Favourable clinical outcomes and low revision rate after M-ACI in adolescents with immature cartilage compared to adult controls: Results at 10 years.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate long-term survival, patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and radiographic results of matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte implantation (M-ACI) in adolescents with immature cartilage and compare them to adult controls. METHODS: A retrospective matched-pair analysis was performed comparing the PRO after M-ACI for focal cartilage defect of the knee in cartilaginous immature adolescents to mature adults. Groups were matched for sex, body mass index, defect site and size, symptom duration and the number of previous knee surgeries. Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and the Magnetic Resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair Tissue (MOCART 2.0) scores were assessed at least 60 months postoperatively. Patient acceptable symptomatic state (PASS) and clinical response rate in KOOS and KOOS subscores were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 54 patients were matched. At a mean of 96 months (65-144 months), no surgical complications, graft hypertrophy or reoperations were noted in the cohorts studied. Adolescents showed superior PROs at the final follow-up (76.9 ± 14.1 vs. 66.4 ± 15.0, p = 0.03) and were significantly more likely to achieve PASS (74.1% vs. 55.6%; p = 0.02) compared to the adult cohort. The KOOS subscale analysis showed long-term benefits for adolescents in terms of symptom improvement, pain reduction, activities of daily living, sports and quality of life (p < 0.05). None of the patients in the adolescent group showed graft hypertrophy on magnet resonance imaging or signs of osteoarthritis on radiographs at long-term follow-ups. CONCLUSIONS: M-ACI is an effective treatment for chondral defects of the knee in patients with immature cartilage with low revision rates and high patient satisfaction over the long term. Adolescents showed comparable clinical and radiographic results in the short and medium term, with slightly more favourable, clinically relevant functional results in adolescents in the long term. M-ACI can be safely used in adolescents, and consideration should be given to expanding the indication to include these patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Neutral to slightly undercorrected mechanical leg alignment provides superior long-term results in patients undergoing matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte implantation.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of leg alignment on long-term clinical outcome after matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte implantation (M-ACI) and to define an individualized target range to optimize clinical outcome. METHODS: The present study examined patients who underwent M-ACI of the femoral condyle. The Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and Magnetic Resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair Tissue (MOCART) were used to assess the results. Clinical outcomes were related to Patient Acceptable Symptomatic State (PASS). For intra- and interobserver reliability of mechanical tibiofemoral angle, mechanical medial proximal tibial angle and mechanical lateral distal femoral angle, we calculated intraclass correlation coefficients using a two-way mixed model with absolute agreement. A regression model and receiver-operating characteristics curve were used to identify an individual range of alignment where a favourable clinical outcome could be expected in the long term. RESULTS: Additional osteotomy was performed in 50% of patients with similar clinical outcomes as physiologically aligned patients (p > 0.05). The curve-fitting regression model identified a target range of -2.5° valgus to 4.5° varus for ideal postoperative alignment (R2 = 0.12, p = 0.01). Patients within this range were more likely to achieve PASS (70% vs. 27%, p = 0.001). In medially treated defects, a refined range of -2.5° valgus to 4° varus alignment was found (R2 = 0.15, p = 0.01). These patients were more likely to achieve PASS (67% vs. 30%, p = 0.01) and showed favourable postoperative KOOS and MOCART scores (p = 0.02). Patients with lateral defects were more likely to achieve PASS within a range of -2° valgus and 0.5° varus (90% vs. 45%, p = 0.03) and showed favourable postoperative KOOS and MOCART scores (p = not significant). CONCLUSIONS: An individual range of leg alignment-whether achieved by osteotomy or physiologic alignment-should be respected in M-ACI treatment. A neutral to slightly undercorrected alignment favours the postoperative outcome after M-ACI. When planning surgery for patients with focal cartilage defects of the femoral condyle, these ranges should be recognized as critical factors. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

The Impact of Injury on Career Progression in Elite Youth Football-Findings at 10 Years.

