Investigation of Risk Factors Predicting Cataract Surgery Complications in Patients with Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome: A Systematic Review.

(1) Background: The present review aims to identify risk factors with predictive value for differentiating between pseudoexfoliation patients at risk of developing intra- or postoperative complications and those without operative risk during cataract surgery. (2) Methods: The review protocol was registered at PROSPERO, registration no. CRD42023417721. The following databases were searched for studies between 2000 and 2023: PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Springer, Science Direct, Web of Science, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, TRIP database, LILACS, Clinical Trials, and reference lists of articles. We included analytical studies of any design examining cataract surgery complications in pseudoexfoliation patients across two population groups, one who underwent uneventful cataract surgery and the other who experienced intra- or postoperative complications. The paper will follow PRISMA 2020 criteria for reporting. Effect measure was assessed using odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) for qualitative variables and means with their respective standard deviation (SD) for quantitative variables. The risk of bias was assessed using the method presented in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews. The GRADE scale was used for quality of evidence and certainty. (3) Results: The initial search of published and gray literature databases retrieved 1435 articles, six of which were included in this report. A total of 156 intra- or postoperative incidents were reported in 999 eyes with pseudoexfoliation. The identified predictive factors were a shallow anterior chamber, cataract grade, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, preoperative intraocular pressure, and symmetry of the exfoliation material. Limitations include heterogeneity of data and limited number of studies identified in our search. (4) Conclusions: These findings suggest the potential to refine risk stratification protocols in clinical settings and assist surgeons in personalized decision-making among individuals with pseudoexfoliation syndrome.

Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON): Clinical Experience and Outcomes after Long-Term Idebenone Treatment.

BACKGROUND: Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a rare disease. Large studies are difficult to conduct; therefore, case reports provide valuable data. Since 2015, patients have been treated with Idebenone. The aim of this paper is to share our experience with diagnosing and managing patients in different stages of LHON. METHODS: We designed a case series study, including four patients undergoing genetic testing and ophthalmologic examination. Criteria for Idebenone administration and follow-up were presented. RESULTS: All patients had mutation 11778G>A in MT-ND4. The first patient, an 82-year-old man, with long history of vision loss, had no indication for Idebenone. Two additional cases emerged within the same family: a 40-year-old brother and a 31-year-old sister. Both received Idebenone, with good outcomes only for the female. After a one-year regimen, they were lost to follow-up. The fourth patient, a 46-year-old man, was diagnosed in the subacute stage. Idebenone administration was deferred, allowing progression of visual field defects. After 17 months of treatment, visual improvement appeared. The treatment was continued for 36 months, with short interruptions, resulting in good outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated positive results with long-term Idebenone use. Contrary to medical literature, our female patient had a favorable evolution, despite the delayed diagnosis.

Photoactivated Chromophore Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking for Infectious Keratitis (PACK-CXL)-A Comprehensive Review of Diagnostic and Prognostic Factors Involved in Therapeutic Indications and Contraindications.

Infectious keratitis is a severe infection of the eye, which requires urgent care in order to prevent permanent complications. Typical cases are usually diagnosed clinically, whereas severe cases also require additional tools, such as direct microscopy, corneal cultures, molecular techniques, or ophthalmic imaging. The initial treatment is empirical, based on the suspected etiology, and is later adjusted as needed. It ranges from topical administration of active substances to oral drugs, or to complex surgeries in advanced situations. A novel alternative is represented by Photoactivated Chromophore Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking (PACK-CXL), which is widely known as a minimally invasive therapy for corneal degenerations. The purpose of this review is to identify the main diagnostic and prognostic factors which further outline the indications and contraindications of PACK-CXL in infectious keratitis. Given the predominantly positive outcomes in the medical literature, we ponder whether this is a promising treatment modality, which should be further evaluated in a systematic, evidence-based manner in order to develop a clear treatment protocol for successful future results, especially in carefully selected cases.

Choroidal Thickness Increase after Subliminal Transscleral Cyclophotocoagulation.

Background: The purpose of this study is to estimate the success rate of subliminal transscleral cyclophotocoagulation for refractory glaucoma and to determine the correlation between the decrease in intraocular pressure and the variation in choroidal thickness. Methods: A pre−post study was conducted over a period of 3 years, including 81 eyes from 67 patients with different types of drug-refractory glaucoma who underwent subliminal transscleral cyclophotocoagulation. The variables included best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure and choroidal thickness. Results: We observed the following success rates (defined as IOP < 21 mmHg): 80% at 1 month (65 patients), 74% at 3 months (60 patients), 64% at 6 months (52 patients) and 50.6% at 1 year (41 patients). A strong correlation was noted between the decrease in intraocular pressure and the increase in the average choroidal thickness at 1 year (318.42 µm) compared to the average preoperative thickness (291.78 µm). A correlation of increased choroidal thickness at 1-month with the success rate of the procedure was also observed. Conclusions: We observed a statistically significant correlation between the success rate, decrease in intraocular pressure and choroidal thickness. The correlation of increased choroidal thickness at 1-month with the success rate of the procedure could be used clinically as a predictive factor for the final outcome of patients. Further experimental research is warranted to determine whether the increase in choroidal thickness after subliminal transscleral cyclophotocoagulation is indeed evidence of increased uveoscleral drainage.

