ARCHITECT Chagas® as a single test candidate for Chagas disease diagnosis: evaluation of two algorithms implemented in a non-endemic setting (Barcelona, Spain).

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate two algorithms for the diagnosis of chronic and congenital Chagas disease (CD), both including the chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay ARCHITECT Chagas® (CMIA) as a single test but with an amended signal-to-cut-off ratio (S/CO) of ≥6, instead of an S/CO of ≥1 as indicated by the manufacturer. METHODS: The study encompassed two panels of retrospective samples: 831 sera from 786 adolescents and adults (panel A), and 96 sera from 35 newborn infants with CD-infected mothers (panel B). A CMIA-negative result was deemed conclusive, whereas samples with an S/CO ≥ 0.8 were confirmed by a second test (BioELISA Chagas, ELISAr). RESULTS: In panel A, seropositivity was 13% (102/786); 10 samples gave discordant results for CMIA and ELISAr, all of which were CMIA positive and had CD confirmed through a previous diagnosis by two positive serological tests. In panel B, all newborns were considered non-infected based on both a progressive decrease in antibody titres over time and negative real-time PCR results. CMIA still gave positive results in two infants aged 10 months but no S/CO values ≥6 were observed from 4 months on. CONCLUSIONS: CMIA is a firm candidate for use as a single CD diagnostic test in non-endemic countries. The algorithm with the ≥6 S/CO is as an efficient method for chronic CD diagnosis. CMIA could also be used as a single test to screen infants for congenital infection at the age of 10 months or even earlier if applying the corrected cut-off ratio, although further studies are required.

Seroprevalence of canine Leishmania infantum infection in the Mediterranean region and identification of risk factors: The example of North-Eastern and Pyrenean areas of Spain.

The Mediterranean basin is an endemic region for canine leishmaniosis (CanL), where it represents a major veterinary problem and raises human health concerns. However, the distribution of the disease is heterogeneous and not all countries and locations have been equally studied and characterized. This work describes the situation of CanL in Girona province (Catalonia, Spain), for which no data has been previously reported, and presents a relevant study to exemplify other areas with similar characteristics across the region. Four cross-sectional seroprevalence surveys were performed from 2012 to 2016 throughout the province, including 36 sampling stations in 26 localities and a total of 593 dogs. For each animal, individual and location variables were also collected. Additionally, each dog owner answered a questionnaire about their knowledge of CanL and preventive methods used. Blood samples were analysed by an in-house ELISA and a mixed logistic regression model was used to assess the relationship between pre-determined variables and dog seropositivity. A Spearman's correlation was used to assess the association between dog owners' perceived risk of CanL and Leishmania infantum seropositivity in dogs at a given location. The overall true seroprevalence estimated for Girona province was 19.5% (95%CI: 15.5-23.5), of which only 6.8% (10/146) were considered symptomatic. Age of the dog [OR = 1.21 (95%CI: 1.11-1.31); p < 0.001] and altitude [OR = 0.02 (95%CI: 0.001-0.19); p = 0.001] were identified as risk factors for the infection. The results obtained in this study are expected to aid in the implementation of directed control programmes in CanL endemic areas throughout Europe, as well as to provide suitable data for the design of better risk assessment maps of the disease.

Management, prevention and treatment of canine leishmaniosis in north-eastern Spain: an online questionnaire-based survey in the province of Girona with special emphasis on new preventive methods (CaniLeish vaccine and domperidone).

Knowledge of how canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is being managed clinically and its epidemiology is very important, since dogs are the main reservoir of human leishmaniosis. This study reports the results obtained through a questionnaire-based survey of veterinary practitioners in Girona province, a recognised, but non-documented endemic area in north-eastern Spain. The primary objective was to obtain data on the clinical management of CanL, focusing particularly on new preventive methods and therapeutic tools. The results show an extensive routine management of CanL cases and a widespread use of the CaniLeish (Virbac) vaccine and domperidone (Leisguard, Esteve). Adverse reactions were detected by a vast majority of the vaccine users (82 per cent), the most frequent being local reactions, apathy, fever and gastroenteritis. All the respondents had treated confirmed cases, and the therapeutic protocol most used was the combination of meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime, Merial) and allopurinol (Zyloric, GlaxoSmithKline).

Differential ecological traits of two Phlebotomus sergenti mitochondrial lineages in southwestern Europe and their epidemiological implications.