Background: There is a lack of evidence regarding the impact of time loss, match exposure, and age at injury on career progression in elite football. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify injury characteristics and their influence on career progression in a German youth academy. Methods: During the 2012/2013 season, a prospective cohort study reported 107 time-loss injuries among 130 young athletes from an elite German soccer academy. Individual career progression was analyzed using 10-year data. Results: Injuries and time loss were not associated with career progression (p > 0.05) in the overall cohort. In the U17 and U19 groups, 24% were able to reach the professional level, with injuries significantly decreasing this probability (p = 0.002). Injuries lasting more than 28 days had a negative impact on career progression compared to minor injuries (30% vs. 10%; p = 0.02). Conclusions: Not only the characteristics of injuries, but also their impact on career development, vary with age. In the U17 and U19 age groups, serious injuries resulting in more than 28 days of absence have a negative impact on career progression. It is important to be aware of these effects in order to focus on the prevention of long-term injuries to ensure the optimal development of young athletes.

The role of autologous bone grafting in matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte implantation at the knee: Results from the German Cartilage Registry (KnorpelRegister DGOU).

PURPOSE: To investigate whether concomitant autologous bone grafting adversely affects clinical outcome and graft survival after matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte implantation (M-ACI). METHODS: The present study examines registry data of patients who underwent M-ACI with or without autologous bone grafting for large-sized chondral or osteochondral defects. Propensity score matching was performed to exclude potential confounders. A total of 215 patients with similar baseline characteristics were identified. Clinical outcome was assessed at the time of surgery and at 6, 12, 24, 36 and 60 months using the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). KOOS change, clinical response rate, KOOS subcomponents and failure rate were determined. RESULTS: Patients treated with M-ACI and autologous bone grafting achieved comparable clinical outcomes compared with M-ACI alone. At 24 months postoperatively, the patient-reported outcome (PRO) of patients treated with M-ACI and autologous bone grafting was even significantly better as measured by KOOS (74.9 ± 18.8 vs. 79.2 ± 15.4; p = 0.043). However, the difference did not exceed the minimal clinically important difference (MCID). In patients with M-ACI and autologous bone grafting, a greater change in KOOS relative to baseline was observed at 6 (9.3 ± 14.7 vs. 15.0 ± 14.7; p = 0.004) and 12 months (12.6 ± 17.2 vs. 17.7 ± 14.6; p = 0.035). Overall, a high clinical response rate was observed in both groups at 24 months (75.8% vs. 82.0%; p = n.s.). The estimated survival at the endpoint of reoperation for any reason was 82.1% (SD 2.8) at 8.4 years for isolated M-ACI and 88.7% (SD 2.4) at 8.2 years for M-ACI with autologous bone grafting (p = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS: Even in the challenging cohort of large osteochondral defects, the additional treatment with autologous bone grafting leads to remarkably good clinical outcomes in patients treated with M-ACI. In fact, they tend to benefit more from surgery, have lower revision rates and achieve clinical response rates earlier. Subchondral bone management is critical to the success of M-ACI and should be addressed in the treatment of borderline defects. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

How Does Age Affect Injury Characteristics in Young Elite Footballers?-A Prospective Cohort Study of a German Youth Academy.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about age-related changes in injury characteristics and burden, and existing data are inconsistent, highlighting the need for new studies on this topic. This study aimed to describe age-related injury risk, severity and burden in a German elite youth football academy. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted in the 2012/2013 season, reporting 109 time-loss injuries among 138 young athletes playing at an elite football academy in Germany. For the most severe injuries, the injury burden in the different age groups was considered separately. RESULTS: Athletes missed a total of 2536 days of exposure, resulting in an overall incidence of 2.6 per 1000 h (1.7-3.0; 95% CI) and a burden of 60.6 days lost per 1000 h (40.8-80.3; 95% CI). The incidence and burden of joint sprains and muscle injuries were higher in the older age groups. Physeal injuries peaked in the U14 age group during the pubertal growth spurt. Bone injuries and contusions showed no age trend. CONCLUSION: Injury characteristics vary with age. The overall incidence, severity and burden of injuries increased with the age of the athletes. To ensure the optimal development of young athletes, it is important to be aware of the differences in injury susceptibility between age groups in order to implement tailored prevention programmes.

[Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) : Compositional analysis with different dietary habits and timing of blood sampling]. / "Platelet-rich plasma" (PRP) : Analyse der Zusammensetzung bei unterschiedlichem Ernährungsverhalten und Blutentnahmezeitpunkt.

