Anti-inflammatory sesquiterpenoids from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Salvia plebeia: Regulates pro-inflammatory mediators through inhibition of NF-κB and Erk1/2 signaling pathways in LPS-induced Raw264.7 cells.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Salvia plebeia R. Brown, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has been used to treat inflammatory diseases such as cough, hepatitis, and diarrhea for a long history. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of the present study was to isolate and identify potential anti-inflammatory agents from the herb of S. plebeia, which may have contributed to its folk pharmacological use in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The aerial parts of S. plebeia were extracted with 95% ethanol and separated by silica gel, RP-C18, Sephadex LH-20, and HPLC. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis (MS, NMR, and X-ray). Anti-inflammatory activities of all compounds were evaluated by the model of LPS-induced up-regulated of NO in Raw264.7 macrophages. The expression levels of cytokine (TNF-α) and proteins (iNOS and COX-2) were assessed by ELISA kit and Western blotting analysis, respectively. Furthermore, the influences of salviplenoid A (1) on NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways were determined by Western blotting analysis and immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS: Six new (1-6, salviplenoids A-F) and ten known (7-16) sesquiterpenoids were isolated from the herb of S. plebeia. The absolute configurations of compounds 1, 2, and 7 were determined by X-ray diffraction. The new eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoid, salviplenoid A (1), significantly decreased the release of NO and TNF-α and the expression of proteins iNOS and COX-2. In addition, the biochemical mechanistic study indicated that 1 regulated the NF-κB dependent transcriptional activity through inhibiting the nuclear translocation of p50/p65 dimer and decreasing the phosphorylation of IκB and Erk1/2. CONCLUSIONS: Among all sesquiterpenoids isolated from S. plebeian, the new salviplenoid A (1) exhibited the most potent anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced Raw264.7 cells via inhibition of NF-κB and Erk1/2 signaling pathways.

Aristoyunnolin H attenuates extracellular matrix secretion in cardiac fibroblasts by inhibiting calcium influx.

Aristoyunnolin H is a novel aristophyllene sesquiterpenoid isolated from the traditional Chinese medicine Aristolochia yunnanensis Franch. The present research was designed to explore the anti-fibrotic effects of aristoyunnolin H in adult rat cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) stimulated with angiotensin II (Ang II). Western blot analysis data showed that aristoyunnolin H reduced the upregulation of fibronectin (FN), connective tissue growth factor and collagen I(Col I) production induced by Ang II in CFs. By studying the dynamic intracellular changes of Ca2+, we further found that while aristoyunnolin H relieved the calcium influx, it has no effect on intracellular calcium store release. Meanwhile, aristoyunnolin H also inhibited the Ang II-stimulated phosphorylation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. In conclusion, aristoyunnolin H may attenuate extracellular matrix secretion in vitro by inhibiting Ang II-induced calcium signaling.

New lanostane-type triterpenoids from the fruiting body of Ganoderma hainanense.

Five new lanostane-type triterpenoids, ganoderenses A-E (1-5), two new lanostane nor-triterpenoids, ganoderenses F and G (6 and 7), along with 13 known analogues (8-20) were isolated from the fruiting body of Ganoderma hainanense. Their structures were determined by combined chemical and spectral methods, and the absolute configurations of compounds 1 and 13 were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. All compounds were evaluated for inhibitory activity against thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), a potential target for cancer chemotherapy with redox balance and antioxidant functions, but were inactive.

Neolignans from Aristolochia fordiana Prevent Oxidative Stress-Induced Neuronal Death through Maintaining the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway in HT22 Cells.

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the ethanolic extract of the stems of Aristolochia fordiana led to the isolation of six new dihydrobenzofuran neolignans (1-3 and 7-9), three new 2-aryldihydrobenzofurans (4-6), a new 8-O-4' neolignan (10), and 14 known analogues (11-24). The structures of compounds 1-10 were established by spectroscopic methods, and their absolute configurations were determined by analyses of the specific rotation and electronic circular dichroism data. The neuroprotective effects of compounds 1-24 against glutamate-induced cell death were tested in hippocampal neuronal cell line HT22. Compounds 17 and 20-24 exhibited moderate neuroprotective activity by increasing the endogenous antioxidant defense system. In addition, the neolignans activated the Nrf2 (nuclear factor E2-related factor 2) pathway, resulting in the increase of the expression of endogenous antioxidant protein HO-1 (heme oxygenase-1). The active compounds also preserved the levels of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 (B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2), which was decreased by glutamate. Collectively, these results suggested that the active neolignans protect neurons against glutamate-induced cell death through maintaining the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway as well as preserving the Bcl-2 protein and might be promising novel beneficial agents for oxidative stress-associated diseases.

(±)-Torreyunlignans A-D, rare 8-9' linked neolignan enantiomers as phosphodiesterase-9A inhibitors from Torreya yunnanensis.

(±)-Torreyunlignans A-D (1a/1b-4a/4b), four pairs of new 8-9' linked neolignan enantiomers featuring a rare (E)-2-styryl-1,3-dioxane moiety, were isolated from the trunk of Torreya yunnanensis. The structures were determined by combined spectroscopic and chemical methods, and the absolute configurations were elucidated by ECD calculations. The compounds were screened by using tritium-labeled adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate ([(3)H]-cGMP) as a substrate for inhibitory affinities against phosphodiesterase-9A (PDE9A), which is a potential target for the treatment of diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. All of the enantiomers exhibited inhibition against PDE9A with IC50 values ranging from 5.6 to 15.0 µM. This is the first report of PDE9A inhibitors from nature.

Determination of the absolute configuration of two pairs of C-8 - C-9' linked neolignan enantiomers.

Two pairs of new neolignan enantiomers, (±)-torreyayunan A (1a/1b) and (±)-torreyayunan B (2a/2b), featuring a rare C-8 - C-9' linked skeleton, were isolated from leaves and twigs of Torreya yunnanensis. Their absolute configuration involving two chiral centers was determined by combined spectral and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculation. This is the first report of the absolute configuration of this group of neolignans.

Natural phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitors from Crotalaria ferruginea.

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the ethanol extract of the Chinese folk medicine Crotalaria ferruginea led to the isolation of a new isoflavonoid, 4'-hydroxy-2'-methylalpinum-isoflavone (1), and eight known analogs (2-9). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. Compounds 1, 2, 5, and 8 showed inhibitory activities against phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4), a therapeutic target of asthma, with IC50 values ranging from 2.57 to 8.94 µM. The possible action mechanism and the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the active isoflavonoids were explored by using molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation methods. Our study herein may explain the anti-inflammatory function of this plant in Chinese folk medicine.

Selaginpulvilins A-D, new phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors with an unprecedented skeleton from Selaginella pulvinata.

Selaginpulvilins A-D (1-4), four new phenols with an unprecedented 9,9-diphenyl-1-(phenylethynyl)-9H-fluorene skeleton, together with four known selaginellins (5-8) were isolated from Selaginella pulvinata. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and chemical correlation. The structure of 1 was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 1-8 exhibited remarkable inhibitory activities (IC50 values in the range of 0.11-5.13 µM) against phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4), a drug target for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.