ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Deletions and duplications of the 16p11.2 BP4-BP5 locus are prevalent copy number variations (CNVs), highly associated with autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. Beyond language and global cognition, neuropsychological assessments of these two CNVs have not yet been reported. METHODS: This study investigates the relationship between the number of genomic copies at the 16p11.2 locus and cognitive domains assessed in 62 deletion carriers, 44 duplication carriers, and 71 intrafamilial control subjects. RESULTS: IQ is decreased in deletion and duplication carriers, but we demonstrate contrasting cognitive profiles in these reciprocal CNVs. Deletion carriers present with severe impairments of phonology and of inhibition skills beyond what is expected for their IQ level. In contrast, for verbal memory and phonology, the data may suggest that duplication carriers outperform intrafamilial control subjects with the same IQ level. This finding is reminiscent of special isolated skills as well as contrasting language performance observed in autism spectrum disorder. Some domains, such as visuospatial and working memory, are unaffected by the 16p11.2 locus beyond the effect of decreased IQ. Neuroimaging analyses reveal that measures of inhibition covary with neuroanatomic structures previously identified as sensitive to 16p11.2 CNVs. CONCLUSIONS: The simultaneous study of reciprocal CNVs suggests that the 16p11.2 genomic locus modulates specific cognitive skills according to the number of genomic copies. Further research is warranted to replicate these findings and elucidate the molecular mechanisms modulating these cognitive performances.
Subject(s)
Autistic Disorder , Chromosome Deletion , Chromosome Disorders , Chromosome Duplication/genetics , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16/genetics , Cognitive Dysfunction , DNA Copy Number Variations/genetics , Executive Function/physiology , Intellectual Disability , Intelligence/genetics , Language , Memory/physiology , Motor Skills/physiology , Adolescent , Adult , Autistic Disorder/diagnostic imaging , Autistic Disorder/genetics , Autistic Disorder/physiopathology , Child , Child, Preschool , Chromosome Disorders/diagnostic imaging , Chromosome Disorders/genetics , Chromosome Disorders/physiopathology , Cognitive Dysfunction/diagnostic imaging , Cognitive Dysfunction/genetics , Cognitive Dysfunction/physiopathology , Female , Heterozygote , Humans , Intellectual Disability/diagnostic imaging , Intellectual Disability/genetics , Intellectual Disability/physiopathology , Male , Middle Aged , Pedigree , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The recurrent ~600 kb 16p11.2 BP4-BP5 deletion is among the most frequent known genetic aetiologies of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and related neurodevelopmental disorders. OBJECTIVE: To define the medical, neuropsychological, and behavioural phenotypes in carriers of this deletion. METHODS: We collected clinical data on 285 deletion carriers and performed detailed evaluations on 72 carriers and 68 intrafamilial non-carrier controls. RESULTS: When compared to intrafamilial controls, full scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) is two standard deviations lower in carriers, and there is no difference between carriers referred for neurodevelopmental disorders and carriers identified through cascade family testing. Verbal IQ (mean 74) is lower than non-verbal IQ (mean 83) and a majority of carriers require speech therapy. Over 80% of individuals exhibit psychiatric disorders including ASD, which is present in 15% of the paediatric carriers. Increase in head circumference (HC) during infancy is similar to the HC and brain growth patterns observed in idiopathic ASD. Obesity, a major comorbidity present in 50% of the carriers by the age of 7 years, does not correlate with FSIQ or any behavioural trait. Seizures are present in 24% of carriers and occur independently of other symptoms. Malformations are infrequently found, confirming only a few of the previously reported associations. CONCLUSIONS: The 16p11.2 deletion impacts in a quantitative and independent manner FSIQ, behaviour and body mass index, possibly through direct influences on neural circuitry. Although non-specific, these features are clinically significant and reproducible. Lastly, this study demonstrates the necessity of studying large patient cohorts ascertained through multiple methods to characterise the clinical consequences of rare variants involved in common diseases.
Subject(s)
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive/genetics , Chromosome Deletion , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16 , Developmental Disabilities/genetics , Phenotype , Adolescent , Adult , Body Mass Index , Child , Child Development Disorders, Pervasive/diagnosis , Developmental Disabilities/diagnosis , Female , Gene Order , Heterozygote , Humans , Intelligence Tests , Male , Syndrome , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Visual behavior is known to be atypical in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Monitor-based eye-tracking studies have measured several of these atypicalities in individuals with Autism. While atypical behaviors are known to be accentuated during natural interactions, few studies have been made on gaze behavior in natural interactions. In this study we focused on i) whether the findings done in laboratory settings are also visible in a naturalistic interaction; ii) whether new atypical elements appear when studying visual behavior across the whole field of view. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Ten children with ASD and ten typically developing children participated in a dyadic interaction with an experimenter administering items from the Early Social Communication Scale (ESCS). The children wore a novel head-mounted eye-tracker, measuring gaze direction and presence of faces across the child's field of view. The analysis of gaze episodes to faces revealed that children with ASD looked significantly less and for shorter lapses of time at the experimenter. The analysis of gaze patterns across the child's field of view revealed that children with ASD looked downwards and made more extensive use of their lateral field of view when exploring the environment. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The data gathered in naturalistic settings confirm findings previously obtained only in monitor-based studies. Moreover, the study allowed to observe a generalized strategy of lateral gaze in children with ASD when they were looking at the objects in their environment.
Subject(s)
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive , Eye Movements , Child , Child Development , Child, Preschool , Eye Movement Measurements/instrumentation , Female , Humans , Interpersonal Relations , Male , Reproducibility of Results , Visual FieldsABSTRACT
Students who entered nurse training from September 2007 onwards are required to have a sign-off mentor (SOM) in their final clinical placement. The sign-off mentor is responsible for confirming to the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) that a student nurse has met all the requirements of pre-registration clinical assessment and can be registered as a nurse. This became mandatory in September 2010, and this article describes how one acute NHS foundation Trust implemented and managed this process, with contributions from practice education facilitators, an SOM and a student.
Subject(s)
Education, Professional, Retraining/methods , Hospitals, Public , Mentors , Nursing Staff, Hospital/education , Staff Development/methods , Education, Professional, Retraining/organization & administration , Humans , Nursing Evaluation Research , Pilot Projects , Staff Development/organization & administration , State Medicine , United KingdomABSTRACT
In this paper, we report on a study on gaze behavior by children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) during a dyadic interaction in a naturalistic environment. Twelve children with ASD were contrasted to twelve typically developing (TD) children, in a semi-structured interaction with a selection of items from the Early Social Communication Scale (ESCS). We used the WearCam, a novel head-mounted eye-tracker designed for children, to obtain gaze information across the broad field of view from the viewpoint of the child. Children with ASD looked downwards more often, and explored their lateral field of view more extensively compared to TD children. We discuss a number of hypotheses in support of these observations.