The variability of PRP is a major contributor to the lack of evidence regarding the therapeutic effect of PRP in musculoskeletal diseases. In a large study, we are currently investigating factors that may influence PRP variability. Interim results showed that concentrations of IL­6, but not IGF­1 or cellular constituents, were significantly decreased in PRP samples from vegans compared with omnivores and tended to be decreased compared to samples from vegetarians. This suggests that diet may have a significant influence on therapeutically active PRP constituents. However, the constituents studied here did not appear to be significantly affected by the timing of the sampling. Identification of significant variables affecting PRP composition will be critical to provide sufficient medical evidence for the therapeutic effects of PRP in orthopedic conditions.

Injury Patterns and Incidence in an Elite Youth Football Academy-A Prospective Cohort Study of 138 Male Athletes.

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of evidence regarding injury incidence in German elite youth football academies, and the risk of re-injury is unknown. Therefore, the objectives of this study were (1) to determine injury patterns and incidence in an elite youth football academy in Germany, (2) to monitor overuse-/trauma-related injuries over the course of the season, and (3) determine the risk of re-injury. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted in the 2012/2013 season among 138 male players from an elite youth football academy in Germany. Injuries were recorded according to the consensus statement on injury definitions and data collection in studies of football injuries. Injury incidence was reported as the number of injuries per 1000 h of exposure and the number of injuries per squad season. RESULTS: A total of 109 injuries were reported, resulting in a cumulative time-loss of 2536 days. A squad of 25 players sustained 19.7 injuries per season, with an average of 23.3 days (15.7-30.9; 95% CI lower-upper) of absence per injury. Ligament sprains (28%), muscle strains (19%) and physeal injuries (12%) were the most common causes of time-loss. Physeal injuries were the most common severe type of injury (29%), with a mean time-loss of 29.7 days (18.2-41.2; 95% CI lower-upper). Re-injuries accounted for 3% of all injuries and resulted in significantly more time-loss than non-re-injuries (60 vs. 23 days; p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: In the youth academies studied, a team of 25 players sustained an average of 19.7 injuries per season, resulting in a cumulative time-loss of 459 days. Physeal injuries are a major contributor to severe injuries and therefore require special attention.

[New treatment methods in competitive sports : What can we learn from the medical care of top athletes?] / Neue Therapieverfahren im Wettkampfsport : Was können wir aus der Betreuung von Spitzensportlern lernen?

BACKGROUND: As elite sport becomes more professional, the medical-psychological care of athletes is an important factor in providing them with the best possible support and thus optimising their performance. Our experience in the fields of prevention, conservative and surgical treatment, and rehabilitation also provides valuable insights for the treatment of our patients in daily practice. PREVENTION: Designed to improve static and dynamic muscle strength, kinaesthetic sensitivity, and neuromuscular control, the FIFA 11+ injury prevention programme is a three-part warm-up programme that is widely used in coaching and recreational sports. CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is probably the most widely used orthobiologic treatment modality for the conservative management of tendon, muscle and cartilage injuries. Its effectiveness depends on the underlying pathology and the affected body region. The best evidence exists for the treatment of patellar tendinitis ("jumper's knee") and epicondylitis humeri radialis ("tennis elbow"). SURGICAL TREATMENT: The treatment of ACL injuries in competitive athletes is challenging due to the high physical demands. Prompt surgical intervention, anatomical reconstruction and additional extra-articular stabilisation are associated with improved surgical outcomes. Graft selection must be individualised, adapted to the needs of the athletes and our patients. REHABILITATION: Electromyography (EMG) is a diagnostic tool to identify muscular imbalances in rehabilitation and, at the same time, to help reduce them through biofeedback training. COGNITIVE TRAINING: Training for the development of basic cognitive skills helps to optimise performance through its potentially positive influence on the executive functions of athletes.

Enhanced antibiotic release from bone cement spacers utilizing dual antibiotic loading with elevated vancomycin concentrations in two-stage revision for periprosthetic joint infection.

