ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate body fluids of patients with undiagnosed leukodystrophies using in vitro (1)H-NMR spectroscopy (H-NMRS). METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study using high-resolution in vitro H-NMRS on CSF and urine samples. RESULTS: We found a significant increase of free sialic acid in CSF or urine in 6 of 41 patients presenting with hypomyelination of unknown etiology. Molecular genetic testing revealed pathogenic mutations in the SLC17A5 gene in all 6 patients. H-NMRS revealed an increase of N-acetylaspartylglutamate in the CSF of all patients with SLC17A5 mutation (range 13-114 micromol/L, reference <12 micromol/L). CONCLUSION: In patients with undiagnosed leukodystrophies, increased free sialic acid in CSF or urine is a marker for free sialic acid storage disorder and facilitates the identification of the underlying genetic defect. Because increase of N-acetylaspartylglutamate in CSF has been observed in other hypomyelinating disorders, it can be viewed as a marker of a subgroup of hypomyelinating disorders.
Subject(s)
Demyelinating Diseases/cerebrospinal fluid , Dipeptides/cerebrospinal fluid , Organic Anion Transporters/genetics , Sialic Acid Storage Disease/cerebrospinal fluid , Sialic Acid Storage Disease/diagnosis , Symporters/genetics , Child , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Demyelinating Diseases/etiology , Demyelinating Diseases/urine , Female , Genetic Testing , Genotype , Humans , Infant , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Male , Mutation , N-Acetylneuraminic Acid/cerebrospinal fluid , N-Acetylneuraminic Acid/urine , Sialic Acid Storage Disease/complications , Sialic Acid Storage Disease/genetics , Sialic Acid Storage Disease/urine , Young AdultABSTRACT
In order to identify new metabolic abnormalities in patients with complex neurodegenerative disorders of unknown aetiology, we performed high resolution in vitro proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy on patient cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. We identified five adult patients, including two sisters, with significantly elevated free sialic acid in the CSF compared to both the cohort of patients with diseases of unknown aetiology (n = 144; P < 0.001) and a control group of patients with well-defined diseases (n = 91; P < 0.001). All five patients displayed cerebellar ataxia, with peripheral neuropathy and cognitive decline or noteworthy behavioural changes. Cerebral MRI showed mild to moderate cerebellar atrophy (5/5) as well as white matter abnormalities in the cerebellum including the peridentate region (4/5), and at the periventricular level (3/5). Two-dimensional gel analyses revealed significant hyposialylation of transferrin in CSF of all patients compared to age-matched controls (P < 0.001)--a finding not present in the CSF of patients with Salla disease, the most common free sialic acid storage disorder. Free sialic acid content was normal in patients' urine and cultured fibroblasts as were plasma glycosylation patterns of transferrin. Analysis of the ganglioside profile in peripheral nerve biopsies of two out of five patients was also normal. Sequencing of four candidate genes in the free sialic acid biosynthetic pathway did not reveal any mutation. We therefore identified a new free sialic acid syndrome in which cerebellar ataxia is the leading symptom. The term CAFSA is suggested (cerebellar ataxia with free sialic acid).
Subject(s)
Cerebellar Ataxia/cerebrospinal fluid , N-Acetylneuraminic Acid/cerebrospinal fluid , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Atrophy/cerebrospinal fluid , Cells, Cultured , Cerebellar Ataxia/pathology , Cerebellum/pathology , Child , Child, Preschool , Cohort Studies , Female , Humans , Infant , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods , Male , Middle Aged , Transferrin/cerebrospinal fluidABSTRACT
In vitro Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a validated biochemical tool for metabolic analyses of human body fluids and diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism in children and adults. The technique is of special interest because it requires minimal sample preparation, it can detect simultaneously compounds of different nature and it offers structural information on the metabolites present in body fluids. In the last decade, in vitro NMR spectroscopy contributed to the identification of new inborn errors of metabolism, some of which are amenable to therapeutic intervention. Standardized analyses of body fluids, especially cerebrospinal fluid, are therefore indicated in patients affected with neurodegenerative disorders of unknown etiologies, for which extensive metabolic and genetic screening failed to identify the primary defect. In addition, the use of multivariate statistical analyses allows the comparison of the whole metabolic profile between patients with a given neurodegenerative disorder and controls. This so-called metabonomic approach yields promises for the discovery of biomarkers that can help detecting disease onset and progression, as well as evaluating therapeutic efficacy. Finally, the combination of in vitro NMR spectroscopy with genetic analytical tools may constitute a successful pathophysiological approach to investigate neurological disorders of unknown etiology.