Light availability in the cultivation environment and the action of glyphosate on Digitaria insularis: physiological aspects and herbicide root exudation.

The root exudation decreases the susceptibility of some species to herbicides, which is still little studied in Digitaria insularis, popularly known as sourgrass, one of the main weeds of annual crops in the world. Thus, we sought to identify whether there is an occurrence of root exudation of glyphosate in D. insularis and the influence of this herbicide on physiological and control parameters of this species when cultivated under different light conditions. The experimental design was 2 x 5, with the first factor represented by environments: full sun and artificial shading. The second factor was represented by doses 0, 370, 740, 1110, and 1480 g ha-1 of glyphosate. The plants grown in shading showed more significant injury in the initial phase. The increase in the glyphosate doses reduced the photochemical efficiency of the photosystem II (ФPSII), electron transport rate (ETR), photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and water use efficiency of D. insularis regardless of the cultivation environment. The light restriction increased the ФPSII in D. insularis at three days after applying the herbicide (DAH); at 6 DAH, the shaded plants showed a more pronounced reduction in ФPSII. D. insularis did not show root exudation of glyphosate, and shading did not influence this process.

Light restriction associated with halosulfuron methyl application efficiently reduces the number and mass of tubers of Cyperus rotundus L.

This study evaluated the effect of light availability in the culture environment and the application of a post emergence herbicide, halosulfuron methyl, on the management of Cyperus rotundus. The experiment was arranged in a 2 × 6 factorial design; the first factor was two levels of light availability: photosynthetically active radiation at 1180.4 and 411.6 µmols m-2 s-1, and the second factor was halosulfuron methyl doses from 28.13 to 140.62 g ha-1. Photosynthetic efficiency, biomass allocation, accumulation of starch in tubers, and percentage control of C. rotundus were evaluated from 7 to 28 days after herbicide application. Doses greater than 70.30 g ha-1 of halosulfuron methyl were efficient to control C. rotundus, regardless of light availability. However, C. rotundus was managed faster under full sunlight than under shading. The efficiency of the photosystem, starch accumulation, and biomass formation decreased with increasing doses of halosulfuron methyl. In a shaded environment, a dose of 28.13 g ha-1 was sufficient to reduce 96.74% of the dry mass and 91.33% of the number of C. rotundus tubers. The decrease in light intensity associated with the use of halosulfuron methyl represents a promising practice for the control of C. rotundus.

Dinâmica de infestação de plantas daninhas em variedades de cana-de-açúcar / Infestation dynamics of weed in sugarcane varieties

A seleção de genótipos mais adaptados às condições de estresses bióticos e abióticos aliados com características agronômicas favoráveis são fatores preponderantes para o sucesso no cultivo da cana-de-açúcar. Neste contexto objetivou-se avaliar a dinâmica de infestação de plantas daninhas e o comportamento de variedades de cana-deaçúcar em condições do semiárido norte mineiro. O experimento foi disposto em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e oito variedades de cana-de-açúcar: RB72454, RB867515, RB739735, RB835486, SP81-3250, IAC86-2480, SP80-1842 e RB855536. Nos levantamentos fitossociológicos realizados aos 30 e 150 dias após o plantio (DAP), foram identificadas 25 espécies daninhas distribuídas em 10 famílias, sendo as mais representativas com relação ao número de espécies a Poaceae (9), Fabaceae (4), Malvaceae (3) e Convolvulaceae (2). As principais espécies encontradas no primeiro levantamento foram: Sida rhombifolia, Aeschynomene denticulata, Sida sp., Ipomoea triloba e Senna obtusifolia. Aos 150 DAP as espécies S. rhombifolia, Brachiaria decumbens, Sida sp., Panicum maximum, Sida cordifolia e Brachiaria brizantha obtiveram os maiores IVI e IVC. A similaridade entre as épocas de avaliação foi de 41,86% o que indica baixa homogeneidade das espécies presentes no canavial entre as duas fases da cultura. Entre as variedades a similaridade das comunidades foi alta na primeira avaliação e baixa aos 150 DAP, o que indica influência das variedades cultivadas sobre as plantas daninhas presentes. A variedade de cana-de-açúcar com menor IVE apresentou a maior biomassa de plantas daninhas aos 150 DAP. Dentre as variedades de cana-de-açúcar avaliadas as mais produtivas foram RB72454, RB867515 e SP81-3250.

The selection of adapted genotypes to the conditions biotic and abiotic stresses allies by favorable agronomic characteristics are critical factors for success in the grown of sugarcane. In this context aimed to evaluate the infestation dynamics of weed and behavior of sugarcane varieties in conditions of semi-arid northern Minas Gerais. The experiment was arranged a randomized block design four replicates and sugarcane varieties: RB72454, RB867515, RB739735, RB835486, SP81-3250, IAC86-2480, SP80-1842 and RB855536. In phyto-sociology surveys conducted at 30 and 150 days after planting (DAP), were identified 25 weed species distributed in 10 families, the most representative with respect to the number of species Poaceae (9), Fabaceae (4), Malvaceae (3) and Convolvulaceae (2). The main species found in the first survey were: Sida rhombifolia, Aeschynomene denticulata, Sida sp., Ipomoea triloba and Senna obtusifolia. The highest IVI and IVC in the survey 150 DAP were found for the species Sida rhombifolia, Brachiaria decumbens, Sida sp., Panicum maximum, Brachiaria brizantha and Sida cordifolia. The similarity between the evaluation periods was 41.86% which indicates low homogeneity of the species present in the sugarcane fields between the two phases of culture. Among the varieties of communities similar was high at the first evaluation and low at 150 DAP, indicating influences of grow varieties on weeds. A variety of sugarcane with lower IVE had the highest weed biomass at 150 DAP. Among the varieties of cane sugar worked were the most productive RB72454, RB867515 and SP81-3250.