PURPOSE: Antibiotic loaded bone cement spacers provide high local antibiotic concentrations, preserve bone stock, and reduce soft tissue contractions. The objective of this in-vitro study was to compare antibiotic release from spacers, aiming to discover the most optimal preparation and identify modifiable factors that can further enhance antibiotic release. METHODS: Six distinct spacer preparation were created using three different bone cements and manual incorporation of antibiotics. During a six-week period, the release of antibiotics from each spacer was measured individually at ten predetermined time points using a chemiluminescent immunoassay. RESULTS: Manually adding 4 g of vancomycin to every 40 g of "Palacos R + G" yielded the most favorable release profile. Throughout all preparations, antibiotic release consistently and significantly decreased over the six-week period. When incorporating a higher concentration of vancomycin, a significantly higher cumulative release of vancomycin was observed, with varying effects on the release of gentamicin. The choice of bone cement had a significant impact on antibiotic release. CONCLUSION: To enhance antibiotic release from spacers, surgeons should manually incorporate high antibiotic concentrations into the most appropriate bone cement and keep the interim period as short as possible. Specifically, we suggest manual incorporation of 4 g of vancomycin to every 40 g of gentamicin premixed "Palacos R + G" to create bone cement spacers.

[The first decade of the DGOU's cartilage register-insights for clinical practice]. / Die erste Dekade des KnorpelRegisters der DGOU ­ Erkenntnisse für die klinische Praxis.

BACKGROUND: Registry data provide valuable epidemiological insights that help to further improve process and outcome quality in patient care. The German Cartilage Registry (KnorpelRegister DGOU) was established in 2013 as an instrument for quality assurance after surgical cartilage regenerative procedures on hip, knee and ankle joints. DATA COLLECTION: Participation in the German Cartilage Registry is optional for hospitals and practices. Currently, more than 160 institutions in Germany, Austria and Switzerland participate in the data collection. DATA COLLECTED AND INITIAL FINDINGS: The implementation of PROMs ("patient related outcome measurement"), as well as the recording of surgery-related influencing factors, enable a differentiated scientific analysis and represent a key quality feature of the registry. Initial analyses of the registry data have already provided clinically relevant findings for immediate patient care. For example, patients who underwent focal cartilage therapy prior to ACT show a clinically relevant, significantly worse outcome than patients who underwent primary ACT. First conclusions could also be drawn regarding the relevance of concomitant cartilage therapy. For example, in patients with focal cartilage damage of the medial knee joint compartment, registry data indicate that leg axis correction is indicated even in cases of mild deviation of the mechanical leg axis. CONCLUSION: The data and findings obtained from the Cartilage Registry represent an important aspect of clinical care research and serve as a complement to well-designed, clinically prospective cohort studies, RCTs, and meta-analyses.

Long-Term Outcome and Athletic Level following Operative Treatment for Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients.

Research on the long-term outcomes following surgical therapy for osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the knee is scarce. A single-center retrospective cohort study was conducted to investigate surgically treated patients for knee OCD between 1993 and 2007. A total of 37 patients with an average follow-up duration of 14 years (range 8-18) were in the final cohort. IKDC and Lysholm scores were assessed. The duration and types of sport activity were reported. Long-term results were compared with existing midterm data. Knee scores showed a very good outcome with a mean of 91.3 in the IKDC score and 91.7 in the Lysholm score. Compared to midterm outcomes, both IKDC (p = 0.028) and Lysholm scores (p = 0.01) improved on final follow-up. Patients with open physes showed a significantly better Lysholm score compared to patients with closed physes (p = 0.034). Defect localization and size did not influence the outcome, but a defect depth of <0.8 cm2 achieved significantly better scores than ≥0.8 cm2. Of all surgical interventions, refixation achieved the best outcome. Long-term results significantly improved compared to midterm results with a follow-up of 40 months (p = 0.01). Thirty-six out of 37 patients were physically active, with 56% of sports being knee-straining activities. Long-term results following surgically treated OCD fragments show excellent function and a good athletic level. Patients with open physes potentially have better knee outcomes. Midterm results are sustainable and could improve further in the long term.

Functional outcome and athletic level after arthroscopic repair followed by triple pelvic osteotomy in patients with labral tears resulting from acetabular dysplasia.

