As contribuições do construcionismo social para a prática do assistente social: A experiência do Grupo de Acolhimento do Hospital Dia do HCFMR-USP

O presente trabalho busca a compreensão das contribuições do Construcionismo Social para a atuação do assistente social em saúde mental. O Serviço Social atua em instituições psiquiátricas desde 1946, passando por alterações na prática profissional na área a partir do Movimento de Reconceituação do Serviço Social e do Movimento de Reforma Psiquiátrica, quando a consideração dos fatores sociais no processo de adoecimento, tratamento e reinserção social do portador de transtorno mental traz novas demandas e referenciais a estes profissionais, como a prática em grupos socioeducativos, a abordagem com famílias, a busca pela efetivação de direitos, orientações sociais. Considera-se que o Construcionismo Social, abordagem teórica que visa a valorização das relações interpessoais ao propor uma prática profissional que preconize a linguagem e o diálogo, priorizando os sentidos atribuídos às ações, possa auxiliar a atuação do assistente social em saúde mental pela complexidade dos estigmas referentes ao adoecimento mental. Assim, este estudo apresenta a construção teórica da abordagem construcionista social e a ação profissional do assistente social em saúde mental para expor a experiência do Grupo de Acolhimento do Hospital Dia do HCFMRP-USP, onde, por meio da utilização dos referenciais do Serviço Social em consonância com o Construcionismo Social, tem-se buscado apresentar o serviço e acolher as demandas dos usuários com o intuito de aproximá-los do tratamento oferecido, para maior adesão.

This paper seeks to understand the contributions of Social Constructionism to the actions of the social worker in mental health. Social Work operates in psychiatric institutions since 1946, going through changes in professional practice in the area from the Reconceptualization Movement of Social Work and Psychiatric Reform Movement, when the consideration of social factors in the disease process, treatment and social reintegration of patients with mental disorders brings new demands and references to these professionals, as the practice in groups, the approach with families, the search for enforcing rights, social orientations. It is considered that Social Constructionism, theoretical approach that aims to value interpersonal relations to propose a practice which would include language and dialogue, prioritizing the meanings attributed to actions, can assist the work of the social worker in mental health by the complexity of stigmata related to mental illness. This study presents a theoretical construction of social constructionist approach and the social workers professional action in mental health to expose the experience of the Reception Group on Day Hospital HCFMRP-USP, where, through the use of social work referential in line with the Social Constructionism, have tried to provide the service and accommodate the demands of users in order to bring them into treatment offered to greater adherence.

Carposeminal biometrics and germination of Lafoensia pacari A. St. Hil. (Lythraceae) exposed to different concentrations of GA3 / Morfobiometria carpo-seminal e germinação de Lafoensia pacari A. St. Hil. (Lythraceae) exposta a diferentes concentrações de GA3

Growth regulators improve seedling performance, accelerating the emergence rate and expanding the physiologic potential of the seeds even under adverse conditions. The aims of this study was carposeminal biometrics and evaluate the influence of GA3 at different concentrations, in overcoming seed dormancy Lafoensia pacari A. St. Hil., a tree species of savanna and medicinal interest. Biometrics has been used for 100 fruits and 100 seeds, measuring the length, fruit diameter and the operculum. The seeds were characterized by the average number per fruit, weight of 1000 seeds, besides the length, width and thickness, also made to the embryo. The treatments were: distilled water and GA3 at 5, 10 and 20 mg.L-1, added to four sets of 100 seeds each. The dry seeds on paper towels were placed in groups of 25 units in four Petri dishes with filter paper and 10 mL of distilled water, kept in an incubator B.O.D. at 25 C and white fluorescent light ?mol.m-2.s-1. The data were used to calculate the Germination Percentage (G%), Germination Speed Index (GSI) and Mean Germination Time (TM), and the results submitted to linear regression analysis. The carposeminal biometrics obtained shows the relation of the fruit and seeds with the dispersion autochory/anemocoric and can serve as a tool for specific differentiation. The increasing concentrations of GA3 positively influenced the Percentage a

