in the southeast(37.8%). Nearly half of these professionals were approved in a public test (49.6%), and the highest number was observed in the south(79.5%), while the lowest number was found in the northeast(40.9%). Regarding their professional qualification, (73.1%) had complementary education, and among them, most were specialized in varied areas other than Collective Health(53.2%), with the highest figures observed in thenorth(59.3%)and the lowest in the northeast(50.4%). Those specialized in Family Health or Collective/Public Health(26.7% and18.7%, respectively) were most frequently found in the southeast(38.7% and21.4%), while the lowest frequency was observed in the north(11.4% and 14.9%, respectively). In all comparisons, the "p" value was(p≤0.001). Therefore, regional inequalities were observed in employment relationshipsand professional qualification in Brazil, which reinforces the need for public policies that favor the retention and qualification of these professionals (AU).

Cross-cultural adaptation of the Dental Neglect Scale for five-year-old children in Brazil.

The aim of this study was to perform a cross-cultural adaptation of the Brazilian version of the Dental Neglect Scale (DNS). The process included (i) Translation; ii) Synthesis; iii) Back translation; (iv) Critical analysis by a committee of experts; (v) Pilot studies (n1=30 + n2=30); and (6) Evaluation and refinement of the instrument. The validated DNS presented a Content Validity Index (CVI) equal to 1.0 for the total score, as well as for each item. In the pilot studies, a minimum agreement level of 80% in understanding was achieved. DNS was properly adapted for Brazilian Portuguese, and it needs further study in a representative sample for reliability and construct validity assessment.

Quality of biosafety guidelines for dental clinical practice throughout the world in the early COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: To conduct a systematic review of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related biosafety guidelines for dental clinical practice in the early stage of the pandemic, focusing on quality assessment. METHODS: Electronic (via PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature database, Brazilian Library in Dentistry, and Cochrane Library) and gray literature searches were performed for documents published up to May 12, 2020. Guidelines updated until April 17, 2021 were identified. Documents were included as guidelines if they (1) consisted of a set of statements, directions, or principles presenting current or future rules or policy; (2) were developed by government agencies, institutions, organizations, or expert panels; and (3) were related to the general conduct of healthcare activities rather a particular condition. Two researchers, using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation II, independently extracted the recommendations and evaluated the quality of the guidelines. RESULTS: Twenty-seven documents from 19 countries were included in the review. These documents presented 122 recommendations related to (1) professional biosafety; (2) patients'/companions' safety; (3) the organization and biosafety of the physical dental facility environment; and (4) the work process in dental care. Overall, the scientific quality of the guidelines was considered low. Some recommendations presented in these guidelines would require further research to establish their effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: We found a wide variety of biosafety guidelines for dental practice regarding COVID-19 in the early months of the pandemic, but their quality was low. Biosafety recommendations should be frequently updated.

The Role of an Individual's Perception of their Partner's Oral Health in Heterosexual Couples

Abstract Objective: To analyze the role of an individual's perception of their partner's oral health in heterosexual couples. Material and Methods: The exploratory study with a qualitative and quantitative approach and data were collected in households in 2015. The quantitative data were analyzed using simple and multivariate binary logistic regression (p<0.05), and the qualitative using Thematic Content Analysis. Results: Of 143 participants, 113 (79.0%) were in a relationship and made up the final sample of the present study. Both women and men reported a small percentage of discomfort in relation to their partners' oral health (23.1% vs. 14.8%; p=0.199), and only a few had received complaints about their own oral health (20.7% vs. 10.7%; p=0.179). However, almost half of the sample had been told by their partner to see the dentist (47.6% vs. 31.0%; p=0.156), and of these, most were men (48.3% vs. 25.0%; p=0.022). The men that were more likely to be told by their partners to see the dentist (OR=5.82; 95% CI: 1.71-19.80) were upper-class (OR=3.35; 95% CI: 1.05-10.67), workers (OR=7.45; 95% CI: 1.62-34.20) who were dissatisfied with their oral health (OR=3.45; 95% CI: 1.13-10.51). The participants' reasons for complaining of their partners' oral health or for telling them to see the dentist were related to physiopathological clinical aspects and healthcare habits. Conclusion: The women told their male partners to seek dental services more often, and future studies should explore whether women are predictors of care and the validity of this information as an indicator of the oral health condition of their male partners.