BACKGROUND: Patients with acetabular dysplasia are at a higher risk of developing symptomatic labral tears. Isolated treatments that address these pathologies are well established. Combined treatment with hip reorientation osteotomy using Bernese periacetabular osteotomy in addition to arthroscopic labral repair show good results. Studies that report the outcome in patients who received both arthroscopic labral repair and a triple pelvic osteotomy (TPO) are lacking. The aim of this study is to investigate the short to midterm functional outcome and activity level in these patients. METHODS: This case series retrospectively included 8 patients (2 male, 6 female) with acetabular dysplasia (lateral center-edge angle [LCEA] ≤ 25°) and a labral tear on magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA). All patients underwent arthroscopic labral repair followed by TPO after an average period of 3 months (range 2-6). Average age at the time of surgery was 25 years (range 15-37). Patients were followed up and the following main parameters were assessed: LCEA, modified Harris hip score (mHSS), Tegner score, UCLA score, patient satisfaction on a scale of 1-4. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 19 months (range 15-25). The mean LCEA increased from 18° to 37° (p < 0.0001). The mHSS improved from a mean of 79 to 94 on final follow-up (p = 0.00123). The Tegner and UCLA scores had a median of 4 and 5, respectively. The mean LCEA increased from 18° to 37° (p < 0.0001). The mean patient satisfaction was 3.6. CONCLUSION: Patients with evidence of a labral tear resulting from acetabular dysplasia benefit from arthroscopic repair followed by a TPO. The literature still lacks evidence that labral repair and reorientation osteotomy produce superior outcome compared to osteotomy alone. Treatment should consider clinical presentation in addition to radiological findings with emphasis on MRA.

Combined treatment with medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is effective on long-term follow-up.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the long-term outcome of combined medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). The authors hypothesized that the combined procedure leads to good long-term outcome in patients with isolated medial knee osteoarthritis (OA) and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficiency. METHODS: Twenty-three patients with ACL deficiency and concomitant medial knee OA were treated from 2008 to 2016 with a combined UKA (Oxford Partial Knee) and ACLR using a hamstring tendon autograft. The follow-up assessment included VAS pain score, Lysholm score, Oxford Knee Score (OKS), American Knee Society scores (AKSS), International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC 2000), Tegner and UCLA activity scores. Instrumented laxity test was done using the KT-1000 arthrometer. Survivorship analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Implant loosening and disease progression was assessed by conventional radiography. RESULTS: Average follow-up duration was 10 years (6-14.5). VAS, Lysholm, Tegner and UCLA scores improved significantly. OKS, AKSS and IKDC 2000 showed excellent results on follow-up. Implant survivorship was 91.4% at 14.5 years. There were 2 revisions with conversion to total knee arthroplasty at 6 and 12 years postoperatively due to trauma and disease progression, respectively. There were no radiological or clinical signs of instability or disease progression in any of the remaining knees. The side-to-side difference using the KT-1000 arthrometer was insignificant. CONCLUSIONS: UKA combined with ACLR is an effective therapeutic option with good outcome and return to sport rate on the long-term. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

The Ali Krogius procedure for treatment of patellofemoral instability should be regarded as obsolete even in skeletally immature patients.

BACKGROUND: Several interventions are established for treating patellofemoral instability in adults. Fewer exist for pediatric patients without damaging the epiphysis. The Ali Krogius (AK) method is currently still being used. Most studies are not current and report varying results in small patient population. The aim of this study is to determine the long-term results of the AK method. METHODS: In this monocentric, retrospective study design, 33 knees in 33 patients who received the AK procedure for recurrent patellar dislocation were assessed. The average age was 20.8 years (range 6-40). The following functional scores were assessed: Kujala Score, Lysholm Score and Tegner Score. Subgroup analysis was done for patients ≤16 years of age. Available preoperative imaging was assessed for known risk factors. RESULTS: After an average follow-up of 7.8 years (Range 59-145 months), a total of 8 (24%) knees suffered a redislocation postoperatively. Seven of the eight dislocations occurred in patients ≤ 16 years of age. One knee (3%) was revised due to persistent pain. The median score was 86 points for the Kujala score and 90 for the Lysholm score. The median in the Tegner score was level 6. Clinically, the patellar glide was lateralized in 7 knees (21%) and an apprehension sign was triggered in 8 knees (24%). CONCLUSIONS: Including the present study, the existing literature indicates a redislocation rate between 24 and 41% following AK. It should thus be regarded as obsolete even though it protects the epiphysis. Surgical interventions such as medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction with femoral drilling distal to the epiphysis should be preferred. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Retrospectively registered: S-302/2016. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Injury Profile among Elite Youth Male Football Players in a German Academy.

