Association between depression, glycaemic control and the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in a diabetic population in Cameroon.

PURPOSE: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing especially in low- and middle-income countries in which 75% of the world's diabetic population reside. The macro- and microvascular complications of diabetes such as diabetic retinopathy are also set to increase in these populations.The relationship between depression and glycaemic control has been established in high-income countries, but evidence from low- and middle-income countries is scarce. This research aimed to determine an association between depression and glycaemic control and record the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in a diabetic population in Cameroon. METHODS: Analysis of cross-sectional data from the 'Improving access to HbA1c measurements in sub-Saharan Africa' study was used. Primary data were collected from six diabetic care facilities in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Participants were aged ≥ 18 years with at least a 6-month history of diabetes. Depression was assessed using the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). A CES-D score ≥ 16 was used to identify the presence of clinically significant depressive symptoms. Data on glycaemic control were measured using HbA1c measurements at baseline. The presence of diabetic retinopathy was established through ophthalmoscopy and angiography using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study classification. RESULTS: A total of 261 participants were included in the study, and information on depressive symptoms at baseline (CES-D score) were available for 240 participants. The results of the data analysis found that 60% of the study participants had clinically significant depressive symptoms (CES-D > 16). A weak non-significant positive correlation was found between CES-D score and HbA1c level (p = 0.46, r = 0.05) using the Pearson's correlation co-efficient. Gender and attendance to a patient support group were significantly associated with the presence of clinically significant depressive symptoms. Poor glycaemic control (HbA1c > 7%) was found in 72.8% of the population. Educational level and insulin use were significantly associated with glycaemic control.The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was 27.2% (23.4% non-proliferative, 2.5% pre-proliferative and 3.2% proliferative), and the prevalence of diabetic maculopathy was 10.0%. CONCLUSION: The study found that a large proportion of diabetic patients may be experiencing depressive symptoms for which they are currently not receiving treatment or support. We also found a large proportion to have poor glycaemic control that is known to worsen the vascular complications of diabetes. In light of the increasing epidemic of type 2 diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa, it is important that the recognition of depressive symptoms becomes integrated into future healthcare policies in the nations of sub-Saharan Africa. This research suggests that individuals experiencing depressive symptoms may be more likely to engage in patient support groups. These groups can be beneficial in providing patients with diabetes valuable information, which could lead to better glycaemic control.

Prevalence and awareness of diabetes in Guinea: findings from a WHO STEPS

Aims: The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of diabetes, and to assess its awareness and related risk factors among adult Guineans.Methods: A population-based cross-sectional survey was conducted on 1 100 adults (46.6% women) aged 35­64 years from Lower Guinea, during September to December 2009, using the WHO STEPwise approach of surveillance of chronic disease risk factors. Data were collected in three steps: demographic and behavioural risk factors, blood pressure and anthropometric measurements, and fasting blood cholesterol and glucose testing. A multi-stage cluster sample design was applied to generate nationwide representative data.Results: The mean age of all participants was 47.3 years (SD 8.8), similarly in Conakry, rural Lower Guinea and urban Lower Guinea. The prevalence of diabetes was 5.7% (95% CI 4.0­8.1). Among participants with diabetes, only 44.0% were aware of their status. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, determinants of diabetes prevalence were urban residency, male sex, age group 45­64 years, increased waist circumference, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Male sex, rural residency, age group 45­54 years, no formal education, waist circumference, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia were independent predictors of screen-detected diabetes.Conclusion: The present study found a high prevalence and low awareness of diabetes, suggesting the need for appropriate actions to strengthen primary healthcare approaches towards non-communicable diseases in Guinea

Study of the effect of altitude on the measurement of glycated haemoglobin using point-of-care instruments.

We measured the glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels of a total of 24 non-diabetic volunteers and diabetic patients using a point-of-care (POC) analyser in three Cameroonian cities at different altitudes. Although 12 to 25% of duplicates had more than 0.5% (8 mmol/mol) difference across the sites, HbA1c values correlated significantly (r = 0.89-0.96). Further calibration studies against gold-standard measures are warranted.

Poor glycemic control in type 2 diabetes in the South of the Sahara: the issue of limited access to an HbA1c test.

BACKGROUND: Management of type 2 diabetes remains a challenge in Africa. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and predictors of poor glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes living in sub-Saharan. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving 1267 people (61% women) with type 2 diabetes (mean age 58 years) recruited across health facilities in Cameroon and Guinea. Predictors of poor glycemic control (HbA1c ≥7.0% (53 mmol/mol)) were investigated via logistic regressions. RESULTS: The mean body mass index was 27.4 ± 5.8 kg/m(2), and 74% of patients had poor glycemic control. Predictors of poor glycemic control in multivariable regression models were recruitment in Guinea [odd ratio: 2.91 (95% confidence interval 2.07 to 4.11)], age <65 years [1.40 (1.04 to 1.88)], diabetes duration ≥3 years [2.36 (1.74 to 3.21)], treatment with: oral glucose control agents [3.46 (2.28 to 5.26)], insulin alone or with oral glucose control agents [7.74 (4.70 to 12.74)] and absence of a previous HbA1c measurement in Guinea [2.96 (1.30 to 6.75)]. CONCLUSION: Poor control of blood glucose is common in patients with type 2 diabetes in these two countries. Limited access to HbA1c appears to be a key factor associated with poor glycemic control in Guinea, and should be addressed by health policies targeting improvement in the outcomes of diabetes care.