ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Endogenous retroelements (EREs), including human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) and long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs), comprise almost half of the human genome. Our previous studies of the interferome in the gut suggest potential mechanisms regarding how IFNb may drive HIV-1 gut pathogenesis. As ERE activity is suggested to partake in type 1 immune responses and is incredibly sensitive to viral infections, we sought to elucidate underlying interactions between ERE expression and gut dynamics in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH). METHODS: ERE expression profiles from bulk RNA sequencing of colon biopsies and PBMC were compared between a cohort of PLWH not on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and uninfected controls. FINDINGS: 59 EREs were differentially expressed in the colon of PLWH when compared to uninfected controls (padj <0.05 and FC ≤ -1 or ≥ 1) [Wald's Test]. Of these 59, 12 EREs were downregulated in PLWH and 47 were upregulated. Colon expression of the ERE loci LTR19_12p13.31 and L1FLnI_1q23.1s showed significant correlations with certain gut immune cell subset frequencies in the colon. Furthermore L1FLnI_1q23.1s showed a significant upregulation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of PLWH when compared to uninfected controls suggesting a common mechanism of differential ERE expression in the colon and PBMC. INTERPRETATION: ERE activity has been largely understudied in genomic characterizations of human pathologies. We show that the activity of certain EREs in the colon of PLWH is deregulated, supporting our hypotheses that their underlying activity could function as (bio)markers and potential mediators of pathogenesis in HIV-1 reservoirs. FUNDING: US NIH grants NCI CA260691 (DFN) and NIAID UM1AI164559 (DFN).
Subject(s)
Endogenous Retroviruses , HIV Infections , HIV-1 , Humans , HIV Infections/virology , HIV Infections/immunology , HIV Infections/genetics , HIV-1/genetics , Endogenous Retroviruses/genetics , Male , Female , Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism , Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology , Adult , Middle Aged , Colon/metabolism , Colon/virology , Colon/pathology , Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements/genetics , Retroelements/genetics , Gene Expression Profiling , Gene Expression Regulation , Gastrointestinal MicrobiomeABSTRACT
Lymph- and blood-borne retroviruses exploit CD169/Siglec-1-mediated capture by subcapsular sinus and marginal zone metallophilic macrophages for trans-infection of permissive lymphocytes. However, the impact of CD169-mediated virus capture on retrovirus dissemination and pathogenesis in vivo is unknown. In a murine model of the splenomegaly-inducing retrovirus Friend virus complex (FVC) infection, we find that while CD169 promoted draining lymph node infection, it limited systemic spread to the spleen. At the spleen, CD169-expressing macrophages captured incoming blood-borne retroviruses and limited their spread to the erythroblasts in the red pulp where FVC manifests its pathogenesis. CD169-mediated retroviral capture activated conventional dendritic cells 1 (cDC1s) and promoted cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses, resulting in efficient clearing of FVC-infected cells. Accordingly, CD169 blockade led to higher viral loads and accelerated death in susceptible mouse strains. Thus, CD169 plays a protective role during FVC pathogenesis by reducing viral dissemination to erythroblasts and eliciting an effective cytotoxic T lymphocyte response via cDC1s.
Subject(s)
Lectins/pharmacology , Protective Agents/pharmacology , Retroviridae Infections/drug therapy , Retroviridae/drug effects , Retroviridae/pathogenicity , Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 1/pharmacology , Animals , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes , Cell Proliferation , Dendritic Cells/virology , Disease Models, Animal , Erythroblasts/virology , Female , Interferon Type I/metabolism , Lymph Nodes/virology , Macrophages/drug effects , Macrophages/virology , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Spleen , T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic , Viral LoadABSTRACT
Manuscripts collected in this 51st North American Chemical Residue Workshop (NACRW) Symposium issue of the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (JAFC) were originally presented at the 51st NACRW meeting. The 2014 NACRW JAFC symposium collects 14 publications representing the broad range of topics in chemical analyses presented at the 2014 meeting. These include the analysis of chemical residues and contaminants in food, environment, feed, botanical, and bee samples as well as the application of quality control/quality assurance protocols in routine and method development.