Reguladores de crescimento melhoram o desempenho das plântulas, acelerando a velocidade de emergência e ampliando o potencial fisiológico das sementes mesmo em condições adversas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar a biometria carposeminal e avaliar a influência do GA3, em diferentes concentrações, na superação de dormência de sementes de Lafoensia pacari A. St. Hil., uma planta arbórea do cerrado e de interesse medicinal. Para a biometria foram utilizados 100 frutos e 100 sementes, nos quais foram medidos o comprimento, diâmetro do fruto e do opérculo. As sementes foram caracterizadas pelo número médio por fruto, peso de 1000 sementes, além do comprimento, largura e espessura, também realizadas para o embrião. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: água destilada e GA3 a 5, 10 e 20 mg.L-1, adicionados a quatro lotes de 100 sementes cada. As sementes secas em papel absorvente foram distribuídas em grupos de 25 unidades, em quatro placas com papel de filtro e 10 mL de água destilada, mantidas em incubadora B.O.D. à 25ºC e luz branca fluorescente a 116 ?mol.m- 2.s-1. Os dados obtidos foram utilizados no cálculo da porcentagem de Germinação (G%), Índice de Velocidade de Germinação (IVG) e Tempo Médio de Germinação (TM), e os resultados submetidos à análise de regressão. A morfobiometria carpo-seminal obtida mostra a relação dos frutos e sementes com a dispersão autocórica/anemocóric

Carposeminal biometrics and germination of Lafoensia pacari A. St. Hil. (Lythraceae) exposed to different concentrations of GA3 / Morfobiometria carpo-seminal e germinação de Lafoensia pacari A. St. Hil. (Lythraceae) exposta a diferentes concentrações de GA3

Growth regulators improve seedling performance, accelerating the emergence rate and expanding the physiologic potential of the seeds even under adverse conditions. The aims of this study was carposeminal biometrics and evaluate the influence of GA3 at different concentrations, in overcoming seed dormancy Lafoensia pacari A. St. Hil., a tree species of savanna and medicinal interest. Biometrics has been used for 100 fruits and 100 seeds, measuring the length, fruit diameter and the operculum. The seeds were characterized by the average number per fruit, weight of 1000 seeds, besides the length, width and thickness, also made to the embryo. The treatments were: distilled water and GA3 at 5, 10 and 20 mg.L-1, added to four sets of 100 seeds each. The dry seeds on paper towels were placed in groups of 25 units in four Petri dishes with filter paper and 10 mL of distilled water, kept in an incubator B.O.D. at 25 C and white fluorescent light ?mol.m-2.s-1. The data were used to calculate the Germination Percentage (G%), Germination Speed Index (GSI) and Mean Germination Time (TM), and the results submitted to linear regression analysis. The carposeminal biometrics obtained shows the relation of the fruit and seeds with the dispersion autochory/anemocoric and can serve as a tool for specific differentiation. The increasing concentrations of GA3 positively influenced the Percentage a

Reguladores de crescimento melhoram o desempenho das plântulas, acelerando a velocidade de emergência e ampliando o potencial fisiológico das sementes mesmo em condições adversas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar a biometria carposeminal e avaliar a influência do GA3, em diferentes concentrações, na superação de dormência de sementes de Lafoensia pacari A. St. Hil., uma planta arbórea do cerrado e de interesse medicinal. Para a biometria foram utilizados 100 frutos e 100 sementes, nos quais foram medidos o comprimento, diâmetro do fruto e do opérculo. As sementes foram caracterizadas pelo número médio por fruto, peso de 1000 sementes, além do comprimento, largura e espessura, também realizadas para o embrião. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: água destilada e GA3 a 5, 10 e 20 mg.L-1, adicionados a quatro lotes de 100 sementes cada. As sementes secas em papel absorvente foram distribuídas em grupos de 25 unidades, em quatro placas com papel de filtro e 10 mL de água destilada, mantidas em incubadora B.O.D. à 25ºC e luz branca fluorescente a 116 ?mol.m- 2.s-1. Os dados obtidos foram utilizados no cálculo da porcentagem de Germinação (G%), Índice de Velocidade de Germinação (IVG) e Tempo Médio de Germinação (TM), e os resultados submetidos à análise de regressão. A morfobiometria carpo-seminal obtida mostra a relação dos frutos e sementes com a dispersão autocórica/anemocóric

Sulfates are main targets of immune responses to cruzipain and are involved in heart damage in BALB/c immunized mice.

Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease contains a major cysteine proteinase, cruzipain (Cz), with an unusual carboxyl-terminal extension (C-T). We have previously reported the presence of sulfate groups in the N-linked oligosaccharide chains of this domain. In order to evaluate the immune responses to sulfated moieties on Cz, BALB/c mice were immunized with purified Cz and C-T prior and after desulfation treatment. The humoral immune response to sulfates on Cz or C-T was mainly IgG2b. Interestingly, the abolishment of IgG2b reactivity when desulfated antigens were used as immunogens demonstrates that esterified sulfate groups are absolutely required for eliciting IgG2b response to Cz. Sera from chronically T. cruzi-infected subjects with mild disease displayed higher levels of total IgG and IgG2 antibodies specific for sulfated epitopes compared with those in more severe forms of the disease. A significant reduction of C-T-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in C-T-immunized mice was observed when desulfated C-T was challenged, suggesting the involvement of sulfate groups in the generation of memory T-cell responses. Moreover, immunization with C-T in the absence of infection elicited ultrastructural abnormalities in heart tissue. Surprisingly, hearts from sulfate-depleted C-T-immunized mice did not present pathological alterations. This is the first report showing that sulfate-bearing glycoproteins from trypanosomatids are able to elicit specific humoral and cellular immune responses and appeared to be involved in the generation of heart tissue damage. These results represent a further step in the understanding of the role of Cz in the course of T. cruzi infection.

Structural analysis of the N-glycans of the major cysteine proteinase of Trypanosoma cruzi. Identification of sulfated high-mannose type oligosaccharides.

Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasitic protozoan that causes Chagas disease, contains a major cysteine proteinase, cruzipain. This lysosomal enzyme bears an unusual C-terminal extension that contains a number of post-translational modifications, and most antibodies in natural and experimental infections are directed against it. In this report we took advantage of UV-MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in conjunction with peptide N-glycosidase F deglycosylation and high performance anion exchange chromatography analysis to address the structure of the N-linked oligosaccharides present in this domain. The UV-MALDI-TOF MS analysis in the negative-ion mode, using nor-harmane as matrix, allowed us to determine a new striking feature in cruzipain: sulfated high-mannose type oligosaccharides. Sulfated GlcNAc2Man3 to GlcNAc2Man9 species were identified. In accordance, after chemical or enzymatic desulfation, the corresponding signals disappeared. In addition, by UV-MALDI-TOF MS analysis (a) a main population of high-mannose type oligosaccharides was shown in the positive-ion mode, (b) lactosaminic glycans were also identified, among them, structures corresponding to monosialylated species were detected, and (c) as an interesting fact a fucosylated oligosaccharide was also detected. The presence of the deoxy sugar was further confirmed by high performance anion exchange chromatography. In conclusion, the total number of oligosaccharides occurring in cruzipain was shown to be much higher than previous estimates. This constitutes the first report on the presence of sulfated glycoproteins in Trypanosomatids.

Trypanosoma cruzi: partial characterization of minor cruzipain isoforms non-adsorbed to Concanavalin A-Sepharose.

The present paper reports the partial characterization of a subset of atypical cruzipain molecules which do not bind to Concanavalin A-Sepharose column. They are present in different strains of epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi and represent a 2-4% of total cruzipain. They were purified by affinity chromatography on Cystatin-Sepharose, recognized by the polyclonal anti-cruzipain serum, and their activity in gelatin-containing gels was completely abolished by E-64, TLCK, leupeptin, and aprotinin but not by PMSF, pepstatin A, EDTA or 1,10-phenantroline. These cysteine proteinases, as well as cruzipain showed to be endoproteinases able to hydrolize azocasein, hemoglobin, and bovine serum albumin at acidic pHs. However, evidences are presented indicating that this subset of cruzipain isoforms were also able to use the same blocked chromogenic peptidyl substrates than cruzipain at similar optimal alkaline pH values although with a different order of preference. Moreover, they showed a different oligosaccharide pattern after enzymatic treatment by high pH anion exchange chromatography, suggesting that this structural difference may account for the atypical behaviour in the lectin column.