Cross-cultural adaptation of the Dental Neglect Scale for five-year-old children in Brazil

Abstract The aim of this study was to perform a cross-cultural adaptation of the Brazilian version of the Dental Neglect Scale (DNS). The process included (i) Translation; ii) Synthesis; iii) Back translation; (iv) Critical analysis by a committee of experts; (v) Pilot studies (n1=30 + n2=30); and (6) Evaluation and refinement of the instrument. The validated DNS presented a Content Validity Index (CVI) equal to 1.0 for the total score, as well as for each item. In the pilot studies, a minimum agreement level of 80% in understanding was achieved. DNS was properly adapted for Brazilian Portuguese, and it needs further study in a representative sample for reliability and construct validity assessment.

Estrutura dos serviços de saúde bucal ofertados na Atenção Básica no Brasil: diferenças regionais / Structure of oral health services offered in Primary Care in Brazil: regional differences

RESUMO Teve-se por objetivo analisar as condições de acessibilidade, estrutura e oferta de serviços odontológicos de Unidades Básicas de Saúde com Equipe de Saúde Bucal e compará-los entre as regiões geográficas brasileiras. O estudo quantitativo, analítico e transversal utilizou dados secundários referentes aos Módulo I, V e VI da Avaliação Externa do 2º Ciclo do Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica (PMAQ-AB) (2013-2014). A análise descritiva foi realizada por frequências absolutas (n) e relativas (%), e houve comparação entre regiões brasileiras pelo teste qui-quadrado com uso do Teste Z ajustado pelo método Bonferroni (p<0,05). A amostra foi constituída por 24.056 Unidades Básicas de Saúde, nas quais atuavam 29.778 Equipes de Atenção Básica; destas, 16.203 (67,3%) possuíam serviços odontológicos e abrigavam 18.119 Equipes de Saúde Bucal. De maneira geral, as Unidades Básicas de Saúde apresentavam boa estrutura física, porém, baixa acessibilidade para pessoas com deficiência. Os consultórios odontológicos apresentavam estrutura física adequada e equipamentos, instrumentos e insumos odontológicos suficientes. No entanto, exibiam alta proporção na oferta de serviço mutiladores em comparação a procedimentos que evitariam as extrações dentárias, e baixa oferta de referência especializada. Além disso, houve evidenciadas desigualdades regionais, favoráveis às regiões Sul e Sudeste.

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to analyze the conditions of accessibility, structure and offer of dental services in Basic Health Units with the Oral Health Team and to compare them between the Brazilian geographic regions. The quantitative, analytical and cross-sectional study used secondary data referring to Module I, V and VI of the External Evaluation of the 2nd Cycle of the National Program for Improving Access and Quality of Primary Care (PMAQ-AB) (2013-2014). The descriptive analysis was performed by absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies, and there was a comparison between Brazilian regions using the chi-square test using the Z Test adjusted by the Bonferroni method (p <0.05). The sample consisted of 24,056 Basic Health Units, in which 29,778 Primary Care Teams worked; of these, 16,203 (67.3%) had dental services and housed 18,119 Oral Health Teams. In general, the Basic Health Units had a good physical structure, but low accessibility for disabled persons. The dental offices had adequate physical structure and sufficient dental equipment, instruments and supplies. However, they exhibited a high proportion of mutilating service offerings compared to procedures that would avoid tooth extractions, and a low specialized reference supply. In addition, regional inequalities were observed, favorable to the South and Southeast regions.

Barriers and facilitators to dental care during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative studies.

Some barriers to dental treatment during pregnancy are poorly understood, especially those related to psychosocial factors, which are better explored in qualitative studies. The aim of this systematic review was to explore the barriers and facilitators to dental care during pregnancy through a thematic synthesis of qualitative studies. Qualitative or mixed-methods studies published in English, Portuguese, Spanish and French, from 2000 to 2016, were included. The search strategies were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, BBO and CINAHL. To evaluate the quality of the studies, we used the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tool. Thematic synthesis was performed in order to interpret and summarize the results. From 2,581 screened studies, ten were included in the synthesis. We found 14 analytical themes related to barriers and facilitators to dental care during pregnancy that interacted in complex ways: physiological conditions, low importance of oral health, negative stigma regarding dentistry, fear of/anxiety toward dental treatment, mobility and safety, financial barriers, employment, time constraints, social support, lack of information, health professionals' barriers, family and friends' advice, beliefs and myths about the safety of dental treatment. Myths and beliefs about oral health and dental treatment during pregnancy appear to be the most frequent barriers, both to pregnant women and to dentists or other health professionals. The findings of this review may support new studies, especially to test intervention protocols and to guide effective public policies for the promotion of oral health during pregnancy.