Studies that report injuries in elite youth football players are scarce. So far, no such studies have been reported in Germany. The aim of this study is to descriptively and statistically report the incidence of injuries that resulted in time-loss ≥ 4 days in the TSG Hoffenheim football academy by 138 male players aged between 12 and 19 years during one season. A total of 109 injuries were sustained by 76 players: 6.9 injuries occurred per 1000 hours of matches (95% CI, 5.0-9.6) and 0.7 injuries per 1000 hours of training (95% CI, 0.5-0.9) with a ratio of 9.8. Some 66% of all injuries occurred during matches. Injuries involved the lower limb (81%), upper limb (9%), head & neck (5%) and trunk injuries (5%). 21 (19%) of all injuries were regarded as severe and resulted in time-loss > 28 days. U16-U19 teams sustained more injuries (74, 68%) than U12-U15 (35, 32%) (P= 0.032). The most frequent diagnosis was thigh strain (22%). Time-loss ranged from 4-339 days (SD: 40, Average: 23). Many injuries were a result of strain. Available injury prevention programs should be adhered to more strictly. Dedicated epidemiological studies are needed to optimize focused injury prevention programs.

Concomitant ankle instability has a negative impact on the quality of life in patients with osteochondral lesions of the talus: data from the German Cartilage Registry (KnorpelRegister DGOU).

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare patients with osteochondral lesions of the talus (OCLT) with and without concomitant chronic ankle instability (CAI). METHODS: Data from the German Cartilage Registry (KnorpelRegister DGOU) for 63 patients with a solitary OCLT were used. All patients received autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis (AMIC) for OCLT treatment. Patients in group A received an additional ankle stabilisation, while patients in group B received AMIC alone. Both groups were compared according to demographic, lesion-related, and therapy-related factors as well as baseline clinical outcome scores at the time of surgery. The Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM), the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS), and the Numeric Rating Scale for Pain (NRS) were used. RESULTS: Patients in group A were older compared to group B [median 34 years (range 20-65 years) vs. 28.5 years (range 18-72 years)]; the rate of trauma-associated OCLTs was higher (89.7% vs. 38.3%); more patients in group A had a previous non-surgical treatment (74.1% vs. 41.4%); and their OCLT lesion size was smaller [median 100 mm2 (range 15-600 mm2) vs. 150 mm2 (range 25-448 mm2)]. Most OCLTs were located medially in the coronary plane and centrally in the sagittal plane in both groups. Patients in group A had worse scores on the FAOS quality-of-life subscale compared to patients in group B. CONCLUSION: Patients with OCLT with concomitant CAI differ from those without concomitant CAI according to demographic and lesion-related factors. The additional presence of CAI worsens the quality of life of patients with OCLT. Patients with OCLT should be examined for concomitant CAI, so that if CAI is present, it can be integrated into the treatment concept. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Correction to: Parameters influencing complaints and joint function in patients with osteochondral lesions of the ankle-an investigation based on data from the German Cartilage Registry (KnorpelRegister DGOU).

The original version of this article contained an error.

Pain in Osteochondral Lesions of the Ankle - an Investigation Based on Data from the German Cartilage Registry (KnorpelRegister DGOU).