OBJECTIVES: The introduction of leishmaniasis in a new area requires a well-established population of the sandfly vector species of the parasite. No autochthonous cases of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis have been detected in southwestern Europe, and Leishmania infantum is the only causative agent of leishmaniasis in this area. Phlebotomus sergenti, the main vector of Leishmania tropica, is commonly found in the Iberian Peninsula at sufficient densities to be able to act as a vector. It is characterised by high genetic diversity and classified in four mitochondrial lineages. Our aim was to analyse the composition and distribution of P. sergenti mitochondrial lineages in southwestern Europe given the possibility of phenotypic differences of biomedical importance between them. METHODS: Sandflies were captured in the Iberian Peninsula and on the Canary and Balearic Islands. Mitochondrial lineage identification of 137 P. sergenti was performed using a novel PCR-RFLP that avoids the necessity of gene sequencing. RESULTS: Two lineages were evidenced, the typical Iberian one (lineage I) and another, held in common with North Africa (lineage III), that show a distinctive distribution. P. sergenti lineage I shows a better correlation to the bioclimatic diversity in southwestern Europe. Conversely, P. sergenti lineage III prefers warmer temperatures and less precipitation, which are typical of the Mediterranean. CONCLUSION: Lineage I seems to have adaptive advantages given its wider tolerance to temperature and altitude than lineage III, and it would seem more suitable to lead a potential geographical expansion towards the rest of Europe.

Intradomiciliary and peridomiciliary captures of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the leishmaniasis endemic area of Chapare province, tropic of Cochabamba, Bolivia.

In South America, cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most frequent clinical form of leishmaniasis. Bolivia is one of the countries with higher incidence, with 33 cases per 100,000 individuals, and the disease is endemic in 70% of the territory. In the last decade, the number of cases has increased, the age range has expanded, affecting children under 5 years old, and a similar frequency between men and women is found. An entomological study with CDC light traps was conducted in three localities (Chipiriri, Santa Elena and Pedro Domingo Murillo) of the municipality of Villa Tunari, one of the main towns in the Chapare province (Department of Cochabamba, Bolivia). A total of 16 specimens belonging to 6 species of the genus Lutzomyia were captured: Lu. aragaoi, Lu. andersoni, Lu. antunesi, Lu. shawi, Lu. yuilli yuilli and Lu. auraensis. Our results showed the presence of two incriminated vectors of leishmaniasis in an urbanized area and in the intradomicile. More entomological studies are required in the Chapare province to confirm the role of vector sand flies, the intradomiciliary transmission of the disease and the presence of autochthonous cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Temporal trends in canine leishmaniosis in the Balearic Islands (Spain): a veterinary questionnaire. Prospective canine leishmaniosis survey and entomological studies conducted on the Island of Minorca, 20 years after first data were obtained.

Leishmaniosis is present in the Mediterranean region of Europe, where Leishmania infantum is responsible for the disease, dogs are the main reservoir, and sand flies of the Phlebotomus genus, subgenus Larroussius, are proven vectors. Some areas, including Minorca in the Balearic Islands, are considered free of the disease, despite the presence of vectors. However, in the context of the current expansion of canine leishmaniosis in parts of Europe, an epidemiological study using a veterinary questionnaire was carried out to establish the current situation of the disease in the Balearic Islands. While 50% of veterinarians thought that the incidence of canine leishmaniosis had not changed over time, 26.2% perceived an increasing trend, mainly those from Minorca, where most of the veterinarians polled (88.1%) considered the new diagnosed cases as autochthonous. A cross-sectional serological study performed in this island gave a seroprevalence rate of 24%. Seroprevalence among animals of local origin and with no history of movements to endemic areas was 31%. The presence of autochthonous canine leishmaniosis in Minorca was not correlated with an increase in vector density. The environmental and climatic factors that influenced the distribution and density of Phlebotomus perniciosus on the island and the possible causes of the apparent emergence of canine leishmaniosis in Minorca are discussed.

Is leishmaniasis widespread in Spain? First data on canine leishmaniasis in the province of Lleida, Catalonia, northeast Spain.

Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a widespread disease present in 42 countries. It is considered of epidemiological importance because of its role as a reservoir of human leishmaniasis. Knowledge of the real distribution of CanL and its emergence and/or re-emergence is of great importance in order to determine the extension of the disease. This work reports the detection of CanL in a farm dog located in a Pyrenean area of northwest Catalonia (Spain) where the disease was previously unknown. Since the dog had never left the region and sandfly vectors, Phlebotomus ariasi and P. perniciosus, were present in the farm the case is considered as autochthonous and is the first to be published in this region of Spain.

Distribution of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Andorra: first finding of P. perniciosus and wide distribution of P. ariasi.

During July 2007 sand fly captures were carried out in Andorra using sticky castor oil traps set in sand fly resting places for four consecutive nights. The sampling stations were located between 800 and 2400 m above sea level. The specimens captured belong to two species of the genus Phlebotomus subgenus Larroussius, Phlebotomus ariasi and Phlebotomus perniciosus. The results shed new light on the wide geographical and altitudinal distribution of P. ariasi in Andorra, where it was located between 800 and 2200 m a.s.l. The study also identified P. perniciosus in Andorra for the first time, with captures below 1000 m a.s.l. The finding of these species, both proven vectors of human and canine leishmaniasis in the bordering areas of France and Spain, is considered in terms of a possible emergence of leishmaniasis in Andorra, as has occurred in other parts of Europe.

Menière symptoms induced by an otologic implant during MR.

A patient who had had sacculotomy with placement of a stainless steel sacculotomy tack 20 years earlier experienced vertigo and auditory sensations during MR imaging. The safety of these prosthesis in MR is questionable. A simple method of determining ferromagnetic interaction is proposed.