Trypanosoma cruzi: cruzipain and membrane-bound cysteine proteinase isoform(s) interacts with human alpha(2)-macroglobulin and pregnancy zone protein.

Plasmatic levels of pregnancy zone protein (PZP) increase in children with acute Chagas disease. PZP, as well as alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2-M), are able to interact with Trypanosoma cruzi proteinases. The interaction of alpha2-M and PZP with cruzipain, the major cysteine proteinase of T. cruzi, was investigated. Several molecular changes on both alpha-M inhibitors under reaction with cruzipain were found. PAGE analysis showed: (i) formation of complexes of intermediate mobility and tetramerization of native alpha2-M and PZP, respectively; (ii) limited proteolysis of bait region in alpha2-M and PZP, and (iii) covalent binding of cruzipain to PZP and alpha2-M. Conformational and structural changes experimented by alpha-Ms correlate with modifications of the enzyme electrophoretic mobility and activity. Cruzipain-alpha-M complexes were also detected by gelatin SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting using polyclonal anti-cruzipain antibodies. Concomitantly, alpha2-M and PZP impaired the activity of cruzipain towards Bz-Pro-Phe-Arg-pNA substrate. In addition, alpha-Ms were able to form covalent complexes with membrane isoforms of cysteine proteinases cross-reacting with cruzipain. The present study suggests that both human alpha-macroglobulin inhibitors could prevent or minimize harmful action of cruzipain on host's molecules and hypothetically regulate parasite functions controlled by cruzipain.

Absceso cerebral: estudio analítico de 53 casos / The brain abscess: study analitic of 53 cases

El absceso cerebral es una infección purulenta del parénquina cerebral, de difícil diagnóstico, alta mortalidad y frecuente producción de secuelas neurológicas. El presente trabajo analiza los datos epidemiológicos, clínicos, diagnósticos y terapéuticos relacionados con esta patología. Se revisaron 53 historias clínicas del Servicio de Neurología del HGS de Maracaibo, entre junio de 1971 y abril de 1992. Se presentaron 39 casos masculinos (73,5 por ciento) entre 0 y 40 años se sucedieron 44 casos (83 por ciento). La mortalidad general fue de 39,6 por ciento. La sintomatología más frecuente fue cefalea (58,4 por ciento), fiebre (43,3 por ciento), trastornos de la conciencia (41,5 por ciento), vómitos (39,6 por ciento) y déficit neurológico focal (85 por ciento). El Staphylococcus aureus fue asilado en 12 ocasiones (38,7 por ciento) y Enterobacteriáceas en 8 (25,8 por ciento). Los antimicrobianos más utilizados fueron Clorandenicol, Oxacilina, Penicilina G, Ampicilina y Gentamicina, la combinación más usada fue Cloranfenico-Oxacilina. A 30 pacientes (56,6 por ciento) se les trató quirúrgicamente (Drenaje) murieron 5 (16,6 por ciento) y médicamente se trataron a 23 (44,3 por ciento) muriendo 16 (69,5 por ciento). Se encontraron 13 (24,5 por ciento) abscesos frontales y 10 (19 por ciento) parietales. ingresaron con diagnóstico correcto 12 pacientes (22,6 por ciento) y con otros diagnósticos 41 (77,3 por ciento). En la era de la TAC (desde 1979), cuando se utilizó ésta, la mortalidad fue de 21 por ciento y cuando no se practicó fue de 42 por ciento. El retardo del diagnóstico, las malas condiciones neurológicas en la admisión y la aplicación de solo tratamiento médico se asocia a una alta tasa de mortalidad. El uso de la TAC se relaciona a una menor tasa de mortalidad