ABSTRACT
PIP: Population projections for Japan are presented to the year 2010. Data are included by prefecture and for five-year increments by age group from 1990-2010.^ieng
Subject(s)
Age Distribution , Forecasting , Geography , Age Factors , Asia , Demography , Developed Countries , Asia, Eastern , Japan , Population , Population Characteristics , Research , Statistics as TopicABSTRACT
PIP: Changes in marriage patterns in Japan are analyzed over the period 1920-1985.^ieng
Subject(s)
Marriage , Asia , Developed Countries , Asia, Eastern , JapanABSTRACT
PIP: Fertility trends for Japan for 1988 and 1989 are analyzed and compared with earlier years. The authors note that the total number of births, the total fertility rate, and the ever-married total fertility rate are all declining. The average age of childbearing, however, is increasing.^ieng
Subject(s)
Age Factors , Birth Rate , Fertility , Sexual Behavior , Asia , Demography , Developed Countries , Asia, Eastern , Japan , Population , Population Characteristics , Population DynamicsABSTRACT
PIP: Data are presented on divorce rates by sex and age and the total divorce rate in Japan from 1980 to 1988.^ieng
Subject(s)
Age Factors , Divorce , Sex Factors , Asia , Demography , Developed Countries , Asia, Eastern , Japan , Marriage , Population , Population CharacteristicsABSTRACT
PIP: Fertility rates for male (TRFm), for female (TRFf), and for combined male and female (TRFmf) between 1970 to 1987 were calculated. The recent trend in which TRFm is lower than TRFf made it necessary to know TRFm and TRFmf as well as TRFf, which traditionally represented fertility rate. In calculating fertility rate, numerator is usually the number of births of Japanese babies only and denominator is Japanese population as of October 1 of the particular year. In the present calculation, however, both numerator and denominator include foreigners. Furthermore, population for denominator is the year average rather than the figure for October 1. The following symbols are used in the equations for TRFm, TRFf, and TRFmf. i represents father's age; j, mother's age. Bi. represents number of births when father is i years old. B.j represents number of birth when mother is j years old. Bij means number of births when father is i years old and mother is j years old. Pmi means male population of i year olds; Pfj, female population of j year olds. TRFm was higher than TRFf till 1975 but in has been reverse since 1980. Between 1980 and 1987 TRFm decreased from 2.13 to 1.68; TRFmf, from 2.16-1.63. Highest Age Specific TRFf was 0.17996 for 28-year-olds in 1987. Average Age for Child births for female changed from 27.75 year olds (y.o.) to 28.53 y.o.; the same for male, from 28.86 y.o. to 31.24 y.o. TRFf is found to become higher when the ratio of male/female population at the peak of marriageable and productive age period (between alpha and beta) becomes greater than 1.^ieng
Subject(s)
Birth Rate , Demography , Sex Factors , Asia , Developed Countries , Asia, Eastern , Fertility , Japan , Population , Population Characteristics , Population Dynamics , ResearchABSTRACT
PIP: A new method of calculating marital fertility that considers marriage duration and age at marriage is developed and applied to official Japanese data. Comparisons are made with marital fertility rates calculated using traditional methods.^ieng
Subject(s)
Fertility , Marriage , Methods , Asia , Demography , Developed Countries , Asia, Eastern , Japan , Population , Population Dynamics , ResearchABSTRACT
PIP: The authors analyze data from the Second National Migration Survey conducted in 1986 in Japan. Topics covered include trends in migration by province, family characteristics, and age.^ieng
Subject(s)
Age Factors , Emigration and Immigration , Family Characteristics , Geography , Asia , Demography , Developed Countries , Developing Countries , Asia, Eastern , Japan , Population , Population Characteristics , Population DynamicsABSTRACT
PIP: The year of 1966 was called "Hinoe-uma" in Japan. According to the widely prevalent superstition in Japan, a woman born in that year is destined to kill her husband (Yasukawa 1977). In 1966, both total number of births and birthrate were decreased. Many researchers have tried to determine the effects of this superstition on the trends of birth and the adjustment process of fertility. The simple measurement index, annual change of births and birthrates and number of marriages, was used. The authors derived not only age-specific birthrates and total fertility rates by region and socioeconomic status, but also marriage duration-specific birthrate and total marital fertility rates, using the own children method (Itoh 1985, Cho et al 1986). Then they used the 1975 Population Census prepared by the Statistics Bureau and the 1974 National Household Survey prepared by the Ministry of Health and Welfare to get fertility measurements; age specific birthrates and marriage duration specific birth rates, by status of women and region at survey. 1st, the trends of total fertility rates and total number of births were very similar. Then they confirmed many findings of previous works based on the annual change of births. 2nd, a change of total marital fertility is greater than that of births and total fertility rates in the same period. It means the main cause of fertility change of "Hinoe-uma" is practicing contraception of couples; mainly couples 2-6 years of duration since marriage. 3rd, according to the fertility by socioeconomic status of women, high fertility groups (e.g., agricultural workers) showed greater change and lower fertility groups (professional, managers, clerical workers) showed less change. 4th, according to fertility change by prefecture, high fertility areas showed less change and lower fertility areas showed bigger changes. 5th, according to data which take into account both metropolitan and rural areas, women living in metropolitan areas were more accepting of this superstition. Finally, the authors discovered a conflict between fertility change by women's status and regional fertility change. It is 1 evidence of the limitation of area correlation analysis. (author's modified)^ieng
Subject(s)
Birth Rate , Culture , Demography , Geography , Research Design , Social Class , Socioeconomic Factors , Asia , Developed Countries , Developing Countries , Economics , Asia, Eastern , Fertility , Japan , Population , Population Dynamics , ResearchABSTRACT
The effects of the emulsion of quinonyl acids (QS-n, ES-n, KS-n) and related compounds (QSA-n) in Freund's incomplete adjuvant on the humoral immune response to bacterial alpha-amylase were assayed, and their structure-adjuvant activity relationships were discussed. All the quinonyl acids tested (500 microgram/mouse) enhanced the humoral immune response two to seven times as much as that of the control group, five weeks after immunization. 3'-Methyl and 2', 3'-double bond in the carboxy side chains of ubiquinone metabolites (Q acid-I, -II) were not essential for the adjuvant activity. The conversion of methoxyls on the quinone ring into methyls, and that of benzoquinone into phenol also did not affect the activity, but the activity seemed to depend on the carbon number of the carboxy side chain, and the prominent adjuvant activity was observed in the carboxylates having the carboxyalkyl chain of five to seven carbons. High doses (1 or 5 mg/mouse) of ubiquinone-7 and -2 enhanced the humoral immune response two to three times as much as that of the control group, and quinonyl alcohols (QSA-n) enhanced that with low dose (500 microgram/mouse).