Processo de trabalho em saúde bucal na atenção básica: desigualdades intermunicipais evidenciadas pelo PMAQ-AB / Oral health work process in Primary Health Care: intermunicipal inequalities highlighted by the PMAQ-AB

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo exploratório foi identificar desigualdades na organização do processo de trabalho das Equipes de Saúde Bucal (ESB) na Estratégia Saúde da Família, comparando municípios do Estado do Paraná quanto à condição social, econômica e demográfica. Foram utilizados dados secundários obtidos na etapa de avaliação externa do Programa de Nacional do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica (PMAQ-AB), referentes aos padrões de certificação de acesso, qualidade e organização do processo de trabalho das equipes. Os municípios foram estratificados segundo o índice proposto pelo programa. Houve ampla participação dos municípios no PMAQ-AB, com predominância de equipes de saúde da família com saúde bucal. Os resultados demonstram desigualdades desfavoráveis aos municípios menores e mais carentes, o que revela a necessidade de compreender o papel da gestão como apoiadora das ESB, favorecendo o resgate de competências e habilidades necessárias para a boa gestão da clínica e do cuidado na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Evidencia-se a necessidade da qualificação da gestão, com apoio federal e estadual, principalmente aos municípios menores e com baixa capacidade de resposta dos sistemas de saúde. É importante que a regionalização seja efetiva, e que a rede de atenção à saúde bucal seja organizada de forma equânime, para incluir esses municípios.(AU)

ABSTRACT The objective of this exploratory study was to identify inequalities in the organization of the work process of Oral Health Teams in the Family Health Strategy, comparing municipalities of the Paraná State, Brazil, regarding social, economic and demographic conditions. We used secondary data obtained in the external evaluation stage of the National Program of Access and Quality Improvement in Primary Health Care (PMAQ-AB), referring to the certification standards for access, quality, and organization of the work process of the teams. The municipalities were stratified according to the index proposed by the program. We observed wide participation of the municipalities in the program, with predominance of family health teams with oral health. The results show inequalities, unfavorable to the smaller and poorer municipalities, which reveals the need to understand the role of management as a supporter of the Oral Health Teams, favoring the rescue of skills and abilities necessary for the good governance of the clinic and of care in PHC .There is evidence of the need for management qualification, with federal and state support, mainly to smaller municipalities and with a low response capacity of health systems. It is important that regionalization be effective, and that the oral health care network be organized in an equitable way to include those municipalities.(AU)

Determinants of Dental Care Attendance during Pregnancy: A Systematic Review.

Despite the fact that dental care attendance during pregnancy has been recommended by guidelines and institutions, the demand for dental services is still low among pregnant women. The aim of this study was to identify and analyze the determinants of dental care attendance during pregnancy. We performed a systematic literature search in the electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, Brazilian Library in Dentistry, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Medline using relevant keywords. Studies were filtered by publication year (2000-2016) and language (English, Portuguese, Spanish, and French). The included studies were assessed for quality. Their characteristics and statistically significant factors were reported. Fourteen papers were included in the review. The prevalence of dental service usage during pregnancy ranged from 16 to 83%. Demographic factors included women's age, marital status, parity, and nationality. The socioeconomic factors were income, educational level, and type of health insurance. Many psychological and behavioral factors played a role, including oral health practices, oral health and pregnancy beliefs, and health care maintenance. Referred symptoms of gingivitis, dental pain, or dental problems were perceived need. Demographic, socioeconomic, psychological, behavioral factors and perceived need were associated with the utilization of dental services during pregnancy. More well-designed studies with reliable outcomes are required to confirm the framework described in this review.