Investigation of Retinal Microcirculation in Diabetic Patients Using Adaptive Optics Ophthalmoscopy and Optical Coherence Angiography.

The current research approaches the retinal microvasculature of healthy volunteers (17 subjects), patients with diabetes mellitus without retinopathy (19 subjects), and of diabetic patients with nonproliferative (17 subjects) and proliferative (21 subjects) diabetic retinopathy, by using adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy and optical coherence ophthalmoscopy angiography. For each imaging technique, several vascular parameters have been calculated in order to achieve a comparative analysis of these imaging biomarkers between the four studied groups. The results suggest that diabetic patients with or without diabetic retinopathy prove signs of retinal arteriole structural alterations, mainly showed by altered values of wall to lumen ratio, calculated for the superior or inferior temporal branch of the central retinal artery, near the optic nerve head, and significant changes of the vascular density in the retinal superficial capillary plexus. Both adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy and optical coherence ophthalmoscopy angiography are providing useful information about the retinal microvasculature from early onset of diabetic disease, having a promising diagnostic and prognostic role in the future.

Central serous chorioretinopathy in pregnancy.

Objective: The objective of this work was to present two unusual cases of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and the chosen therapeutic method. Materials and methods: In this article, two cases of CSC in pregnant patients were described. Results: The first case was a 35-year-old patient in the 16th week of pregnancy and the second one was a 26-year-old patient in the 20th week of pregnancy. Due to the contraindications associated to pregnancy, the therapeutic method chosen was subthreshold micropulse laser photocoagulation. The functional and anatomical evolution was very good in both patients. Discussion: In both cases, treatment of the disease was preferred to prevent important photoreceptor losses. After the treatment, very good anatomical and functional results were obtained. Conclusions: The micropulse laser is an effective solution for treating CSC. It is the only safe therapeutic solution during pregnancy. CSC can be associated with pregnancy, without necessarily suggesting pre-eclampsia. Abbreviations: CSC = central serous chorioretinopathy, SRF = subretinal fluid.

High-resolution images in macular disorders.

Objective: This study analyzed and compared the results of adaptive optics (AO) and fundus autofluorescence (FAF) in various maculopathies. Methods: The study included four different types of maculopathy: central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), retinitis pigmentosa (RP), Stargardt disease (STGD) and phototoxic retinopathy. In all four cases, cone mosaic and cone density were obtained using AO fundus camera. Further, the high-resolution images were compared with the FAF and optical coherence tomography (OCT) results. Results: In CSC, FAF and AO, changes could be shown in the macula even two years after the subretinal fluid resorption, as opposed to a normal OCT. The improvement of FAF and cone mosaic appearance was concomitant with the visual acuity growth. Several cone mosaic phenotypes were observed in RP and STGD. In RP, the cone density was 24.240 cones /mm2 in the center, and decreased to 8.163 cones/ mm2 in the parafoveal area. In STGD, the cone density was lower in the center, 9.219 cones/ mm2, and higher at the periphery, 12.594 cones/ mm2. In the case of phototoxic retinopathy, AO and OCT were more effective than FAF in highlighting the photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelium lesions. Conclusions: FAF and AO are very useful tools in macular pathologies examination. FAF can offer a true picture of the metabolic changes in the macula, while AO allows the view of changes up to the cellular level. Abbreviations: STGD = Stargardt disease, CSC = central serous chorioretinopathy, RP = retinitis pigmentosa, AO = adaptive optics, FAF = fundus autofluorescence.

Accelerated vs. conventional collagen cross-linking for infectious keratitis.

Infectious keratitis represents a serious concern for ophthalmologists, with a progressively growing incidence in the last few years. In this prospective comparative study, we evaluated two groups of patients with infectious keratitis or corneal ulcer resistant to antimicrobial and antifungal therapy, treated respectively with conventional and accelerated photoactivated chromophore collagen cross-linking. Eight patients were assigned to each group and they were monitored for 12 months. We investigated the differences between groups, comparing on one side the mean of the quantitative variables using the t-test and on the other side the frequencies of qualitative variables using the Fisher exact test. The time to healing for the group treated with conventional cross-linking was 2 days longer than for the group undergoing accelerated cross-linking (34.9±11.4 vs. 32.9±9.4 days), a difference that did not reach statistical significance (P=0.708). We conclude that the accelerated protocol is as safe and efficient as the classic procedure. The accelerated protocol has an important advantage, both for the doctor and the patient, of being time sparing (the time for accelerated cross-linking is 3 times shorter than in the case of the conventional protocol).