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to investigate parameters influencing the preoperative pain intensity in patients with osteochondral lesions of the ankle. The evaluation covered patient-related parameters such as age, sex, body mass index (BMI), as well as defect-related parameters, such as localisation, size and stage (according to the classification of the International Cartilage Repair Society [ICRS] and the Berndt-Harty-Loomer classification). We also examined the correlation between the different surgical techniques and additional factors, such as debridement of an impingement or stabilisation of the ankle on the one hand, and the preoperative pain intensity on the other. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 259 patients with osteochondral lesions of the ankle were operated in 32 clinical centres between October 2014 and December 2016 and enrolled consecutively in the German Cartilage Registry (KnorpelRegister DGOU). 151 patients were available for analysis. The preoperative pain intensity was assessed at the time of surgery with online questionnaires, using the Numeric Rating Scale for pain (NRS). RESULTS: The median preoperative pain intensity in the complete study population (n = 151) was 3 (range 0 - 10). There was no correlation between the age and the preoperative pain intensity (ρ = - 0.06). Further, there was not detected a difference between the two genders according to the preoperative pain intensity (p = 0.31). In female patients a higher BMI correlated with a higher preoperative pain intensity (ρ = 0.16). Within the group of patients with a solitary treated talus lesion there was no difference according to the preoperative pain intensity between the different localizations of the defect (medial vs. lateral talus) (p = 0.82). Within the group of patients with a solitary treated talus or tibia lesion there was no correlation between the defective area or the lesion stage according to the ICRS classification on the one hand, and the preoperative pain intensity on the other (ρ = 0.09, and ρ = 0.04, respectively). According to the Berndt-Harty-Loomer classification a higher lesion stage (stage four and five) was associated with a higher preoperative pain intensity (ρ = 0.13). There was no difference according to the preoperative pain intensity between the group of patients that received a debridement of a bony or soft tissue impingement in addition to the cartilage therapy and the group of patients without this kind of additional therapy (p = 0.10). Further, there was no difference according to the preoperative pain intensity between the group of patients that received a stabilisation of the ankle joint in addition to the cartilage therapy and the group of patients without a stabilisation procedure (p = 0.83). CONCLUSION: Osteochondral lesions of the ankle can be associated with a moderate and in some cases high pain intensity. In female patients a higher BMI is associated with a higher pain intensity. Further, a higher lesion stage according to the Berndt-Harty-Loomer classification is associated with a higher pain intensity, which highlights the clinical relevance of this classification.

Osteitis pubis in professional football players: MRI findings and correlation with clinical outcome.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Osteitis pubis (OP), a common pathology in elite athletes, is an aseptic inflammatory process of the pubic symphysis bone, and may involve surrounding soft tissues, tendons and muscles. OP is typically characterized by (often recurring) groin pain and is an important cause of time-off from sports activity in athletes. Aim of this retrospective study was to analyze magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in professional football players with clinical diagnosis of OP and to correlate MRI findings with clinical outcome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All professional football players (23 males, 1 female; mean age: 21±3.7years; range: 16-30 years) with groin pain and clinical diagnosis of OP, who underwent pelvic MRI in our institution were retrospectively analyzed. The MR images were analyzed regarding the presence of bone marrow edema and its extension, whether fluid in the symphysis pubis or periarticular soft tissue edema with a rim-like periosteal distribution or edema in the muscles located around the symphyseal joint were present, whether degenerative changes of the symphysis pubis and of signs of symphyseal instability were encountered. A quantitative measurement of the signal intensity in bone marrow edema on 3T STIR sequences was performed, normalizing these values to the mean signal intensity values in the ipsilateral iliopsoas muscle. All patients were classified according to a 3-point grading scale. For each patient, both the symptoms 18 months after the initial MRI examination, the duration of time off from playing football and the kind of treatment applied were evaluated. RESULTS: Among all professional athletes, in 20/24 (83.3%) MRI showed signs of OP with bone marrow edema at the pubic bone. 12 of these patients showed complete clinical recovery without any symptoms after 18 months, while in 8 patients partial recovery with persistence of groin pain during higher sports activity was observed. Patients with edema in periarticular soft tissues or in the muscles around the symphyseal joint on MRI at the beginning of symptoms presented significantly more often with a partial recovery after returning to high sports activity (p=0.042 and p=0.036, respectively). A partial recovery was also significantly associated with higher normalized mean signal intensity values in bone marrow edema on STIR sequences at the beginning of symptoms (mean=4.77±1.63 in the group with partial recovery vs. mean=2.86±0.45 in the group with complete recovery; p=0.0019). No significant association was noticed between MRI findings and time of abstinence from high sports activity, as well as between the 3-point grading scale and the time off from high sport activity and recovery at 18 months. CONCLUSIONS: Edema in periarticular soft tissues, edema with extension to the muscles located around the symphyseal joint, as well as higher normalized signal intensity values in bone marrow edema on STIR sequences in the pubic bones at the beginning of groin pain are the most reliable MRI findings of a poor clinical long-term outcome of OP in professional football players and should be regarded as negative prognostic factors.