Barriers and facilitators to dental care during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative studies / Barreiras e facilitadores para os cuidados de saúde bucal durante a gravidez: uma revisão sistemática e meta-síntese de estudos qualitativos / Barreras y facilitadores para el cuidado dental durante el embarazo: una revisión sistemática y metasíntesis de estudios cualitativos

Some barriers to dental treatment during pregnancy are poorly understood, especially those related to psychosocial factors, which are better explored in qualitative studies. The aim of this systematic review was to explore the barriers and facilitators to dental care during pregnancy through a thematic synthesis of qualitative studies. Qualitative or mixed-methods studies published in English, Portuguese, Spanish and French, from 2000 to 2016, were included. The search strategies were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, BBO and CINAHL. To evaluate the quality of the studies, we used the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tool. Thematic synthesis was performed in order to interpret and summarize the results. From 2,581 screened studies, ten were included in the synthesis. We found 14 analytical themes related to barriers and facilitators to dental care during pregnancy that interacted in complex ways: physiological conditions, low importance of oral health, negative stigma regarding dentistry, fear of/anxiety toward dental treatment, mobility and safety, financial barriers, employment, time constraints, social support, lack of information, health professionals' barriers, family and friends' advice, beliefs and myths about the safety of dental treatment. Myths and beliefs about oral health and dental treatment during pregnancy appear to be the most frequent barriers, both to pregnant women and to dentists or other health professionals. The findings of this review may support new studies, especially to test intervention protocols and to guide effective public policies for the promotion of oral health during pregnancy.

Algumas barreiras aos cuidados de saúde bucal durante a gravidez são mal compreendidas, principalmente aquelas relacionadas a fatores psicossociais, que são exploradas melhor com estudos qualitativos. Esta revisão sistemática teve como objetivo explorar as barreiras e facilitadores dos cuidados odontológicos durante a gravidez, através de uma síntese temática de estudos qualitativos. Foram incluídos estudos qualitativos ou de métodos mistos, publicados em inglês, português, espanhol ou francês entre 2000 e 2016. As buscas foram realizadas nas bases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, BBO e CINAHL. Para avaliar a qualidade dos estudos, usamos a ferramenta Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. A síntese temática teve como objetivo interpretar e resumir os resultados. Entre os 2.581 estudos identificados, dez foram incluídos na síntese. Encontramos 14 temas analíticos relacionados a barreiras e facilitadores dos cuidados odontológicos na gravidez, e que interagiram de maneira complexa: condições fisiológicas, baixa importância atribuída à saúde oral, estigma negativo em relação à odontologia, medo ou ansiedade frente ao tratamento dentário, mobilidade e segurança, barreiras financeiras, emprego, limitações de tempo, apoio social, falta de informação, barreiras produzidas pelo profissional de saúde e conselhos de amigos e familiares, além de crenças e mitos sobre a segurança do tratamento dentário. Os mitos e crenças sobre a saúde oral e o tratamento dentário durante a gravidez parecem ser as barreiras mais importantes, tanto para as gestantes quanto para os odontólogos e outros profissionais de saúde. Os achados da revisão podem apoiar novos estudos, principalmente para testar protocolos de intervenção e orientar políticas públicas efetivas para a promoção da saúde oral durante a gravidez.

Algunas barreras al tratamiento dental durante el embarazo no se han entendido adecuadamente, especialmente aquellas relacionadas con factores psicosociales, que están mejor examinados en estudios cualitativos. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática fue examinar las barreras y facilitadores para el cuidado dental durante el embarazo, a través de una síntesis temática de estudios cualitativos. Se incluyeron métodos cualitativos, o estudios de métodos mixtos, publicados en inglés, portugués, español y francés, desde el 2000 al 2016. La búsqueda de estrategias se realizó en PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, BBO y CINAHL. Con el fin de evaluar la calidad de los estudios, usamos la herramienta Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. Se realizó la síntesis temática para interpretar y resumir los resultados. De los 2.581 estudios seleccionados, diez fueron incluidos en la síntesis. Encontramos 14 temas analíticos, relacionados con barreras y facilitadores para la atención dental durante el embarazo, que interactuaron de forma compleja: condiciones fisiológicas, baja importancia de la salud oral, estigma negativo referente a la odontología, miedo/ ansiedad al tratamiento dental, movilidad y seguridad, barreras financieras, empleo, restricciones de tiempo, apoyo social, falta de información, barreras a la salud profesional, consejo de familia y amigos, creencias y mitos sobre la seguridad del tratamiento dental. Mitos y creencias sobre la salud oral y el tratamiento dental durante el embarazo parecen ser las barreras más frecuentes, tanto en el caso de las mujeres embarazadas, como en el caso de dentistas y otros profesionales de salud. Los hallazgos de esta revisión tal vez susciten nuevos estudios, especialmente para probar protocolos de intervención y guiar políticas públicas efectivas, orientadas a la promoción de la salud oral durante el embarazo.